(iv) 35 N inclined 40° to south of west

30N Y 25N

20N

45° 30°

40° 35N

Chapter -3

Equilibrium of Particles in Two Dimensions

Equilibrium:

A body is said to be in a state of equilibrium, if the body is either at rest or

moving at a constant velocity.

Equilibrium Force:

The set of forces where resultant is zero is called “Equilibrium Force”.

Equilibrium and Equilibrant: Y

F2 Y F1 R

𝜃2 X 𝛼 X

𝜃3𝜃1 Resultant(R)

𝛼 X

𝛼 Resultant(R) and Equilibrium(E)

Consider a particle subjected to three coplanar concurrent forces as shown in
fig(1)

Let the resultant force of the force system R as shown in fig(2) with
direction of 𝛼 with horizontal. Due to this resultant force, the particle may starts
moving in the direction of resultant force.

But if we apply an additional force of same magnitude and direction as that

of resultant force, on the same line of action, but in opposite direction, then the
movement of the particle will be arrested or the particle to said to be in
Equilibrium.

The force E, which brings the particle (or set of force) to equilibrium, is
called equilibrant.

Hence, Equilibrant (E) is Equal to the resultant force(R) in magnitude and

direction, collinear but opposite in nature.

Conditions of Equilibrium:

For equilibrium condition of force system, the resultant is Zero.

R=0

But R = √(∑𝐹𝐻)2 + (∑FV)𝟐

∑FH=0 ∑FV=0

Principle of Equilibrium:

Equilibrium principles are developed from the force Law of equilibrium

(∑𝐹 = 0).

F1 F2

1. Two force Equilibrium principle:

 If a body is subjected to two forces, then the body will be in
equilibrium if the two forces are collinear, equal and opposite.
2. Three force equilibrium principle:
If a body is subjected to three forces, then the body will be in
equilibrium, if the resultant of any two forces is equal, opposite and
collinear with the third force.
R is the resultant
F1 and F2 also R=F3

3. Four Force Equilibrium Principle:

If a body is in equilibrium , acted upon by four forces, then the
resultant of any two equal must be equal, opposite and collinear with
the resultant of the other two.

Lami’s Theorem:

If three coplanar forces acting at a point be in equilibrium, than each force

is proportional to the sine of the angle b/w the other two.
 𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾

Types of Equilibrium:

Stable Equilibrium:

A body is said to be in stable equilibrium, if it returns back to its original

position atter it is slightly displaced from its position.

Unstable Equilibrium:

A body is said to be unstable equilibrium it does not return back to its

original position and heals farther away after slightly displaced from its position
of rest.

Natural Equilibrium:

A body is said to be in natural equilibrium it in occupies a new position

(also remain at rest) atter slightly displaced from its position of rest.
Free body Diagram:

It is a sketch of the particle which represents it as being isolated from its

surroundings. It represents all the forces acting on it.

Action and Reaction:

Consider a Ball placed on a horizontal surface shown in fig. The self weight
of the ball (w) is acting vertically downwards through its centre of gravity. This
force is called Action.

The ball can move horizontally, but its vertical downward motion is
resisted due to resisting force developed at support (here, at the point of contact
A) Acting vertically upwards. This force is called reaction.
 Chapter-4

Forces in space –Resultant and Equilibrium of particles in Three

Dimensions [Vector approach]

Quantities:

Physical Quantities are

i) Scalar quantity
ii) Vector quantity

Scalar Quantity:

Scalar quantity are those which are completely defined by their

magnitude only.

Ex. 2kg of mass

25℃ of temperature

10 m/s acceleration

Vector Quantity

The Quantity which are defined by their magnitude and direction is known
as vector quantity.

Ex. 10 n force acting vertically downward direction

9.81 m/s2acceleration directed towards is centre of the earth.

Types of Vectors

1. Free Vector
2. Fixed Vector
3. Sliding Vector
 4. Unit Vector
5. Zero(or) Null Vector
6. Equal Vector
7. Like Vector

1. Free Vector:

If the vector may act at any point in space maintaining some magnitude
and direction with no specific point of action is called Free vector.

2. Fixed Vector:

The vector whose point of action is same is called Fixed vector.

3. Sliding vector:

The vector may be applied at any point along its Line of action is called
sliding vector.

4. Unit vector:

A vector whose magnitude is unity is called unit vector.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
AB, n= ⃗|
|𝐴||𝐵

5. Zero (or) Null vector

It is defind as the vector whose magnitude is zero.

6. Equal vector

Those vector which are similar to each other but have same
magnitude and direction in same and equal is called equal vector.
 7. Like vector:

These vector each are slimier to each other and have same direction
and unequal magnitude is called like vector.

8. Vector Addition:
We Law of vector addition are
A+B=B+A [commutative Law]
A+ [B+C] =A+B+C [associative Law]

Vector Product

1. Scaler product(or) dot product

2. Vector product(or) cross product
1. Scaler product (or) dot product:

⃗ = |𝐴||𝐵
𝐴. 𝐵 ⃗ | 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

⃗
When the angle b/w two vector 𝐴&𝐵

𝐴.𝐵⃗
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⃗|
|𝐴| .|𝐵

(i) When 𝜃 = 0°

⃗ = |𝐴||𝐵
Then 𝐴. 𝐵 ⃗|

That is the two vector are in same direction.

 (ii) ⃗ =0
when 𝜃 = 90°𝐴. 𝐵

so the vectors are perpendicular

(iii) ⃗ = |𝐴|
𝐴. 𝐵

When the projection B or A

If the angle b/w the A & B given

⃗
𝐴.𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝐴𝐵

2. Vector Product (or) cross product

In forms of Rectangular component A=𝐴𝑥𝑖 + 𝐴𝑦𝑖 + 𝐴𝑧𝑘

B= 𝐵𝑥𝑖 + 𝐵𝑦𝑖 + 𝐵𝑧𝑘

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
A× 𝐵=|𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑗 𝐴𝑧 |
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧

The Angle b/w the vector is given by

|𝐴 × 𝐵⃗|
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
⃗|
|𝐴||𝐵

Dot product of force and displacement given workdone.

∴ Workdone=Fd
 Position vector:

Position vector defines the position of points in any co-ordinate system.

Position vector𝑟= 𝑥𝑖
⃗⃗⃗ +𝑦𝑗 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ +𝑧𝑘

⃗ – are unit vector

Where𝑖,⃗⃗⃗𝑗, 𝑘

Magnitude 𝑟 = 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

Formula

⃗ +𝐶
Resultant vector 𝑟 = 𝐴 + 𝐵

⃗
𝑅
Unit vector to resultant vector 𝑛 = ⃗|
|𝑅

|𝑅| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

Magnitude =√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
Unit vector 𝑛 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝐴𝐵

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘
𝐴𝐵

|𝐴𝐵| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
 ⃗ ]. [𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
⃗ = [𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
Dot product vector 𝐴. 𝐵 ⃗]

𝐴.𝐵⃗
Angle b/w the vector 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⃗|
|
|𝐴||𝐵

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Cross Product vector 𝐴 × 𝐵 = |𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1|
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2

|𝐴×𝐵⃗|
Angle b/w the vector 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ⃗|
|𝐴||𝐵

Problems:

⃗ , 𝐵 = 4𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 6𝑘
1. Three vectors A, B, C are given as 𝐴 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 4𝑘 ⃗

⃗ , find
𝐶 = 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 𝑘

1. The resultant vector

2. A unit vector || er top resultant vector

Given:

⃗
𝐴 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 4𝑘

⃗
𝐵 = 4𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 6𝑘

⃗
𝐶 = 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 𝑘

To find:

1. The resultant vector

2. A unit vector || er top resultant vector

Solution:

1. The resultant vector

 ⃗ +𝐶
𝑅 =𝐴+𝐵

⃗ + 4𝑖 − 2𝐽 + 6𝑘
𝑅 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 4𝑘 ⃗ + 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 𝑘
⃗

⃗
𝑅 = 9𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 9𝑘

2. A unit vector || er top resultant vector

⃗
𝑅
Unit Vector 𝑛 = ⃗|
|𝑅

⃗
𝑅⃗ = 9𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 9𝑘

|𝑅| = √92 + (−3)2 + 92 = √81 + 9 + 81

|𝑅| = √171

𝑅 = 13.08

⃗
9𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 9𝑘
𝑛=
13.08

9 3 9
𝑛= 𝑖− 𝑗+ ⃗
𝑘
13.08 13.08 13.08

Unit vector𝑛 = 0.68𝑖 − 0.22𝑗 + 0.68𝑘

⃗ , 𝐵 = 3𝑖 + 2𝐽 − 2𝑘
2.If 𝐴 = 𝑖 − 𝑗 − 2𝑘 ⃗ 𝐶 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 4𝑘
⃗ , find

2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶 n terms of 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 and its magnitude.

Given :

⃗
𝐴 = 𝑖 − 𝑗 − 2𝑘

⃗
𝐵 = 3𝑖 + 2𝐽 − 2𝑘
 ⃗
𝐶 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 4𝑘

To find:

2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶 =? magnitude

Solution:

2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶 =?

⃗]
2𝐴 = 2[𝑖 − 𝑗 − 2𝑘

⃗
2𝐴 = 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 4𝑘

⃗]
2𝐵 = 2[3𝑖 + 2𝐽 − 2𝑘

⃗
2𝐵 = 6𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 4𝑘

⃗]
3𝐶 = 3[2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 4𝑘

⃗
3𝐶 = 6𝑖 + 9𝑗 − 12𝑘

⃗ ] − [6𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 4𝑘
2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶 = [2𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 4𝑘 ⃗ ] + 6𝑖 + 9𝑗 − 12𝑘
⃗

⃗ − 4𝑗 + 4𝑘
= 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 4𝑘 ⃗ + 9𝑗 − 12𝑘
⃗

⃗
2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 12𝑘

2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶 = √22 + 32 + (−12)2 = √4 + 9 + 144

 |2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶| = √157 = 12.53
|2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶| = 12.53
3. Find the unit vector along the line which ordinates at point (2,3,-2) and
passes through the point(1,0,5)

Given:

At point (2,3,-2)=(x1,y1,z1)(1,0,5) = (x2,y2,z2)

To find:Unit vector ‘n’=?

Soln:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
Unit vector 𝑛 = |𝐴𝐵|

𝐴𝐵 = −1
⃗
𝐴 = 𝑥1 𝑖 + 𝑦1 𝑗 + 𝑧1 𝑘
⃗
𝐵 = 𝑥2 𝑖 + 𝑦2 𝑗 + 𝑧2 𝑘

⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖 + (𝑦2 -𝑦1 )𝑗 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘

⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (1 − 2)𝑖 + (0-3)𝑗 + (5 − (−2))𝑘

⃗
𝐴𝐵 = −1𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 7𝑘

|𝐴𝐵| = √(−1)2 + (−3)2 + (7)2

|𝐴𝐵| = √1 + 9 + 49 = √59

|𝐴𝐵| = 7.68

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝐴𝐵 = −1𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 7𝑘
𝑛=
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝐴𝐵 7.68

−1 3 7
𝑛= 𝑖− 𝑗− ⃗
𝑘
7.68 7.68 7.68
 ⃗
𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝑛 = −0.13𝑖 − 0.39𝑗 + 0.91𝑘

⃗,
4. Find the dot product of two vector 𝐴 = 2𝑖 − 6𝑗 − 3𝑘
⃗ also find the angle b/w the angle b/w them.
𝐵 = 4𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 𝑘

Given Data:
⃗
𝐴 = 2𝑖 − 6𝑗 − 3𝑘
⃗
𝑏 = 4𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 𝑘
To find:
1. Dot product of Two vector
2. Angle b/w the vector

Soln:

1. Dot product of two vector

⃗ ]. [4𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 𝑘
𝐴. 𝐵 = [2𝑖 − 6𝑗 − 3𝑘 ⃗]

= 2 × 4 + [−6] × 3 + [−3] × [−1]

= 8 − 18 + 3

𝐴. 𝐵 = −7

2. Angle b/w two vector

𝐴. 𝐵
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
|𝐴||𝐵|
|𝐴| = √(2)2 + (−6)2 + (−3)2

|𝐴| = √4 + 36 + 9

|𝐴| = 7
⃗ | = √(4)2 + (3)2 + (−1)2 = 16 + 9 + 1 = √16 + 9 + 1
|𝐵
 ⃗ | = √26
|𝐵
−7 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
7√26 √26
−1
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
√26
⃗ , 𝐵 = 4𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 𝑘
5. Find the cross product of vector 𝐴 = 2𝑖 − 6𝑗 − 3𝑘 ⃗
and the angle b/w them.
Given:
⃗
𝐴 = 2𝑖 − 6𝑗 − 3𝑘
⃗
𝐵 = 4𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 𝑘
To find:
1. Cross product of vector
2. Angle b/w hem two vector

Soln:

Cross product:𝐴 × 𝐵

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘⃗
⃗ =|2 −6
𝐴×𝐵 −3|
4 3 −1

= 𝑖[(−6 × −1) − (−3 × 3)] − 𝑗[(2 × −1) − (4 × −3)]

⃗ [(2 × 3) − (4 × −6)
+𝑘

⃗ [6 + 24]
𝑖[6 + 9] − 𝑗[−2 + 12] + 𝑘

⃗
⃗ = 15𝑖 − 10𝑗 + 30𝑘
𝐴×𝐵

|𝐴×𝐵⃗|
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ⃗|
|𝐴||𝐵

⃗ | = √152 + (−10)2 + (30)2

|𝐴 × 𝐵
 ⃗ | = √1225
|𝐴 × 𝐵

⃗ | = 35
|𝐴 × 𝐵

|𝐴| = √22 + (−6)2 + (−3)2 = √4 + 36 + 9

|𝐴| = √49

|𝐴| = 7

⃗ | = 42 + 32 + (−1)2 = √16 + 9 + 1 = √26

|𝐵

⃗ | = √26
|𝐵

|𝐴×𝐵⃗| 35
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ⃗|
=
|𝐴||𝐵 7×√26

5
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
√26

5
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
√26

𝜃 = 78.69′

Formula used for three dimension force analysis

Force vector 𝐹 =×𝐹

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
 = |𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

Magnitude |𝑂𝐴| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2

𝑅⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝐶

𝑅 = √𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2 + 𝐹𝑧 2
 𝑅𝑥
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
𝑅

1. In the figures shown, three wire jointed at D. The Two ends A and B are
on the wall and the other end C is on the ground. The wire CD is vertical.
A force of 60 KN is applied at ‘D’ and it passes through a point E on the
ground as shown in fig. Find the forces in all the three wire.

Given:
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 60𝐾𝑁
To find:
𝐹𝐷𝐴 =? 𝐹𝐷𝐵 =? 𝐹𝐷𝐶 =?
Soln:
⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 0𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝐾
⃗
𝑂𝐵 = 0𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 3𝑘
⃗
𝑂𝐶 = 1.5𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 0𝑘
⃗
𝑂𝐷 = 1.5𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 0𝑘
⃗
𝑂𝐸 = 7.5𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 1.5𝑘
Force in the wire DA ‘𝐹𝐷𝐸 ′
𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 𝐷𝐴 × 𝐹𝐷𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [𝑂𝐴
Position vector for 𝐷𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ] − [1.5𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 0𝑘
𝐷𝐴 = [0𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝑘 ⃗]

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −1.5𝑖 + 𝑗 + 3𝑘
𝐷𝐴
Magnitude of DA
|𝐷𝐴| = √(−1.5)2 + (1)2 + (3)2

= √2.25 + 1 + 9

|𝐷𝐴| = 3.5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐴 ⃗
−1.5𝑖+𝑗+3𝑘
𝐷𝐴 = |𝐷𝐴| = 3.5

𝐷𝐴 = −0.428𝑖 + 0.285𝑗 + 0.857𝑘⃗

𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 𝐷𝐴 × 𝐹𝐷𝐴

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ 𝐹𝐷𝐴
𝐹𝐷𝐴 = −0.428𝑖𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 0.285𝑗𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 0.857𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ 𝐹𝐷𝐴 ------- (1)

𝐹𝐷𝐴 = −0.428𝑖𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 0.285𝑗𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 0.857𝑘

Force in the wire DB

Force from D to B coordinates

𝐹𝐷𝐵 = 𝐷𝐵 × 𝐹𝐷𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐵
𝐷𝐵 =
|𝐷𝐵|

𝐷𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐷]

⃗ ] − [1.5𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 0𝑘
= [0𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 3𝑘 ⃗]

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −1.5𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘
𝐷𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(1.5)2 + (1)2 + (−3)2

|𝐷𝐵
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 3.5
|𝐷𝐵

𝐷𝐵 ⃗
−1.5𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘
𝐷𝐵 = =
|𝐷𝐵| 3.5

𝐷𝐵 = 0.428𝑖 + 0.285𝑗 − 0.857𝑘⃗

𝐹𝐷𝐵 = 𝐷𝐵 × 𝐹𝐷𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ -------------- (2)
𝐹𝐷𝐵 = −0.428𝐹𝐷𝐵 𝑖 + 0.285𝐹𝐷𝐵 𝑗 − 0.857𝐹𝐷𝐵 𝑘

Force in the wire DC

Force from D to C coordinate

𝐹𝐷𝐶 = 𝐷𝐶 . 𝐹𝐷𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶
𝐷𝐵 = |𝐷𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐷𝐶 = [𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐷]

⃗ ] − [1.5𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 0𝑘
= [1.5𝑖 + 0𝑗 − 0𝑘 ⃗]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝐷𝐶 = 0𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 0𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(0)2 + (−2)2 + (0)2 = √4

|𝐷𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 2
|𝐷𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐵 ⃗
𝑜𝑖−2𝑗+0𝑘
𝐷𝐶 = |𝐷𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
=
2

𝐷𝐶 = −𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 𝐷𝐶 = 𝐷𝐶 × 𝐹𝐷𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝐷𝐶 = −𝐹𝐷𝐶 𝑗------------------ (3)
Force in the wire DE
Force from D to E
 𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 𝐷𝐸 . 𝐹𝐷𝐸
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐸
𝐷𝐸 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝐷𝐸

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐷𝐸 = [𝑂𝐸 𝑂𝐷]

⃗ ] − [1.5𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 0𝑘
= [7.5𝑖 + 0𝑗 − 1.5𝑘 ⃗]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝐷𝐸 = 6𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 1.5𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(6)2 + (−2)2 + (1.5)2 = √36 + 4 + 2.25

|𝐷𝐸

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 6.5
|𝐷𝐸

𝐷𝐸 = 0.923𝑖 + 0.307𝑗 + 0.23𝑘⃗

𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 𝐷𝐸 × 𝐹𝐷𝐸

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ × 𝐹𝐷𝐸
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = −0.923𝑖 × 𝐹𝐷𝐸 − 0.307𝑗 × 𝐹𝐷𝐸 + 0.23𝑘
⃗
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = −0.923𝐹𝐷𝐸 𝑖 − 0.307𝐹𝐷𝐸 𝑗 + 0.23𝐹𝐷𝐸 𝑘

𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 60𝐾𝑁

⃗
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = −0.923 × 60𝑖 − 0.307 × 60𝑗 + 0.23 × 60𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ------------ (4)

𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 55.38𝑖 − 18.42𝑗 + 13.84𝑘

⃗ 𝐹𝐷𝐴
𝐹𝐷𝐴 = −0.428𝑖𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 0.285𝑗𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 0.857𝑘

⃗
𝐹𝐷𝐵 = −0.428𝐹𝐷𝐵 𝑖 + 0.285𝐹𝐷𝐵 𝑗 − 0.857𝐹𝐷𝐵 𝑘

𝐹𝐷𝐶 = −𝐹𝐷𝐶 𝑗

⃗
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 55.38𝑖 − 18.42𝑗 + 13.84𝑘

Applying equilibrium condition

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝐷𝐴 . 𝐹𝐷𝐵 . 𝐹𝐷𝐶 . 𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 0

−0.428𝐹𝐷𝐴 − 0.428𝐹𝐷𝐵 + 55.38 = 0

−0.428[𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 𝐹𝐷𝐵 ] + 55.38 = 0

𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 𝐹𝐷𝐵 = −55.38

−55.38
𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 𝐹𝐷𝐵 =
−0.428

𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 𝐹𝐷𝐵 = 129.39-------------- (5)

∑𝐹𝑦 = 0

−0.285𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 0.285𝐹𝐷𝐵 − 𝐹𝐷𝐶 − 18.42 = 0

−0.285𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 0.285𝐹𝐷𝐵 − 𝐹𝐷𝐶 = 18.42

∑𝐹𝑍 = 0

−0.857𝐹𝐷𝐴 − 0.857𝐹𝐷𝐵 + 18.42 = 0

0.857[𝐹𝐷𝐴 − 𝐹𝐷𝐵 ] + 13.84 = 0

−13.84
𝐹𝐷𝐴 − 𝐹𝐷𝐵 =
0.857

𝐹𝐷𝐴 − 𝐹𝐷𝐵 = −16.15------------- (7)

(5) 𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 𝐹𝐷𝐵 = 129.39

(7) 𝐹𝐷𝐴 − 𝐹𝐷𝐵 = −16.15

-----------------------------------------------

2𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 113.24
113.24
𝐹𝐷𝐴 =
2

𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 56.62 𝐾𝑁
(5) 𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 𝐹𝐷𝐵 = 129.39

56.62 + 𝐹𝐷𝐵 = 129.39𝐹𝐷𝐵 = 129.39 − 56.62

𝐹𝐷𝐵 = 72.76 𝐾𝑁

(6) −0.285 × 𝐹𝐷𝐴 + 0.285𝐹𝐷𝐵 − 𝐹𝐷𝐶 = 18.42

−0.285 × 56.62 − 0.285 × 72.76 − 𝐹𝐷𝐶 = 18.42

16.138 + 20.71 − 𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 18.42

𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 16.138 + 20.71 − 18.42

𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 18.428 𝑁

2. Fig shows three cables AB, AC,& AD that are used to support the end of a
sign which exerts a force of 𝐹 = (250𝑖 + 450𝑗 − 150𝑘 ⃗ )𝑁 at A.
Determine the force develop in each cable.

Given:
⃗ )𝑁 at A
𝐹 = (250𝑖 + 450𝑗 − 150𝑘

To find:
Force in AB, AC &AD
Soln:
𝐴 = (3,0,3)
 𝐵 = (6,0,0)
𝐶 = (0,5,0)
𝐷 = (0,0,3)

⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 3𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 3𝐾
⃗
𝑂𝐵 = 6𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 3𝑘
⃗
𝑂𝐶 = 0𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 0𝑘
⃗
𝑂𝐷 = 0𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 3𝑘

Force of AB

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐹𝐴𝐵

𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 =
|𝐴𝐵|
Position vector for AB

⃗ ] − [3𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 3𝑘
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴 = [6𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 0𝑘 ⃗]

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 3𝑖 + 0𝑗 − 3𝑘
|𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √32 + 02 + [−3]2 = √9 + 0 + 9

|𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √18
|𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 4.2
|𝐴𝐵
⃗
3𝑖+0𝑗−3𝑘
𝐴𝐵 = 4.2

𝐴𝐵 = 0.714𝑖 + 0𝑗 − 0.714𝑘⃗

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐹𝐴𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ -------------------- (1)

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 0.714𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑖 + 0𝑗 − 0.714𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑘

Force on AC
 𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 × 𝐹𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐶 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝐴𝐶

Position vector of 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴

⃗ ] − [3𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 3𝑘
[0𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 0𝑘 ⃗]

⃗
𝐴𝐶 = −3𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 3𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−3)2 + (5)2 + (−3)2 = √9 + 25 + 9 = √43

|𝐴𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 6.5
|𝐴𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 ⃗
−3𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 3𝑘
𝐴𝐶 = =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝐴𝐶 6.5

𝐴𝐶 = −0.461𝑖 + 0.769𝑗 − 0.461𝑘⃗

𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 × 𝐹𝐴𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ------------ (2)

𝐹𝐴𝐶 = −0.461𝐹𝐴𝐶 𝑖 + 0.769𝐹𝐴𝐶 𝑗 − 0.461𝐹𝐴𝐶 𝑘

Force on AD

𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐹𝐴𝐷

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴 ⃗ ] − [3𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 3𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [0𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 3𝑘 ⃗]

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −3𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 0𝑘
𝐴𝐷

Magnitude of AD

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−3)2 = √9
|𝐴𝐷

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 3
|𝐴𝐷
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 ⃗
−3𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 0𝑘
𝐴𝐷 = =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝐴𝐷 3

𝐴𝐷 = −𝑖
⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝐴𝐷 = −𝐹𝐴𝐷 𝑖--------------- (3)

⃗ [𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛]
𝐹 = 250𝑖 + 450𝑗 − 150𝑘

Applying the equilibrium Eqn

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0

0.714𝐹𝐴𝐵 − 0.461𝐹𝐴𝐶 − 𝐹𝐴𝐷 + 250 = 0

0.714𝐹𝐴𝐵 − 0.461𝐹𝐴𝐶 − 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = −250-------------- (4)

∑𝐹𝑦 = 0

0𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 0.769𝐹𝐴𝐶 + 450 = 0---------------- (5)

0.769𝐹𝐴𝐶 = −450
−450
𝐹𝐴𝐶 =
0.769

𝐹𝐴𝐶 = −585.17 𝑁

∑𝐹𝑧 = 0

−0.714𝐹𝐴𝐵 − 0.461 𝐹𝐴𝐶 − 150 = 0---------------- (6)

−0.714𝐹𝐴𝐵 − 0.461 × (−585.17) − 150 = 0

−0.714𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 269.76 − 150 = 0

−0.714𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 119.76 = 0
−119.76
𝐹𝐴𝐵 =
−0.714

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 167.73𝑁

(4) 0.714𝐹𝐴𝐵 − 0.461𝐹𝐴𝐶 − 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = −250

 0.714 × 167.73 − 0.461 × −585.17 − 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = −250

119.76 + 269.76 − 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = −250

389.52 − 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = −250

−𝐹𝐴𝐷 = −250 − 389.52

− 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = −639.52𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 639.52 𝑁

3. Two force act upon the tripod at point P as shown in fig. The force 8
KN is parallel to X axis & the force 16 KN is parallel to Y axis.
Determine the force acting at the legs of tripod if the rest on legs on
ground at A, B, &C whose coordinates with respect to O are given the
height of the P above the origin is 10m.

Given:
8 KN at point ‘P’ in horizontal
16 KN at point ‘P’ in vertical
Height of point P=10m from 0

To Find:
𝐹𝑃𝐴 , 𝐹𝑃𝐵 , 𝐹𝑃𝐶

Soln:

Coordinates

𝐴 = (−4,0,0), 𝐵 = (5,0,2), 𝐶 = (−2,0, −3), 𝑃(0,10,0)

⃗ , 𝑂𝐵 = 5𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝑂𝐴 = −4𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 0𝑘 ⃗ , 𝑂𝐶 = −2𝑖 + 0𝑗 − 3𝑘
⃗
 ⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 0𝑖 + 10𝑗 + 0𝑘

Force on 𝐹𝑃𝐴
𝐴
𝐹𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴 × 𝐹𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐴 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑃𝐴

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 𝑂𝐴
|𝑃𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

=−4𝑖 − [10𝑗]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = −4𝑖 − 10𝑗

|𝑃𝐴

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−4)2 + (−10)2 = √16 + 100 = √116

|𝑃𝐴

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 10.77
|𝑃𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐴 −4𝑖−10𝑗
𝑃𝐴 = |𝑃𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
=
10.77

𝑃𝐴 = −0.371𝑖 − 0.928𝑗

𝐹𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴 × 𝐹𝑃𝐴 = −0.371𝑖 × 𝐹𝑃𝐴 − 0.928𝑗 × 𝐹𝑃𝐴

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑃𝐴 = −0.371𝐹𝑃𝐴 𝑖 − 0.928𝐹𝑃𝐴 𝑗------------ (1)

Force of PB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵
𝐹𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐵 × 𝐹𝑃𝐵 𝑃𝐵 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑃𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗ ] − [10𝑗]
= [5𝑖 + 2𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝑃𝐵 = 5𝑖 − 10𝑗 + 2𝑘

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 11.35
|𝑃𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 ⃗
5𝑖−10𝑗+2𝑘
𝑃𝐵 = |𝑃𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
=
11.35

𝑃𝐵 = 0.44𝑖 − 0.88𝑗 + 0.176𝑘⃗

𝐹𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐵 × 𝐹𝑃𝐵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ -------- (2)
𝐹𝑃𝐵 = 0.44𝐹𝑃𝐵 𝑖 − 0.88𝐹𝑃𝐵 𝑗 + 0.176𝐹𝑃𝐵 𝑘

Force on PC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐶
𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐶 × 𝐹𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐶 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑃𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝑃

⃗ ] − 10𝑗
= [2𝑖 − 3𝑘

⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2𝑖 − 10𝑗 − 3𝑘
𝑃𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−2)2 + (−10)2 + (−3)2 = √4 + 100 + 9 = √113

|𝑃𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 10.63
|𝑃𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐶 ⃗
−2𝑖−10𝑗−3𝑘
𝑃𝐶 = |𝑃𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
=
10.63

𝑃𝐶 = −0.188𝑖 − 0.94𝑗 − 0.282𝑘⃗

𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐶 × 𝐹𝑃𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝐹𝑃𝐶 = −0.188𝐹𝑃𝐶 𝑖 − 0.94𝐹𝑃𝐶 𝑗 − 0.282𝑘

⃗ ------------ (4)
𝑃 = 0𝑖 + 10𝑗 + 0𝑘

Apply Equilibrium condition

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0

−0.371𝐹𝑃𝐴 + 0.44𝐹𝑃𝐵 − 0.188𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 0------------- (5)

∑𝐹𝑦 = 0

−0.928𝐹𝑃𝐴 − 0.88𝐹𝑃𝐵 − 0.94𝐹𝑃𝐶 + 10 = 0

−0.928𝐹𝑃𝐴 − 0.88𝐹𝑃𝐵 − 0.94𝐹𝑃𝐶 = −10

0.928𝐹𝑃𝐴 − 0.88𝐹𝑃𝐵 − 0.94𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 10 -------- (6)

∑𝐹𝑍 = 0

−0.282𝐹𝑃𝐶 + 0.178𝐹𝑃𝐵 = 0
0.178𝐹𝑃𝐵 − 0.282𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 0--------- (7)

Solve Eqn(5)&(6)

(5)× 0.928 − 0.344 𝐹𝑃𝐴 + 0.4𝐹𝑃𝐵 − 0.174𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 0

(6) × 0.371 0.344𝐹𝑃𝐴 + 0.326𝐹𝑃𝐵 + 0.348𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 3.71

0.726𝐹𝑃𝐵 − 0.174𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 3.71--------- (8)

Solve Eqn (7) &(8)

(7)0.726 0.127𝐹𝑃𝐵 − 0.2𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 0

(8)0.176 0.127𝐹𝑃𝐵 + 0.03𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 0.652

−0.23𝐹𝑃𝐶 = −0.652
−0.652
𝐹𝑃𝐶 =
−0.23

Eqn(7) becomes 0.176𝐹𝑃𝐵 -0.282𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 0

0.176 × 𝐹𝑃𝐵 − 0.282 × 2.834 = 0

0.282×2.834
𝐹𝑃𝐵 =
0.176

𝐹𝑃𝐵 = 4.539𝑁

Eqn (5) becomes

−0.371𝐹𝑃𝐴 + 0.44𝐹𝑃𝐵 − 0.188𝐹𝑃𝐶 = 0

−0.371𝐹𝑃𝐴 + 0.44 × 4.539 − 0.188 × 2.834 = 0

−0.371 × 𝐹𝑃𝐴 + 1.997 − 0.532 = 0

−0.371 × 𝐹𝑃𝐴 + 1.465 = 0

−1.465
𝐹𝑃𝐴 =
−0.371

𝐹𝑃𝐴 = 3.94𝑁