2-5 2-5

Proving Angles Congruent

1. Plan
Objectives
1 To prove and apply theorems
What You’ll Learn Check Skills You’ll Need GO for Help Lesson 1-6
• To prove and apply 2
x Algebra Find the value of each variable.
about angles theorems about angles
Examples 1. 50 2. 90 3. 35
. . . And Why y
1 Using the Vertical Angles
To find the measures of 130 x z 55
Theorem
angles formed by the legs of
2 Proving Theorem 2-2 a director’s chair, as in
Exercise 11 Fill in each blank.
4. Perpendicular lines are two lines that intersect to form 9. right angles
Math Background 5. An angle is formed by two rays with the same endpoint.
The endpoint is called the 9 of the angle. vertex
Inductive reasoning can lead to
conjectures, but only deductive New Vocabulary • theorem • paragraph proof
reasoning can establish truth
conclusively. Proving a theorem
by logically progressing from a
given condition to a necessary
conclusion is a fundamental
1 Theorems About Angles
mathematical activity.

More Math Background: p. 78D

Hands-On Activity: Vertical Angles
• Draw two intersecting lines.
Lesson Planning and Number the angles as shown. 1
Resources • Fold &1 onto &2. 3 4
2
See p. 78E for a list of the • Fold &3 onto &4.
resources that support this lesson.
• Make a conjecture about vertical angles.
Vertical angles are congruent.
PowerPoint

Bell Ringer Practice

You can use deductive reasoning to show that a conjecture is true. The set of steps
Check Skills You’ll Need you take is called a proof. The statement that you prove true is a theorem. The
For intervention, direct students to: Investigation above leads to a conjecture that becomes the following theorem.
Identifying Angle Pairs
Lesson 1-6: Examples 4, 5, 6
Extra Skills, Word Problems, Proof Key Concepts Theorem 2-1 Vertical Angles Theorem
Practice, Ch. 1 Vertical angles are congruent. 1
3 4
&1 > &2 and &3 > &4 2

In the proof of a theorem, a “Given” list shows you what you know from the
hypothesis of the theorem. You prove the conclusion of the theorem. A diagram
records the given information visually.

110 Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof

Special Needs L1 Below Level L2

Have students perform the lesson Activity using lines Have students use protractors to verify the Vertical
that are not close to being perpendicular. Then have Angles Theorem. Actually measuring the angles also
them cut out the angles and match them to reinforce will reinforce the underlying algebraic argument in the
the fact that vertical angles are congruent. paragraph proof on p. 111.

110 learning style: tactile learning style: tactile

 Here is what the start of many proofs will look like.
2. Teach
what you
know Given: diagram that
shows what
what you Prove:
you know Guided Instruction
must show

Hands-On Activity
There are many forms of proofs. A paragraph proof is written as sentences in a Provide patty paper (which is
paragraph. Here is a paragraph proof of Theorem 2-1. also used to separate frozen
hamburger patties) for students
Proof Given: &1 and &2 are d what you know S 1
3 to fold for this activity.
vertical angles. 2
Prove: &1 > &2 d what you show
Technology Tip
Paragraph Proof: By the Angle Addition Postulate, m&1 + m&3 = 180 and Students can explore the Vertical
m&2 + m&3 = 180. By substitution, m&1 + m&3 = m&2 + m&3. Subtract Angles Theorem with geometry
m&3 from each side. You get m&1 = m&2, or &1 > & 2. software.

Tactile Learners
You can use the Vertical Angles Theorem to solve for variables and find the
Have students copy the diagrams
measures of angles.
for the Vertical Angles and
Congruent Supplements Theorems
1 EXAMPLE Using the Vertical Angles Theorem to reinforce each Given and the
E
conclusions that follow.
Gridded Response Find the value of x.
D
C
B E
1

3
A

A
B

B
C

C
D

D
E

E
3 5
B
C
/ /
Alternative Method
E

. . . .
4 A D

Test-Taking Tip
C
B E
5 A D
C
B

0 0 0
Work as a class to write the
Be sure you shade the 1 1 1 1
correct ovals in the 2 2 2 2 paragraph proof preceding
3 3 3 3
grid. Grading software Example 1 in two columns,
reads only the shaded (4x) (3x  35) 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 justifying each step in the right
ovals, not the answer 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 column as in Lesson 2-4.
across the top. 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
1 EXAMPLE Teaching Tip
4x = 3x + 35 Vertical angles are congruent.
Ask: How is this solution method
x = 35 Subtract 3x from each side. like writing a paragraph proof?
How is it different? Sample: You
Quick Check 1 a. Find the measures of the labeled pair of vertical angles in the diagram above.
work step-by-step, building on
b. Find the measures of the other pair of vertical angles. 40; 40 140; 140
what you know; you can quickly
c. Check to see that adjacent angles are supplementary. 140 + 40 = 180 see the list of steps.

PowerPoint
The Vertical Angles Theorem is actually a special case of the following theorem.
A proof of this theorem is shown on the next page. You can write a proof of Additional Examples
another form of this theorem in Exercise 27.

1 Find the value of x. 52

Key Concepts Theorem 2-2 Congruent Supplements Theorem
If two angles are supplements of the same angle (or of congruent angles),
then the two angles are congruent. (2x + 3)
(4x – 101)

Lesson 2-5 Proving Angles Congruent 111

Advanced Learners L4 English Language Learners ELL

Have students prove the statement: “If two angles are Help students recognize that a proof is a set of
congruent, then their supplements are congruent.” steps to show a conjecture is true. Proofs use given
This is the converse of the Congruent Supplements information, definitions, postulates, and theorems as
Theorem. reasons that justify a step.

learning style: verbal learning style: verbal 111

 PowerPoint
Proof 2 EXAMPLE Proving Theorem 2-2
Additional Examples
Study what you are given, what you are to prove, and the diagram. Write a
paragraph proof.
2 Write a paragraph proof using
the given, what you are to prove, Given: &1 and &2 are supplementary.
and the diagram. &3 and &2 are supplementary. 1
2
Prove: &1 > &3
W X Y Z 3

Given: WX = YZ Proof: By the definition of supplementary angles, m&1 + m&2 = 180 and
Prove: WY = XZ m&3 + m&2 = 180. By substitution, m&1 + m&2 = m&3 + m&2. Subtract
Proof: It is given that m&2 from each side. You get m&1 = m&3, or &1 > &3.
WX ≠ YZ. By adding the middle
segment, XY, to each smaller Quick Check 2 In the proof above, which Property of Equality allows you to subtract m&2 from
segment gives WX  XY ≠ each side of the equation? Subtraction Property of Equality
YZ  XY. By the Segment
Addition Postulate, WX  XY ≠
WY and XY  YZ ≠ XZ. Using Theorem 2-3 is like the Congruent Supplements Theorem. You can demonstrate its
substitution, you get WY ≠ XZ. proof in Exercises 7 and 28.

Resources
• Daily Notetaking Guide 2-5 L3 Key Concepts Theorem 2-3 Congruent Complements Theorem
• Daily Notetaking Guide 2-5— If two angles are complements of the same angle (or of congruent angles),
Adapted Instruction L1 then the two angles are congruent.

Theorem 2-4
Closure All right angles are congruent.

Point out two things that are Theorem 2-5

incorrect in the diagram. Explain
If two angles are congruent and supplementary, then each is a right angle.
your reasoning.

60°
You can complete proofs of Theorems 2-4 and 2-5 in Exercises 14 and 21, respectively.
120° 130°
50°

Pairs of vertical angles do not

EXERCISES For more exercises, see Extra Skill, Word Problem, and Proof Practice.
have the same measure; the Practice and Problem Solving
Vertical Angles Theorem says
they are congruent. One pair of
supplementary angles has a sum
A Practice by Example Find the value of each variable.
of 170, and another pair has a Example 1 1. 2. 3.
sum of 190; supplementary (page 111) y
angles have a sum of 180.
GO for
Help 3x (80 - x ) 3x 75 (x + 90) 4x

20 x 5 25, y 5 105 30
Find the measures of the labeled angles in each exercise.
4. Exercise 1 5. Exercise 2 6. Exercise 3
60, 60 75, 105 120, 120

112 Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof

112
 Example 2
(page 112)
7. Developing Proof Complete this proof of one form of Theorem 2-3 by filling in
the blanks. 3. Practice
If two angles are complements of the same angle, then the two angles
are congruent. Assignment Guide
Given: &1 and &2 are complementary. 1 A B 1-28
&3 and &2 are complementary.
1 C Challenge 29-32
Prove: &1 > &3
2
Proof: By the definition of complementary angles, Test Prep 33-39
90 3 Mixed Review 40-47
m&1 + m&2 = a. 9 and m&3 + m&2 = b. 9. 90
Then m&1 + m&2 = m&3 + m&2 by c. 9. substitution
Homework Quick Check
Subtract m&2 from each side. You get m&1 = d. 9, or &1 > &3. ml3 To check students’ understanding
of key skills and concepts, go over
B Apply Your Skills 8. Writing How is a theorem different from a postulate? Answers may vary. Exercises 4, 7, 8, 20, 21.
Sample: A theorem is proven and a postulate is assumed to be true.
9. Open-Ended Give an example of vertical angles in your home.
Answers may vary. Sample: scissors Exercise 7 When they finish the
10. Reasoning Explain why this statement is true: proof, have students compare
If m&1 + m&2 = 180 and m&3 + m&2 = 180, then &1 > &3. See margin. their justifications to those of the
Vertical Angles Theorem proof.
11. Design The two back legs of the director’s chair pictured at the left meet in a
728 angle. Find the measure of each angle formed by the two back legs. See margin

x 2 Algebra Find the value of each variable and the measure of each labeled angle.
x 5 14, y 5 15; 50, 50, 130
12. 13.
(x  10) (4x  35) (3x  8) (5x  20)
15; 25, 25 (5x  4y)

14. Developing Proof Complete this proof of Theorem 2-4 by filling in the blanks.
GPS Guided Problem L3
All right angles are congruent.
Enrichment L4
Given: &X and &Y are right angles. Reteaching L2
Prove: &X > &Y X Y Adapted Practice L1
right angle
Proof: By the definition of a. 9, m&X = 90 and m&Y = 90. Practice Name Class Date L3
Exercise 11 Practice 2-5
By the Substitution Property, m&X = b. 9, or &X > &Y. mlY
Proving Angles Congruent

Find the values of the variables.

1. 2.

15. Multiple Choice What is the measure of the (3x  40) (2x  10)

(6y  10) (6y  10)

Main St.
angle formed by Park St. and Oak St.? C
Oa
St.

3. 4.

35° 45°
kS
32
(4z  10)
Elm

z (9x  4)
t.

55° 90° 5.
(7x  3)
6.

(4x  1) 65 (4y)

(6y)

Park St. 35

Write true or false.
7. &1 and &2 are vertical angles.

8. &2 and &3 are supplementary angles.

9. m&1 = m&3

© Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Name two pairs of congruent angles in each figure. Justify your answers. 16–18. 10. m&3 + m&4 = 180

11. m&1 + m&3 = 180

1
2
4
3

See margin. 12. &4 and &2 are adjacent angles.

nline 16. B 17. 18.

GO D E
K Write three conclusions that can be drawn from each figure.

13.
P O
14.

B
C
15.
B

Homework Help F M
125

Q
N

A O
D

E
A W C

Visit: PHSchool.com O I P
J L D

Web Code: aue-0205 G

A C
H M

19. Coordinate Geometry &DOE contains points ) D(2, 3), O(0, 0), and E(5, 1).
Find the coordinates of a point F so that OF is a side of an angle that is
adjacent and supplementary to &DOE. Answers may vary. Sample: (–5, –1)

Lesson 2-5 Proving Angles Congruent 113

113
Exercise 8 When students are
finished, ask: How is a theorem GPS 20. Coordinate Geometry &AOX contains points A(1, 3), O(0, 0), and X(4, 0).
similar to a postulate? Sample: a. Find the coordinates of a point B so that &BOA and &AOX are adjacent
Both are true statements about complementary angles. a–b. See margin. )
geometric figures. Point out that b. Find the coordinates of a point C so that OC is a side of a different angle
students will use both postulates that is adjacent and complementary to &AOX.
and theorems that are already 21. Developing Proof Complete this proof of Theorem 2-5 by filling in the blanks.
proved to prove each new
theorem. If two angles are congruent and supplementary,
then each is a right angle.
Connection to Architecture Given: &W and &V are congruent
Exercise 9 Ask: What angles are and supplementary.
used frequently in house and Prove: &W and &V are right angles. W V
building design? Sample: right
Proof: &W and &V are congruent, so m&W = m& a. 9. V
angle, straight angle Have
students discuss where these &W and &V are supplementary so m&W + m&V = b. 9. 180
angles appear. Substituting m&W for m&V, you get m&W + m&W = 180, or 2m&W = 180.
By the c. 9 Property of Equality, m&W = 90. Division
Exercise 15 Have students
Since &W > &V, m&V = 90, too. Then both angles are d. 9 angles. right
identify what they are trying to
find in the diagram. Then ask: 3 1 2 4 22. Sports In the photograph, the wheels of the racing wheelchair are tilted so
What angle information are you that &1 > &2. What theorem can you use to justify the statement &3 > &4?
given? one right angle and a Supplements of O ' are O.
35° angle Exercise 22 x 2 Algebra Find the measure of each angle.
Exercises 16–18 Have partners 23. &A is twice as large as its complement, &B. mlA ≠ 60, mlB ≠ 30
explain their reasoning to each 24. &A is half as large as its complement, &B. mlA ≠ 30, mlB ≠ 60
other. Point out that being able
to explain your reasoning 25. &A is twice as large as its supplement, &B. mlA ≠ 120, mlB ≠ 60
carefully is like writing a good 26. &A is half as large as twice its supplement, &B. mlA ≠ 90, mlB ≠ 90
proof in geometry.
Proof 27. Write a proof for this form of Theorem 2-2. See margin.
Exercises 27, 28 Do these exercises
as a class activity. Students may If two angles are supplements of congruent
refer back to the proofs in the angles, then the two angles are congruent.
1 2
lesson for ideas, if necessary.
Given: &1 and &2 are supplementary.
&3 and &4 are supplementary.
Connection to Algebra &2 > &4 3 4
Exercises 30–32 Students must Prove: &1 > &3
set up and solve a system of two
equations. Proof 28. Write a proof for this form of Theorem 2-3. See margin.
If two angles are complements of congruent
angles, then the two angles are congruent. 1
2
Given: &1 and &2 are complementary.
10. If ml1 ± ml2 ≠ 180, &3 and &4 are complementary.
and ml2 ± ml3 ≠ 180, &2 > &4 3
then ml1 ± ml2 ≠ Prove: &1 > &3 4
ml2 ± ml3 by subst.
Subtr. ml2 from each C Challenge 29. Paper Folding After you’ve done the Activity on page 110, answer these
side ml1 ≠ ml3 or questions. a–b. It is the bisector of both angles.
l1 O l3. a. How is the first fold line you make related to angles 3 and 4?
11. The two acute ' have b. How is the second fold line you make related to angles 1 and 2?
measure 72. The two c. How are the two fold lines related to each other? Give a convincing
obtuse ' have measure argument to support your answer. Sample: perpendicular; bisectors of
108. two adjacent supplementary angles form two adjacent angles whose
measures add to 1 2 (180) , or 90.
16. lDOB O lAOC and 114 Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof
lDOA O lBOC since
they are vert. '. 19. Answers may vary. 20. a. Answers may vary. B
18. lKPJ O lMPJ since
17. lEIG O lFIH since all they are marked O; Sample: (–5, –1) can be any point on
rt. ' are O; lEIF O lKPL O lMPL since the positive y-axis.
lHIG since they are they are suppl. of O '. Sample: (0, 5).
compl. of the same l. b. Answers may vary.
Sample: (3, –1)
114
 x 2 Algebra Find the value of each variable and the measure of each labeled angle. 4. Assess & Reteach
30. 31. 32.
(y + x) (x + y + 5)
PowerPoint

2x (y - x)
y 2x 2x Lesson Quiz
(x  y  10)
4y
Use the diagram and mlABS ≠
x ≠ 30, y ≠ 90; x ≠ 35, y ≠ 70; 3x ± 6 and mlRBC ≠ 5x – 20 for
x ≠ 50, y ≠ 20;
60, 120, 60 70, 110, 70 Exercises 1-4.
80, 100, 80
R
Test Prep A
B C
S
Gridded Response Find the measure of each angle.
1. Find x. 13
33. an angle with measure 8 less than the measure of its complement 41
2. Find m&ABS. 45°
34. one angle of a pair of complementary vertical angles 45 3. Find m&SBC. 135°.
35. an angle with measure three times the measure of its supplement 135 4. Without using the Vertical
Angle Theorem, what theorem
Use the diagram at the right to find the measure can you use to prove that
of each of the following angles. 70 &ABR  &SBC? Congruent
4 1 Supplements Theorem
36. &1 20 37. &2 90
3 2
38. &3 70 39. &4 110

Alternative Assessment
Mixed Review Write this statement on the board.
If two angles are congruent and
complementary, then each has
Lesson 2-4 Use the given property to complete each statement. a measure of 45.
GO for
Help 40. Subtraction Property of Equality Have partners draw and label a
If 3x + 7 = 19, then 3x = 9. 12 diagram that fits the theorem and
41. Reflexive Property of Congruence write a paragraph proof of
AB > 9 AB the theorem.

42. Substitution Property Alternatively, if students are not

If MN = 3 and MN + NP = 15, then 9. 3 1 NP 5 15 yet ready to write a paragraph
proof, ask them to write a
Lesson 2-3 Use deductive reasoning to draw a conclusion. If not possible, write not possible. full explanation of why the
theorem makes sense. Writing an
43. If two lines intersect, then they are coplanar. explanation is similar to writing
Lines m and n are coplanar. not possible a proof, but the language may
44. If two angles are vertical angles, then they are congruent. be less intimidating to students.
&1 and &2 are vertical angles. l1 and l2 are congruent.

Lesson 2-2 Each conditional statement below is true. Write its converse. If the converse is also Test Prep
45. If y ≠ 25, then true, combine the statements as a biconditional.
y + 7 ≠ 32. A sheet of blank grids is available
45. If y + 7 = 32, then y = 25. in the Test-Taking Strategies with
y + 7 ≠ 32 if and
only if y ≠ 25. 46. If you live in Australia, then you live south of the equator. Transparencies booklet. Give this
46. If you live south of sheet to students for practice with
47. If n . 0, then n2 . 0. If n2 S 0, then n S 0. filling in the grids.
the equator, then
you live in Australia.
Resources
lesson quiz, PHSchool.com, Web Code: aua-0205 Lesson 2-5 Proving Angles Congruent 115 For additional practice with a
variety of test item formats:
• Standardized Test Prep, p. 121
27. By the def. of suppl. ', the Subtr. Prop. of ≠, ml1 ml1 ± ml2 ≠ ml3 ± • Test-Taking Strategies, p. 116
ml1 ± ml2 ≠ 180 and ≠ ml3, or l1 O l3. ml4. It is given that l2 • Test-Taking Strategies with
ml3 ± ml4 ≠ 180. By O l4, so ml2 ≠ ml4. Transparencies
28. By the def. of compl. ',
the Subst. Prop. ml1 ± Then by the Subtr. Prop.
ml1 ± ml2 ≠ 90 and
ml2 ≠ ml3 ± ml4. It of ≠, ml1 ≠ ml3 or
ml3 ± ml4 ≠ 90. By
is given that l2 O l4, l1 O l3.
the Subst. Prop. of ≠,
so ml2 ≠ ml4. Then by
115