936 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO.

2, APRIL 2007

Analysis of Short-Circuit Performance

of Split-Winding Transformer Using
Coupled Field-Circuit Approach
G. B. Kumbhar and S. V. Kulkarni, Member, IEEE

Abstract—The split-winding arrangement requires special reliability. In recent times, field-circuit-coupled formulation has
short-circuit design considerations. During short-circuit condi- become an important tool in design, analysis and nondestructive
tions, there is a considerable distortion of the leakage field, which testing of electromagnetic devices. The field part is generally
in turn produces high axial short-circuit forces. This paper deals
solved by using the well-known finite-element method (FEM)
with the computation and analysis of electromagnetic forces in
windings of split-winding transformers. A nonlinear-transient while the circuit part is solved using nodal or loop circuit anal-
field-circuit coupled finite element model is used to simulate the ysis [1]–[3].
split-winding transformer. A 70-MVA, three-phase, 220/6.9/6.9-kV In the past, classical methods were used to compute the
split-winding transformer is modeled under preset and postset short-circuit forces in windings. These methods use simplified
short-circuit test conditions. Under the preset condition, the trans- configurations and make assumptions such as infinite per-
former is analyzed with one as well as both the LV windings short meability of core material [4]. Although these methods are
circuited to compare the axial forces produced in the windings
for these two cases. The results show that there is a considerable simple, fast and easy to formulate, they are not suitable for
rise in the axial forces when one winding is short circuited as predicting the performance of special types of transformers.
compared with the case when both windings are short circuited. Over the years, many accurate electromagnetic force compu-
The effect of initial magnetization of core on axial short-circuit tation methods have been proposed in the literature mainly
forces is calculated and discussed. It is also shown that even though based on static formulations [5]–[9]. Transient formulations are
postset method eliminates inrush related problems there is not described in [10]–[12]. Analysis of split-winding transformers
much respite in short-circuit forces.
requires a field-circuit approach with magnetic nonlinearity
Index Terms—Field-circuit coupling, finite-element method taken into account.
(FEM), nonlinear transient, split-winding transformer. The split-winding arrangement is particularly used in power
transformers. It usually consists of several pairs of input and
output windings. All the input windings are connected in par-
I. INTRODUCTION allel and all the output windings are independent and galvan-
ically separated from each other. The functions of the input
HE transformer is a very critical and costly equipment in and output windings can be interchanged. One typical config-
T power systems. The addition of more generating capaci-
ties and interconnections in power systems has contributed to
uration is shown in Fig. 1. Two secondary windings are placed
axially with respect to each other (LV1 and LV2). The primary
an increase in short-circuit capacity of networks, making the windings are also split into two parts with center-line lead ar-
short-circuit duty of transformers more severe. Failure of trans- rangement (HV1 and HV2). Advantages of the transformer with
formers due to short circuits is a major concern for power util- split-winding arrangement include saving of space/instrumenta-
ities and manufacturers. An inadequate short-circuit strength tion and decrease in values of short-circuit currents in the indi-
may lead to a mechanical collapse of windings and deformation vidual circuits [13], [14]. However, split-winding transformers
or damage to the clamping structure. The short-circuit design require special short-circuit design considerations since there is
is one of the most important and challenging aspects of trans- a considerable distortion of the leakage field under specific con-
former design. Designers need advanced analysis tools that can ditions, which in turn produces high axial short-circuit forces
simulate short-circuit performance of transformers. These days, and end thrusts in the windings under short circuit [15].
owing to a quantum improvement in computational facilities, Very few published papers have reported the analysis of short-
transient analysis of complex electromagnetic devices has be- circuit performance of the split-winding transformers. Previ-
come feasible, which can help in performing simulation studies ously, this phenomenon was analyzed using a magnetic equiv-
for an in-depth analysis of various phenomena affecting their alent circuit model (MEC) or reluctance network model [14].
Although, such a model is simple and gives a fast solution,
it contains some peculiarities. First, the number of elements
Manuscript received December 22, 2005; revised July 28, 2006. This work employed are small and this may reduce accuracy of the so-
was supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of
India, under Project SR/FTP/ET-165/2001. Paper no. TPWRD-00734-2005. lution. Moreover, it is difficult to calculate the field quantities
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, In- at any specified locations. The second peculiarity is that the
dian Institute of Technology–Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India (e-mail: flux flowing through a reluctance element is assumed to pass
[email protected]; [email protected]).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
through a specified direction only. On the other hand, FEM is
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. very flexible and the directions of flux paths need not be known
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.893442 in advance. As far as split-winding transformers are concerned,
0885-8977/$25.00 © 2007 IEEE

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 KUMBHAR AND KULKARNI: ANALYSIS OF SHORT CIRCUIT PERFORMANCE 937

where and denote the magnetic vector potential

and the free or the source current density respectively, and is
the material permeability.
It is assumed that the windings are made up of thin stranded
conductors. These thin stranded conductors can be modeled as
carrying uniform current densities (i.e., the induction term in
the magnetic-field equations representing eddy currents is ne-
glected). Assuming that each turn carries amperes of current,
the magnitude of current density in a winding is

(2)

where and are the number of turns and the cross-sectional

area of the winding respectively, and is the polarity ( or )
to represent the forward or the return path in -direction. After
space discretization of (1) using Galerkin method [18], we have

(3)
Fig. 1. Arrangement and electrical winding connections of the split-winding
transformer. where

short-circuit test on only one LV winding leads to consider-

able distortion of leakage field and this distortion may not be
captured accurately using the MEC method. With the use of
field-circuit coupled FEM model, currents in various parts of
the model are not required to be known in advance; induced cur- where and are the element shape function and the
rents are automatically calculated. Furthermore, the flux flowing element area, respectively, and indicates the domain under
through the limbs, on which the windings are placed, is decided consideration.
by the voltages applied to the windings.
In this work, a comprehensive analysis of a split-winding B. External Circuit Equations
transformer is done to assess its short-circuit performance under
preset and postset short-circuit test conditions. The axial and The matrix form of the external circuit equations can be
radial forces are computed using nonlinear-transient field-cir- written as
cuit coupled formulation. Nonlinearity is taken into account by
using the actual B–H curve of the core material. This paper de- (4)
scribes in detail the formulation, modeling and analysis of the
split-winding transformer. A 2-D axisymmetric model is devel- If flux linkages are expressed in terms of the magnetic vector
oped based on the method described in [16]. First, the validity potential, the matrix form of the external circuit equations can
of this model is verified by using complete 3-D model. The dis- be written as
tribution of radial and axial forces on the windings are com-
puted under the preset (considering various initial magnetiza- (5)
tion conditions) and postset short-circuit conditions using the
developed 2-D axisymmetric model. In the preset short-circuit
condition, the transformer is analyzed with one as well as both where is the vector of input voltages, and are the ma-
the LV windings short circuited to compare the axial forces pro- trices of leakage inductances and winding resistances, respec-
duced in the windings for these two cases. tively, and is a matrix similar to and it depends on the ge-
ometrical features of the windings.

C. Nonlinear-Transient Field-Circuit Coupled Model

II. COUPLED FIELD-CIRCUIT FORMULATION
From (3) and (5), the field-circuit coupled global system of
equations can be written as
A. Electromagnetic Model

For 2-D axisymmetric magnetic analysis, consider the clas- (6)

sical Poisson’s equation [17]
In this system of equations, the unknowns are the nodal
values of the vector potential and the currents in the
external circuits . To solve this time dependent system
(1)
of equations, a numerical integration scheme such as Euler

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 938 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO. 2, APRIL 2007

Backward or Crank–Nicholson algorithm can be used. The

nonlinearities in the modeled system are taken into account
by using Newton–Raphson iterative procedure. The resulting
system of equations is

(7)

where the term accounts for the nonlinearity of the core

material. The value of determines the nature of the time-step-
ping scheme [18].

III. SIMULATION METHODOLOGY

A 70-MVA, three-phase, 220/6.9/6.9-kV split-winding trans- Fig. 2. (a) The 3-D model and (b) equivalent 2-D simplified geometry.
former has been analyzed under various short-circuit test condi-
tions. The transformer is analyzed on per-phase basis which is
TABLE I
generally done. The forces acting on the middle phase have been COMPARISON OF RESULTS
calculated for the front view (parallel to the core plane) and end
view (normal to the core plane). Design details and nameplate
data of the considered transformer are given in the Appendix.
Fig. 1 shows the arrangement of the split-winding transformer.
Although, within the core window the Cartesian 2-D formula-
tions are sufficiently accurate, a 3-D method should be used for
accurate estimation of forces outside it since there may be ap-
preciable variation of forces along the winding circumference.
However in the 3-D case, to calculate force distribution accu-
Nonlinear transient field-circuit-coupled finite-element anal-
rately, large number of elements is required. Thus, to model the
ysis is carried out using code developed in MATLAB based on
transformer using transient-nonlinear FE formulation with large
the methodology given in Section II. The windings are modeled
number of unknowns, the computational efforts increase mani-
with stranded conductors. The results from the developed code
fold. On the other hand, the model suggested in [16] uses 2-D
have been verified using a commercial FEM software. The non-
axisymmetric analysis to yield the field quantities with a reason-
linearity of the core material is taken into account by using the
able accuracy. Fig. 2 shows the equivalent 2-D simplified ax-
B–H curve of the M3H material (see the Appendix).
isymmetric model with specially shaped yokes and outer limbs
The flux density distribution obtained can be used to calculate
to get same cross-sectional area as well as same reluctance. The
the forces experienced by the windings. The local force density
validity of this model is verified by comparing the values of
in the winding is computed from the vector product of current
forces with complete nonlinear 3-D model. The results obtained
density and local magnetic flux density
using the classical method [4], [15], the 3-D method and the
simplified 2-D axisymmetric method (front and end view) are (8)
given in Table I (with one winding short circuited). The classical
values are calculated by using the short-circuit currents obtained To compute the distribution of forces, each winding is divided
from 3-D FEM analysis. The 2-D simulations for end view are into 20 subregions along the height. The axial and radial com-
done using large size core window. From Table I, it can be seen ponents of the force densities are computed by using the corre-
that the force values calculated using the 3-D and the simplified sponding components of the flux densities and the current den-
2-D axisymmetric (front and end views) methods agree fairly sities of elements ( and ). The
with each other. However, the solution using the 2-D method total axial and radial forces on each subregion are computed by
is obtained much faster and the computational efforts required integrating the element force densities.
are much less. Forces on the outer limb windings can be consid-
ered approximately equal to the values obtained in the end view IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
using the equivalent 2-D simplified analysis. It can be seen from
Table I that the total winding forces in the front and end views A. Preset Method
are quite close, although the local values of the forces may differ First, the transformer is simulated under the preset short-cir-
slightly. cuit test condition, which is the generally used short-circuit test

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 KUMBHAR AND KULKARNI: ANALYSIS OF SHORT CIRCUIT PERFORMANCE 939

Fig. 4. Flux density plots when (a) one winding is short circuited and (b) both
Fig. 3. Contour lines of magnetic vector potential for the cases when (a) one windings are short circuited.
winding is short circuited and (b) both windings are short circuited.

and (b) shows plots of the flux densities for the two considered
method (the postset method is not used because of test plant cases at the first peak of the short-circuit current. The flux den-
limitations) [14]. In this method, the LV winding is short cir- sity in the upper part of the limb is very high (about 2.2 T) with
cuited before closing the circuit breaker at the source terminals. a corresponding high inrush current for the HV1 winding [see
The HV windings are connected in parallel and supplied from a Fig. 5(a)], whereas there is no demand for significant magne-
voltage source. tizing current by the HV2 winding since the flux density in the
Two cases are analyzed in the preset test condition. In the bottom part of the limb is very low due to the short-circuited
first case, one LV winding (LV2) is short circuited using a low inner LV2 winding. The upper half of the limb becomes satu-
value resistance, while the other is open circuited using a high rated while the lower part is well below saturation. This phe-
value resistance. In the second case, both the LV windings are nomenon results in heavy distortion of fields in the core and the
short circuited. The initial magnetization of core is assumed to windings, and leads to higher axial short-circuit forces in LV2
be zero during the simulation. The radial and the axial forces and HV2. Fig. 5(b) shows the waveform of the short-circuit cur-
are computed at the first peak of the short-circuit current. rent in the HV2 winding. The values of winding currents are
In the single short-circuited winding case, the flux distribu- given in Table II (per unit values are based on 35 MVA). The in-
tion is completely different in the lower and upper parts of the rush current flows mainly in the HV1 winding due to the reason
core limb. Fig. 3(a) and (b) shows the flux patterns, and Fig. 4(a) explained previously. The simulation results give the terminal

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 940 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO. 2, APRIL 2007

Fig. 5. (a) Inrush current in HV1 and (b) short-circuit current in HV2.
Fig. 6. Axial forces in LV2 winding (a) inner and (b) outer.

TABLE II
MAXIMUM PEAK WINDING CURRENTS
DURING PRESET METHOD
since the inrush current flows mainly in HV1. Fig. 8(a) and (b)
shows the axial and radial forces along the height of the HV2
winding, respectively.
The total radial forces for the considered windings are sum-
marized in Table III. For the other windings the forces are not
appreciable. It is seen that there is moderate change in the radial
force in the windings because of corresponding small change in
HV current (phasor addition of currents in HV1 and HV2) to be the axial component of flux densities. The negative sign indi-
about 18% higher than the HV2 current. cates negative and directions for the radial and axial forces,
Fig. 6(a) and (b) shows the axial forces along the height of respectively. Table IV gives the axial forces on the windings. It
the winding for the inner and outer LV2 windings, respectively. is seen that the values of net axial forces are much larger in the
The radial force distribution is given in Fig. 7(a) and (b) for case when one winding is short circuited. In the case of HV2,
the inner and outer LV2 windings, respectively. The results are even though it is not explicit from the force distribution plot,
shown for both the considered cases. It is seen that for the same there is a considerable amount of net force acting on it. It is
value of short-circuit current, the axial forces are higher for the also noted that the net axial force acting on the HV2 winding
case in which only one of the LV windings is short circuited is in opposite direction to that acting on the LV2 winding. If
as compared to the case when both the LV windings are short the clamping structures are not designed properly to account for
circuited. There is no appreciable change in the radial forces these net forces, axial displacements of windings may occur.

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 KUMBHAR AND KULKARNI: ANALYSIS OF SHORT CIRCUIT PERFORMANCE 941

Fig. 7. Radial forces in LV2 winding (a) inner and (b) outer. Fig. 8. (a) Axial forces. (b) Radial forces in the HV2 winding.

TABLE III
B. Effect of Initial Magnetization TOTAL RADIAL FORCES IN TONS

Often the core retains residual magnetism due to earlier short-

circuit tests. The magnitude and polarity of the residual flux in
the transformer core at the instant of energization affects the in-
rush current in the HV1 winding resulting into redistribution of
forces. Typical magnitudes of residual core flux are in the range
of 20% to 80% of peak normal flux. In this study, three cases
of initial magnetization are considered with residual flux den-
sities, viz., T, 0 T, and T. The residual magnetism
is taken into account by adding the corresponding magnetiza- TABLE IV
TOTAL AXIAL COMPRESSIVE FORCES IN TONS
tion term in the formulation to provide dc bias. The values of
HV1 winding currents for different magnetization conditions
are listed in Table V. It can be seen that the value of inrush cur-
rent increases with an increase in value of residual flux density.
Table VI gives the values of axial forces for different magnetiza-
tion conditions. The trends in the forces agree closely with those
given in [14]. The results also emphasize the fact that the forces
reduce if the core is deliberately pre-magnetized with opposite
polarity. The results for the postset method (to be discussed in
the following subsection) are also given for ready comparison.

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 942 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO. 2, APRIL 2007

TABLE V
COMPARISON OF MAXIMUM PEAK WINDING CURRENTS FOR
VARIOUS MAGNETIZATION CONDITIONS

TABLE VI
COMPARISON OF AXIAL FORCES FOR VARIOUS MAGNETIZATION CONDITIONS

Fig. 9. Contour lines of magnetic vector potential for postset method.

TABLE VII
MAXIMUM PEAK WINDING CURRENTS TABLE VIII
DURING POSTSET METHOD TOTAL FORCES IN TONS DURING POSTSET METHOD

C. Postset Method
If the short-circuit capacity of the station is high enough maximum positive and negative potential values in the magnetic
to allow the postset method (which eliminates the inrush and vector potential plot.
related problems), there is still one more characteristic of the Thus, although the split-winding configuration helps in lim-
split-winding transformer which makes the short-circuit test iting the rating of circuit breakers, it poses problems for the short
on them more severe than the conventional two winding trans- circuit withstand. The high axial short-circuit forces could lead
formers. With the LV2 winding short circuited, some current to deformation in the end clamping structure and the windings
flows in the HV1 winding which is not directly facing the as well. The end clamping structure plays an important role in
short-circuited LV2 winding. The transformer when simulated resisting axial forces during short circuit. This puts emphasis on
for the postset short-circuit condition, LV2 is short circuited accurate evaluation of these axial forces.
after decay of inrush currents in the HV1 and HV2 windings.
Table VII gives the values of short-circuit currents in the wind- V. CONCLUSION
ings during the postset method. The calculated value of current This paper has presented a detailed formulation and modeling
in HV1 is 4.78% of the short-circuit current flowing in HV2. It to evaluate the short-circuit performance of the split-winding
is generally small, in the range of 3% to 5% of that flowing in transformers. A 70-MVA, three-phase, 220/6.9/6.9-kV
the HV2 winding due to a much higher impedance between the
split-winding transformer is modeled under short-circuit
HV1 and LV2 windings, but it is sufficient to cause ampere-turn
test conditions. A 2-D axisymmetric field-circuit-coupled
unbalance along the height of the windings. The ampere-turns
nonlinear transient finite-element model has been developed
of HV2 are smaller than that of LV2, and corresponding to the
to investigate transient axial and radial forces in the windings.
ampere-turns of HV1 there are no balancing ampere-turns in
LV1 (since it is open circuited). Hence, there is considerable The results of the model have been verified with the 3-D model.
distortion of the leakage field (see Fig. 9) resulting into higher Simulation results are reported for both preset (with various
axial short-circuit forces. Table VIII gives the values of forces initial magnetization conditions) and postset short-circuit test
during the postset short-circuit method. Even though the postset conditions.
method eliminates the inrush related problems, there is not much Under the preset short-circuit condition, the axial and radial
respite in the short-circuit stresses (as compared to the case of forces are computed for two cases, viz. only one winding short
both the windings short circuited). circuited and both windings short circuited. In the former case,
It can be also noted that the effect of short-circuit current there is considerable distortion of leakage field resulting in
share between HV1 and HV2 (approximately 5% and 95%) is higher axial short-circuit forces. For the same value of short-cir-
also present in the preset method. Thus, the current shown in cuit current, the forces are higher for this case as compared to
Fig. 5(a) is actually a superposition of inrush current and the the latter case in which both the windings are short circuited.
HV1 share. Currents such as this HV1 current or inrush cur- Also, the beneficial effect of deliberate pre-magnetization with
rents (in the HV1 and HV2 windings) create asymmetry in the opposite polarity is demonstrated.

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 KUMBHAR AND KULKARNI: ANALYSIS OF SHORT CIRCUIT PERFORMANCE 943

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determine the electrical design parameters and the mechanical
support structures for the windings. G. B. Kumbhar received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from the
Government College of Engineering, Maharashtra, India, in 1999 and the
M.Tech. degree from the Indian Institute of Technology–Madras, Chennai, in
2002.
He is presently a Research Scholar at the Indian Institute of Technology-
APPENDIX Bombay, Mumbai, working in the area of coupled field formulations in trans-
TRANSFORMER DESIGN AND NAMEPLATE DATA formers.
Ratings of considered split-winding transformer: 70 MVA,
three-phase, 220/6.9/6.9 kV, Y/Y/Y.
Nameplate and geometrical details are given in Table IX and S. V. Kulkarni (M’99) is Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engi-
Fig. 10, respectively. The material used for core is M3H and neering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India. Previously, he worked
at Crompton Greaves Ltd., and specialized in the design and development of
corresponding B–H curve data is given in Table X. transformers up to the 400-kV class. He authored the book Transformer Engi-
neering: Design and Practice (New York: Marcel Dekker). His research inter-
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ests include transformer design and analysis, computational electromagnetics,
and distributed generation.
The authors would like to thank Crompton Greaves Ltd. for Mr. Kulkarni is the recipient of the Young Engineer Award (2000) from the
providing practical data on the split-winding transformer. Indian National Academy of Engineering.

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