A Lab Report

On

Water Resources and Water Quality Sessional/Field Work

Course title: Water Resources and Water Quality Sessional/Field Work

Course no: SWE-2104

Submitted To: Submitted To:

Dr.Jagadish Chandra Joardar

Professor Sonia Nasrin
Soil, Water and Environment Discipline Associate Professor
Khulna University Soil, Water and Environment Discipline
Khulna-9208 Khulna University, Khulna-9208

Submitted by: (Group- 03)

Nusrat Jahan Mansura

Student ID:211313

2nd year,1st term

Soil, Water and Environment Discipline

Khulna University, khulna-9208

Date of Submission: 05th May, 2023

1
 INDEX

Experiment Page
Title
No Number

Abstract 3-5

01 Determination of pH of the supplied water samples. 6-9

Determination of electrical conductivity (EC) of the

02 10 -13
supplied water samples.

Determination of potassium (K) of the supplied

03 water samples by flame emission spectroscopic 14 - 18
method.

Determination of sodium (Na) of the supplied water

04 samples by flame emission spectroscopic 19 – 23
method.

2
The assessment of water quality through the use of a water quality index is a straightforward, easily
comprehensible, and effective method to determine whether water is suitable for various uses,
including drinking.

Water samples from 35 tube wells, shallow deep ,surface water were collected from different
locations during the pre-monsoon time. pH, electric conductivity (EC),sodium (Na), and
potassium(K) of the collected water samples were analyzed for the calculation of WQI.

Study area

The experiments were carried out Botiaghata Upazila is located in the Khulna Division of
Bangladesh. Botiaghata Upazila is located in the southwestern part of Bangladesh, bordering the
Sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest. It is surrounded by the Paikgachha Upazila to the
north, the Rampal Upazila to the south, the Bagerhat Sadar Upazila to the east, and the Mongla
Port Upazila to the west.The latitude and longitude of Botiaghata Upazila are 22.7527° N, 89.3187°
E. The total area of Botiaghata Upazila is approximately 301.44 square kilometers.

The sampling location of study area

3
The sampling location of study area

4
Table: Sampling location’s coordinate
SL No Sample Name Sampling Code Latitude Longitude
01. DW1-G1 22*43’59” 89*30’42”
02. DW2-G1 22*43’47” 89*30’36”
03. DW1-G2 22.732206 89.501697
04. DW2-G2 22.732675 89.505953
05. DW1-G3 22.741153 89.487795
06. DW2-G3 22.737654 89.488572
07. DW1-G4 22.917047 89.471046
Drinking Water
08. DW2-G4 22.739556 89.484938
09. DW1-G5 22.741518 89.518244
10. DW2-G5 22.739879 89.519446
11. DW1-G6 22*43’11.1’ 89*28’12.8”
12. DW2-G6 22.720561 89.473216
13. DW1-G7
14. DW2-G7
15. S-G1 22°43'33" 89°30'26"
16. S-G2 22.7325043 89.5021213
17. S-G3 22.741153 89.485227
18. Surface water S-G4 22.738369 89.483293
19. S-G5 22.739476 89.516069
20. S-G6 22.71988 89.473518
21. S-G7
22. SH1-G1 22°43'37" 89°30'24"
23. SH2-G1 22°43'35" 89°30'27"
24. SH1-G2 22.734643 89.501314
25. SH2-G2 22.739617 89.502615
26. SH1-G3 22.736242 89.493541
27. SH2-G3 22.741771 89.485746
28. SH1-G4 22.755098 89.486221
Shallow Irrigation Water
29. SH2-G4 22.416998 89.485743
30. SH1-G5 22.739879 89.519446
31. SH2-G5 22.741396 89.51725
32. SH1-G6 22.722836 89.47218
33. SH2-G6 22.719463 89.47218
34. SH1-G7
35. SH2-G7

5
Experiment No: 01

Name of the experiment: Determination of pH of the supplied water samples.

Principle:
The term pH refers to the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and
defined as the negative log of H+ ions concentration in water and wastewater.

pH = -log [H+]

Where [H+] is the concentration (or activity) of hydrogen ion (or photon) in moles per
liter (M).

The values of pH, 0 to a little less than 7 are termed as acidic and the values of pH a little
above 7 to 14 are termed as basic. When the concentration of H+ and OH- ions are equal
then it is termed as neutral pH which value is 7. The pH of pure water is 7. The normal
range for pH in surface water systems is 6.5 to 8.5, and the pH range for groundwater
systems is between 6 to 8.5.

The basic principle of electrometric pH determination is the measurement of activity of

hydrogen ions by potentiometric measurements using a standard hydrogen electrode and
a reference electrode.

The pH electrode used in the pH measurement is a combined glass electrode. It consists

of sensing half-cell and reference half-cell, together form an electrode system. The
sensing half-cell is a thin pH sensitive semi permeable membrane, separating two
solutions, viz., the outer solution, the sample to be analyzed and the internal solution
enclosed inside the glass membrane and has a known pH value. A potential is developed
inside and another electrical potential is developed outside, the difference in the potential
is measured and is given as the pH of the sample.

Apparatus:
1. Beaker.

2. pH meter.
Reagent:

1. Buffer solution with a known pH.

6
Procedure:

1. The electrode of the pH meter was dipped into a buffer solution with a known pH
to calibrate it.
2. After calibrating, the electrode of the pH meter was washed by dipping into
distilled water to get rid of any adhered buffer.
3. The electrode was gently wiped with a tissue paper.
4. Then the electrode was dipped into the water sample.
5. After stabilization, the reading was taken.
6. Then the electrode was taken from the water sample and it was washed with
distilled water and then wiped gently with soft tissue before using it for the other
sample.
7. The procedure was repeated for the other sample.
Result:Reading of the pH meter

Sampling
Sample No Source of Sample pH
Code
DW1-G1 6.9
01.
DW2-G1 7.0
02.
DW1-G2 6.9
03.
DW2-G2 6.8
04.
DW1-G3 6.8
05.
DW2-G3 6.6
06.
DW1-G4 6.7
07. Drinking Water
DW2-G4 6.9
08.
DW1-G5 6.7
09.
DW2-G5 6.5
10.
DW1-G6 6.9
11.
DW2-G6 6.6
12.
DW1-G7 6.7
13.
DW2-G7 6.5
14.
7
 S-G1 6.5
15.
S-G2 6.4
16.
S-G3 6.6
17.
Surface Water S-G4 7.0
18.
S-G5 6.3
19.
S-G6 6.7
20.
S-G7 6.7
21.
SH1-G1 6.6
22.
SH2-G1 6.6
23.
SH1-G2 6.6
24.
SH2-G2 6.7
25.
SH1-G3 6.6
26.
SH2-G3 6.7
27.
SH1-G4 6.8
28. Shallow Irrigation Water
SH2-G4 7.1
29.
SH1-G5 6.4
30.
SH2-G5 6.3
31.
SH1-G6 6.5
32.
SH2-G6 6.6
33.
SH1-G7 6.9
34.
SH2-G7 6.8
35.

8
Interpretation:
The pH content of the different water samples used in the experiment can be observed
from the pH meter reading. This table displays the range of pH scale for water:
pH Value Description

0-2 Strongly acidic

3-5 Moderately acidic

6 Slightly acidic
7 Neutral
8 Slightly alkaline
9-11 Moderately alkaline
12-14 Strongly alkaline

So from the above result we can see that the pH content of the all water sample are range
between 6.30 to 7.10. Based on the given pH range, the water can be classified as slightly
acidic to neutral. The pH range of 6.3-7.1 indicates that the water is neither strongly
acidic nor strongly basic.

pH of water is an important parameter to define the drinking quality of a water sample.

pH value of a water sample defines that is the water is drinkable or not. According to
World Health Organization (WHO) the safe pH range for drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5. So
according to above result pH of all the drinking water sample pH is range between 6.5 to
7.0 and average is 6.75 , so all the sample water are safe for drinking purpose.

We used shallow water samples in this experiment, which are commonly used for
irrigation purposes. According to the FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29, titled
"Water Quality for Agriculture," the pH range for irrigation water should be between 6.5
and 8.4.So according to above result pH of all the irrigation water sample pH is range
between 6.3 to 7.1 and average is 6.66 , so all the sample water are safe for irrigation
purpose.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a safe pH range of 6.5-8.5 for
surface water, which includes rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water on the Earth's
surface. So according to above result pH of all the irrigation water sample pH is range
between 6.3 to 7.0 and average is 6.6 .This pH range is considered safe for human
consumption and for supporting aquatic life.

9
Experiment No: 02

Name of the experiment: Determination of electrical conductivity (EC) of the

supplied water samples.

Principle:

EC means electrical conductivity, which is the potential of any material to conduct

electricity. Its unit is dS/m or mS/cm. Solids can be found in nature in a dissolved
form. Salts that dissolve in water break into positively and negatively charged ions.
Conductivity is the ability of water to conduct an electrical current, and the dissolved
ions are the conductors. The major positively charged ions are sodium, (Na+)
calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The major negatively
charged ions are chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), carbonate (CO32-), and bicarbonate
(HCO3-). Nitrates (NO32-) and phosphates (PO43-) are minor contributors to
conductivity, although they are very important biologically.

Electrical conductivity can be measured using a meter and probe as well. The probe
consists of two metal electrodes spaced 1 cm apart (thus the unit of measurement is
microSeimens or milliSeimens per centimeter). A constant voltage is applied across
the electrodes resulting in an electrical current flowing through the aqueous sample.
Since the current flowing through the water is proportional to the concentration of
dissolved ions in the water, the electrical conductivity can be measured. The higher
the dissolved salt or ion concentration, the more conductive the sample and hence
the higher the conductivity reading.

Apparatus:

1. Beaker.
2. EC meter.

Reagent:

1. Standard solution with a known conductivity.

10
Procedure:

1. The electrode of the EC meter was dipped in a standard solution with a known
conductivity to calibrate it.
2. After calibrating, the electrode of the EC meter was washed by dipping into
distilled water to get rid of any adhered solution.
3. The electrode was gently wiped with a tissue paper.
4. Then the electrode was dipped into the water sample.
5. After stabilization, the reading was taken.
6. Then the electrode was taken from the water sample and it was washed with
distilled water and then wiped gently with soft tissue before using it for the other
sample.
7. The procedure was repeated for the other sample.

Result: Reading of the EC meter

EC
Sample No Source of Sample Sample Code
(μS/cm)
1. DW1-G1 1070
2. DW2-G1 970
3. DW1-G2 1110
4. DW2-G2 1040
5. DW1-G3 2200
6. DW2-G3 2220
7. DW1-G4 920
Drinking Water
8. DW2-G4 1549
9. DW1-G5 722
10. DW2-G5 1360
11. DW1-G6 833
12. DW2-G6 748
13. DW1-G7 958
14. DW2-G7 2040
15. S-G1 11320
16. S-G2 3150
17. S-G3 3930
18. Surface Water S-G4 19110
19. S-G5 18600
20. S-G6 2260
21. S-G7 12850

11
 EC
Sample No Source of Sample Sample Code
(μS/cm)
22. SH1-G1 4980
23. SH2-G1 4810
24. SH1-G2 5710
25. SH2-G2 8800
26. SH1-G3 6300
27. SH2-G3 5880
28. SH1-G4 5720
Shallow Irrigation Water
29. SH2-G4 5380
30. SH1-G5 5600
31. SH2-G5 4530
32. SH1-G6 6410
33. SH2-G6 6140
34. SH1-G7 3500
35. SH2-G7 2890

Interpretation:

From the above EC reading we can see that EC ranged from 722-2220 , 3500-
8800 , and 2260-19110 for deep tube -well, shallow, and surface water
respectively.

Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measurement of water’s ability to conduct electricity.

EC is related to water temperature and the total concentration, mobility, valence and
relative concentration of ions. Here is a table that shows the classification of water
based on electrical conductivity (EC):

EC range (µS/cm) Water classification

< 250 Ultra-pure water

250-1000 Pure water( drinking water, irrigation water for sensitive crops)

1000-2000 Drinking water, Irrigation water for most crops

2000-3000 Brackish water, Irrigation water for salt-tolerant crops

3000-10000 Slightly saline water

3000-10000 Moderately saline water

35000-100000 Highly saline water

> 100000 Brine water

12
The permissible value for Electrical Conductivity (EC) depends on the specific
application and intended use of the water. For drinking water, the World Health
Organization (WHO) recommends an EC range of 400-1000 µS/cm (micro Siemens per
centimeter) at 25°C. By analyzing the results, all drinking water samples showed EC
exceeds the permissible limit except sample number 2,7,9,11,12 and 13.

For irrigation, the permissible EC value depends on the crops being grown, soil type, and
other factors. In general, EC values of up to 2 dS/m (deci Siemens per meter) or, 2000
µS/cm are considered suitable for most crops, while values between 2000-4000 μS/m
may be suitable for some salt-tolerant crops. But most of our shallow water sample has
EC value greater than the safe value.

The permissible value for electrical conductivity (EC) in surface water can vary
depending on the region and the intended use of the water. In general, the permissible
range of EC for surface water is between 100-3000 µS/cm (micro Siemens per
centimeter) at 25°C. However, this range may be narrower or wider depending on the
specific regulations and standards set by local or national authorities. But all of our water
sample has EC value greater than the safe value.

The higher the conductivity, the higher impurities the water have. As our samples have
higher electrical conductivity it means these water have very much impurities and unsafe
for human beings and plants.

13
 Experiment No: 03
Name of the experiment: Determination of potassium (K) of the supplied water
by flame emission spectroscopic method.

Principle:
The wavelength of the spectral line available for K determination by flame emission
spectrophotometer (FES) is 766.5 nm. Detection limit and sensitivity will vary with instrument
and type of flame used. Air-acetylene or air-propane is the most common flame types used.

Standard K solution: (Source KCl, mw = 74.60) [250 ml 500 ppm K solution]

500 ppm K solution = 500 mg K per liter = 0.5 g K per liter.

39.1 g K is present in 74.60 g KCl

Therefore, 0.5 g K is present in [(74.60  0.5)  39.1] = 0.953964194 g KCl per liter
solution.

Hence, 250 ml 500 ppm K solution requires (0.953964194  4) = 0.2385 g KCl.

Preparation: 0.2385 g KCl was taken into a 250 ml volumetric flask. About 100 ml
dw was added and then the content was shaken until it dissolved. The solution was
made up to the mark with distilled water and the solution was thoroughly mixed

250 ml 50 ppm K solution: 25 ml 500 ppm K solution was taken and diluted to 250 ml with dw.
The standard solution was prepared by using the following table.

Standard K 50 ppm K Final volume

solution
(ppm) solution (ml) (ml)

0 0 25

5 2.5 25

10 5.0 25

15 7.5 25

20 10.0 25

25 12.5 25

14
Apparatus:
1. Beaker
2. Pipette
3. Pipette filler
4. Conical flask
5. Flame emission spectrophotometer
6. Tests tube
7. Funnel

Procedure:

1. 25g sample watere was taken into a 250 mL conical flask.

2. Then sample water was filtered with WN-40 filter paper and the extract (sample) was
obtained as the aliquot.
3. Standard solutions, sample and blank were subjected to FES reading.
4. The K content of the sample was determined from the calibration curve.

Calculation: Calculation of 5,6,16,26,28 no. sample:

K (ppm) = G  df Conc. (G)
Sample K(ppm)=
Absorbance(y)
Where, No G x df

Concentration of K in ppm 5 46 8.1 8.1

(from graph)=G 6 49 8.7 8.7
16 108 20.59 20.59
Dilution factor (if any) =df 26 124 23.81 23.81
28 79 14.75 29.5

Calibration Curve of K
140
120
100
80 y = 4.9657x + 5.7619
R² = 0.9929
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

15
Result: The values of potassium (K) in supplied water are
Sample No Source of Sample Sample Code K(ppm)
1. DW1-G1 7.7
2. DW2-G1 4.89
3. DW1-G2 5.08
4. DW2-G2 4.47
5. DW1-G3 8.1
6. DW2-G3 8.7
7. DW1-G4 5.38
Drinking Water
8. DW2-G4 8.1
9. DW1-G5 4.27
10. DW2-G5 6.09
11. DW1-G6 5.08
12. DW2-G6 4.08
13. DW1-G7 6.69
14. DW2-G7 8.7
15. S-G1 85.2
16. S-G2 17.98
17. S-G3 20.58
18. Surface Water S-G4 129.86
19. S-G5 154.91
20. S-G6 20.89
21. S-G7 100.35
22. SH1-G1 35.45
23. SH2-G1 38.5
24. SH1-G2 21.9
25. SH2-G2 6.49
26. SH1-G3 23.81
27. SH2-G3 29.49
28. SH1-G4 14.76
Shallow Irrigation Water
29. SH2-G4 36.49
30. SH1-G5 17.58
31. SH2-G5 31.45
32. SH1-G6 20.19
33. SH2-G6 35.48
34. SH1-G7 20.99
35. SH2-G7 16.56

16
Interpretation:
From the above result we can see the potassium (k) concentration in the surface water,
drinking water, shallow water which are used in the experiment. Potassium (K+)
concentration in the water samples ranged from 4.08-8.70ppm, 6.49-38.50ppm, and
17.98-154.91 ppm in drinking, shallow and surface water respectively. In Bangladesh, the
standard for potassium in drinking water is set at a maximum of 10 ppm by the
Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI). The drinking water sample did not
exceed the permissible limit of drinking and surface water in Bangladesh. But on the
other hand rest of the sample water crossed the permissible limit in Bangladeshi standard.

Here is a table that shows the permissible value for potassium in water for drinking water,
shallow irrigation water, and surface water, based on World Health Organization (WHO)
guidelines:

Water use Permissible value for potassium(K)

10 ppm(Parts per million)

Drinking water

Shallow irrigation water

30-50 ppm

Surface water 2-10 ppm

If the concentration of potassium in drinking water in Bangladesh falls below the

standard value, it could indicate that the water is deficient in potassium. Potassium is an
important nutrient for human health and is necessary for proper muscle function, nerve
signaling, and the balance of fluids in the body. Inadequate intake of potassium can lead
to a variety of health problems, such as muscle weakness, cramps, and irregular
heartbeat. The values of K in the sample of drinking water are safe for drinking purpose,
but help us inefficiently.
If the concentration of potassium in shallow irrigation water is below the standard
permissible limit 2 ppm set by the Bangladesh government, it could be considered safe
for use in irrigation. However, it is important to note that the specific permissible limits
for potassium in irrigation water may vary depending on the crops being grown and the
soil conditions in the area. The average value of K in the sample of shallow water are
24.94 which exceeds the permissible limit. So the shallow water samples are not safe for
irrigation. Because if the concentration of potassium (K) in irrigation water exceeds the

17
maximum permissible limit set by the government, it can have negative impacts on crop
growth and yield. Excess potassium in irrigation water can cause an imbalance in the soil
solution, leading to reduced uptake of other nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and
nitrogen by plants. This can result in nutrient deficiencies and reduced plant growth and
yield. In addition, excessive potassium levels can lead to the buildup of salts in the soil,
which can decrease soil permeability and affect water infiltration and drainage, further
reducing crop productivity.
Furthermore, high levels of potassium in irrigation water can also contribute to soil
alkalinity, which can have adverse effects on soil quality and fertility. Therefore, it is
important to monitor and control the levels of potassium and other nutrients in irrigation
water to ensure optimal crop growth and yield.
If the potassium level in surface water is below the standard value in Bangladesh, it
would be considered safe for drinking and other uses. However, it is important to note
that the potassium level is just one factor in determining water quality . In this case the
samples of surface water exceed the standard permissible limit. If the potassium value in
surface water exceeds the standard value in Bangladesh, it indicates that the water is
polluted and may not be safe for human consumption or irrigation purposes.

18
Experiment No: 04
Name of the experiment: Determination of sodium (Na) of the supplied water
samples by flame emission spectroscopic method.

Principle:
The wavelength of the spectral line available for Na determination by flame emission
spectrophotometer (FES) is 589 nm. Detection limit and sensitivity will vary with
instrument and type of flame used. Air-acetylene or air-propane is the most common
flame types used.

Reagent:
Standard Na: (Source NaCl, mw = 58.5) [1000 ml 50 ppm Na solution]

50 ppm Na solution = 50 mg Na per litre = 0.5 g Na per litre.

23g Na is present in 58.5g NaCl.

Therefore,

0.5 g Na is present in [(58.5 0.5)  23)] = 0.1272g NaCl per litre solution.

Preparation: 0.1272 g NaCl was taken into a 1000 ml volumetric flask. About 400 ml
dw and then the content was shaken until dissolved. The solution was made up to the
mark with distilled water and the solution was thoroughly mixed.

1000 ml 50 ppm Na solution: 25 ml 500 ppm Na solution was taken and diluted to 250
ml with dw. The standard solution was prepared by using the following table.

Standard Na 50 ppm Na solution Final volume (ml)

solution (ppm) (ml)

0 0 25

5 2.5 25

10 5.0 25

15 7.5 25

20 10.0 25

25 12.5 25

19
Apparatus:

1. Beaker
2. Pipette
3. Pipette filler
4. Conical flask
5. Flame emission spectrophotometer
6. Tests tube
7. Funnel
Procedure:

1. 25g sample water was taken into a 250 mL conical flask.

2. Then sample water was filtered with WN-40 filter paper and the extract (sample)
was obtained as the aliquot.
3. Standard solutions, sample and blank were subjected to FES reading.
4. The Na content of the sample was determined from the calibration curve.
Calculation:
Na (ppm) = G  df
Where,
Concentration of Na in ppm (from graph)=G
Dilution factor (if any) =df

Calibration Curve of Na
35

30
25
20 y = 1.2343x + 1.5714
R² = 0.9918
15
10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

20
Calculation of 5, 6,16,24,35 no. sample:

Conc. (G)
Sample No Absorbance(y) Na(ppm)= G

6 08 5.208 52.08

5 09 6.018 60.18

16 15 10.879 108.79

24 21 15.741 157.41

35 22 16.551 165.51

Result:

The value of potassium (K) in supplied water are

Na(ppm)
Sample No Source of Sample Sample Code
DW1-G1 24.65
1.
DW2-G1 22.22
2.
DW1-G2 52.08
3.
DW2-G2 24.65
4.
DW1-G3 60.18
5.

DW2-G3 52.08
6.
DW1-G4 90
7. Drinking Water
DW2-G4 125
8.
DW1-G5 21.41
9.
DW2-G5 23.30
10.
DW1-G6 20.39
11.
DW2-G6 21.14
12.
DW1-G7 25.64
13.
DW2-G7 58.30
14.

21
 S-G1 107.29
15.
S-G2 108.79
16.
S-G3 156.77
17.
S-G4 286.17
18.
S-G5 73.95
19.
S-G6 53.79
20.
S-G7 256
21.
SH1-G1 674.70
22.
SH2-G1 643.50
23.
SH1-G2 157.41
24.
Shallow Irrigation Water SH2-G2 173.61
25.
SH1-G3 260.74
26.
SH2-G3 278.07
27.
SH1-G4 23.03
28.
SH2-G4 21.41
29.
SH1-G5 38.89
30.
SH2-G5 35.06
31.
SH1-G6 110.70
32.
SH2-G6 119.46
33.
SH1-G7 116.3
34.
SH2-G7 165.51
35.

Interpretation:
From the above result we can see the sodium (Na) concentration in the surface water,
drinking water, shallow water which are used in the experiment. Sodium (Na+)
concentration in the water samples ranged from 20.39-52.08 ppm, 21.41-674.70 ppm and
53.79-286.17 ppm in drinking, shallow and surface water samples respectively.
Here is a table that shows the permissible values for sodium in different types of water
for various uses:

22
Water Type Use Permissible value Sodium(Na)
Concentration ppm

Drinking Human consumption <200

Shallow Irrigation for moderately <700

irrigation salt-tolerant crops

Surface water Aquatic life <100

If the sodium value in the water is less than the WHO standard of 100 mg/L for surface
water, it indicates that the water has a low concentration of sodium and is considered safe
for drinking and other uses. On the other hand, if the value of sodium in surface water is
more than the WHO standard of 100 mg/L, it would be classified as having a high level
of sodium. This may indicate that the water is not suitable for certain uses, such as
irrigation or drinking, without treatment to reduce the sodium content.The average
concentration value of Na of the sample of surface water is 147.80 ppm, which is more
than the permissible limit. Only sample no 19 and 20 maintain the permissible limit in
between sample no 15 to 20.
High levels of sodium in water can have negative impacts on soil quality and plant
growth when used for irrigation. Additionally, high levels of sodium in drinking water
may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and other health issues for people with
sodium-sensitive conditions. From the above result we can see that drinking and shallow
irrigation water samples Na concentration are within standard range.

It is important to note that the acceptable levels of sodium in water may vary depending
on the intended use of the water and the specific regulations and standards set by local or
national authorities. Therefore, it is important to refer to local guidelines and regulations
to determine the suitability of water for specific uses.

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Water Quality Monitoring Data

Sampling EC
SL No Sample Name Latitude Longitude pH K(ppm) Na(ppm)
Code (μS/cm)
01. DW1-G1 22*43’59” 89*30’42” 6.9 1070 7.7 24.65
02. DW2-G1 22*43’47” 89*30’36” 7 970 4.89 22.22
03. DW1-G2 22.732206 89.501697 6.9 1110 5.08 52.08
04. DW2-G2 22.732675 89.505953 6.8 1040 4.47 24.65
05. DW1-G3 22.741153 89.487795 6.8 2200 8.1 60.18
06. DW2-G3 22.737654 89.488572 6.6 2220 8.7 52.08
07. DW1-G4 22.917047 89.471046 6.7 920 5.38 90
Drinking Water
08. DW2-G4 22.739556 89.484938 6.9 1549 8.1 125
09. DW1-G5 22.741518 89.518244 6.7 722 4.27 21.41
10. DW2-G5 22.739879 89.519446 6.5 1360 6.09 23.3
11. DW1-G6 22*43’11.1’ 89*28’12.8” 6.9 833 5.08 20.39
12. DW2-G6 22.720561 89.473216 6.6 748 4.08 21.14
13. DW1-G7 6.7 958 6.69 25.64
14. DW2-G7 6.5 2040 8.7 58.3
15. S-G1 22°43'33" 89°30'26" 6.5 11320 85.2 107.29
16. S-G2 22.7325043 89.5021213 6.4 3150 17.98 108.79
17. S-G3 22.741153 89.485227 6.6 3930 20.58 156.77
18. Surface Water S-G4 22.738369 89.483293 7 19110 129.86 286.17
19. S-G5 22.739476 89.516069 6.3 18600 154.91 73.95
20. S-G6 22.71988 89.473518 6.7 2260 20.89 53.79
21. S-G7 6.7 12850 100.35 256

22. SH1-G1 22°43'37" 89°30'24" 6.6 4980 35.45 674.7

23. SH2-G1 22°43'35" 89°30'27" 6.6 4810 38.5 643.5

24. SH1-G2 22.734643 89.501314 6.6 5710 21.9 157.41
25. SH2-G2 22.739617 89.502615 6.7 8800 6.49 173.61

26. SH1-G3 22.736242 89.493541 6.6 6300 23.81 260.74

27. Shallow Irrigation SH2-G3 22.741771 89.485746 6.7 5880 29.49 278.07
28. Water SH1-G4 22.755098 89.486221 6.8 5720 14.76 23.03
29. SH2-G4 22.416998 89.485743 7.1 5380 36.49 21.41
30. SH1-G5 22.739879 89.519446 6.4 5600 17.58 38.89
31. SH2-G5 22.741396 89.51725 6.3 4530 31.45 35.06
32. SH1-G6 22.722836 89.47218 6.5 6410 20.19 110.7
33. SH2-G6 22.719463 89.47218 6.6 6140 35.48 119.46
34. SH1-G7 6.9 3500 20.99 116.3
35. SH2-G7 6.8 2890 16.56 165.51

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