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9 views13 pages

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

mahmoudezat507
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Programming 1

Chapter 1:
Introduction to Programming

Dr/ Mahmoud Gamal


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Course Outlines:
• Chapter 1: Introduction to Programming.
• Chapter 2: Introduction to Java Programming.
• Chapter 3: Controlling Program flow.
• Chapter 4: Methods.
• Chapter 5: Arrays.

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What is Programming?
Programming is a process of problem solving.
Program Development Life Cycle?
Step 1: Analyze the problem
• Understand the overall problem.
• Define problem requirements
➢Does program require user interaction?
▪ If yes, what is the input?
➢What is the expected output?
• Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem.
Algorithm:
Step-by-step problem-solving process.
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Step 2: Implement the algorithm
• Implement the algorithm in code.
• Verify that the algorithm works.
Step 3: Maintenance
• Use and modify the program if the problem domain
changes.

Note:
• If the problem is complex, divide it into sub-problems.
• Analyze each sub-problem as above.

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Example:
Write a program to find the area of rectangle.

area = length * width

• Input:…………..>> length, width


• Processing: …….>> area = length * width
• Output: ………..>> print out the area.

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The Language of a computer:
Machine Language:
• Language of a computer.
Binary digit (bit):
• The digit 0 or 1
Binary code:
• A sequence of 0s and 1s

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The Evolution of Programming Languages:
Programming Language:
• It is a set of rules used to write a program.
❑ Low-Level Languages.
➢Machine Language
➢Assembly Language
❑ High-Level Languages.
• In order to write a program using a programming
language you need:
➢ An application named Integrated Development
Environment (IDE). The IDE helps you to write the
program and correct the errors.
➢ An application to transform the program into machine
language (Assembler or Compiler)
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The Evolution of Programming Languages:
1- Machine Language (Low-level language):
• Early computers were programmed in machine language.
Example:
• To calculate wages = rate* hours in machine language:
➢100100 010001 // Load
➢100110 010010 // Multiply
➢100010 010011 // Store

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The Evolution of Programming Languages:
2- Assembly Language:(Low-level language):
• Assembly language instructions are mnemonic.
Assembler:
• Translates a program written in assembly language into
machine language.

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Examples of instructions in Assembly Language and
Machine Language:
Assembly Language Machine Language
LOAD 100100
STORE 100010
MULT 100110
ADD 100101
SUB 100011

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Assembly Language-Low Level:
Limitations:
• Each processor type has its own Assembly language.
• You must be fully aware of the processor design.
• Very detailed and needs long time and big effort to write.
Advantages
• Programs written using it executes faster.

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The Evolution of Programming Languages:
3- High Level Languages:
• Its commands are English like (e.g., print, input, copy)
• High-level languages include Basic, C, C++, C#, and
Java.
Compiler:
➢Translates a program written in a high-level language
into machine language
Example:
• The equation wages = rate * hours can be written in Java
as:
➢ wages = rate * hours;

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The Problem Analysis - Coding – Execution Cycle:

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