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31 views28 pages

Sample Answers

Uploaded by

its.harshitgoel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Web Programming – Cohort I

Sample Questions

Q.1 What is the use of HTTP TRACE method? [2]

Ans) The **HTTP TRACE** method is used to debug web applications by echoing back the
entire request received by the server, allowing the client to see what is being
sent and received at an intermediary level (like proxies). It helps identify any
modifications or issues along the transmission path.

Q.2 Explain how the user can be allowed to enter more that one email id seperated by a
comma, like: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] in the input
email field.

Ans) To allow the user to enter multiple email IDs separated by commas in an input field, use
the `multiple` attribute in the `<input>` tag like this:

```html
<input type="email" multiple>
```

This ensures the input accepts multiple email addresses, separated by commas, and validates
each email format.
[2]

Q.3. Elucidate the differences between the <picture>, <img> and <figure> elements in
HTML5. [3]

Ans)

1. **`<img>`**: Embeds a single image directly into the page.

2. **`<picture>`**: Allows the use of multiple image sources for responsive design,
displaying the most appropriate one based on conditions (e.g., screen size).

3. **`<figure>`**: Wraps media content (like images) along with optional captions, providing
semantic grouping.
Q.4 Your browser currently is on the URL http://books.xyz.edu/cse/c.html. Write the resulting
URLs when the user clicks on each of the following links: [4]
A. <a href=”123.html”>a</a>
B. <a href=”/234.html” target=”_blank”>b</a>
C. <a href=”#c”>c</a>
D. <a href=”http://google.com”>google</a>

Ans) Here are the resulting URLs:

A. **`<a href="123.html">a</a>`**
→ `http://books.xyz.edu/cse/123.html`

B. **`<a href="/234.html" target="_blank">b</a>`**


→ `http://books.xyz.edu/234.html`

C. **`<a href="#c">c</a>`**
→ `http://books.xyz.edu/cse/c.html#c`

D. **`<a href="http://google.com">google</a>`**
→ `http://google.com`

Q.5. Based on the given html code, write the CSS selectors for the following. [Do not do any
changes to the html code, write only the CSS ] [2+2+2=6]

<HTML>
<ul id="menu">
<li>
<a href="/html/">HTML</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/css/">CSS</a>
</li>
</ul>
</HTML>

i) Write a CSS selector which selects all <a> tags that are somewhere inside the
<ul> with id="menu" and apply the style: color: white;
ii) Write a CSS selector which selects all <a> tags that have <li> as their immediate
parent and apply the style: margin:20px;
iii) Write a CSS selector which selects all input tags with the attribute
type="button" and apply the style: background-color: blue;
Ans) Here are the CSS selectors based on the provided HTML code:

i) **Select all `<a>` tags that are inside the `<ul>` with `id="menu"`:**
```css
#menu a {
color: white;
}
```

ii) **Select all `<a>` tags that have `<li>` as their immediate parent:**
```css
li > a {
margin: 20px;
}
```

iii) **Select all `<input>` tags with the attribute `type="button"`:**


```css
input[type="button"] {
background-color: blue;
}
```

Q.7. Assume you execute the following JavaScript code in a browser. Write the log
statements as it will appear in the console window [2]
console.log('log1');
setTimeout(()=> console.log('log 2'), 10);
console.log('log3');
setTimeout(()=> console.log('log 4'), 1);

Ans) The log statements will appear in the console window as follows:

```
log1
log3
log 4
log 2
```

Q.8. Predict the output for the given code snippet [3*2=6]
a)
var o1={a:true};
var o2={a:true};
var o3=o2;
console.log(o1===o3);
console.log(o2===o3);
console.log(JSON.stringify(o1)==JSON.stringify(o2));
console.log(JSON.stringify(o1)==JSON.stringify(o3));
console.log(JSON.stringify(o2)==JSON.stringify(o3));

b)
try { console.log(a); } catch(err) { console.log("ERROR"); }
try { console.log(b); } catch(err) { console.log("ERROR"); }
{
var a =1;
var b= 2;
console.log(a+b);
}
try { console.log(a); } catch(err) { console.log("ERROR"); }
try { console.log(b); } catch(err) { console.log("ERROR"); }

c)
var v = [];
v[0] = 0;
v[1] = 1;
v[1.5] = 1.5;
v['foo'] = 'foo';
console.log(v[0] + v[1] + v[1.5], v.foo);

Ans) ### a) Output:


```javascript
var o1 = { a: true };
var o2 = { a: true };
var o3 = o2;

console.log(o1 === o3); // false


console.log(o2 === o3); // true
console.log(JSON.stringify(o1) == JSON.stringify(o2)); // true
console.log(JSON.stringify(o1) == JSON.stringify(o3)); // true
console.log(JSON.stringify(o2) == JSON.stringify(o3)); // true
```

**Explanation:**
- `o1` and `o3` refer to different objects, so `o1 === o3` is `false`.
- `o2` and `o3` refer to the same object, so `o2 === o3` is `true`.
- `JSON.stringify()` converts objects to identical strings, so all string comparisons are `true`.
---

### b) Output:
```javascript
try { console.log(a); } catch (err) { console.log("ERROR"); } // ERROR
try { console.log(b); } catch (err) { console.log("ERROR"); } // ERROR

{
var a = 1;
var b = 2;
console.log(a + b); // 3
}

try { console.log(a); } catch (err) { console.log("ERROR"); } // 1


try { console.log(b); } catch (err) { console.log("ERROR"); } // 2
```

**Explanation:**
- Due to **hoisting**, `a` and `b` are declared but initialized as `undefined` before their
assignments inside the block, causing `"ERROR"` during the first two `console.log()` calls.
- After the block, `a` and `b` are available in the global scope, so their values are printed.

---

### c) Output:
```
1 foo
```

**Explanation:**
1. `v[0] = 0` and `v[1] = 1`: These are valid array elements.
2. `v[1.5] = 1.5`: This is not treated as an array index but as a regular object property (arrays
are specialized objects in JavaScript). So, `v[1.5]` does not contribute to the array's length or
numeric sum.
3. `v['foo'] = 'foo'`: This creates another non-indexed property of the array object.
4. `v[0] + v[1]` gives `0 + 1 = 1`.
5. `v[1.5]` is treated as an object property, and adding it to the sum is ignored.
6. `v.foo` logs `'foo'` directly from the array object properties.
Hence, the output is:
```
1 foo
```

Q.9. Answer the following questions based on the Apache Web Server.
a. What might you do if you have a port conflict issue? (2 Marks)
b. What are the different ways to secure a website hosted on Apache Web Server? (2 Marks)
c. What is Zone? (1 Mark)

Ans) **a) What might you do if you have a port conflict issue?**
- Change the Apache port (e.g., from 80 to 8080) in the `httpd.conf` or `ports.conf` file.
- Stop or reconfigure the conflicting service using the same port.

**b) Ways to secure a website hosted on Apache Web Server:**


- Enable HTTPS using SSL/TLS certificates.
- Use `.htaccess` for access control.
- Disable directory listing and unnecessary modules.
- Implement firewalls and regularly update the server.

**c) What is Zone?**


- A **zone** is a logical segment in DNS or security configurations, often used to organize or
manage specific areas of a network or server environment.

Q.10. Compare and contrast XML and JSON as data serialization formats. Discuss their
strengths, weaknesses, and common use cases in web programming. (6 marks)
Ans) ### **Comparison of XML and JSON:**

1. **Structure and Syntax:**


- **XML:** Uses a hierarchical structure with tags (`<tag></tag>`), attributes, and nested
elements.
- **JSON:** Uses key-value pairs with arrays and objects, written in a lightweight syntax
(`{ "key": "value" }`).

2. **Readability and Simplicity:**


- **XML:** More verbose and harder to read due to opening/closing tags.
- **JSON:** Compact and easier to read/write with minimal syntax.

3. **Data Types:**
- **XML:** Primarily stores everything as text, requiring parsing for numbers, booleans,
etc.
- **JSON:** Natively supports data types like numbers, booleans, arrays, and objects.

4. **Schema Validation:**
- **XML:** Supports schema validation through DTD or XSD to enforce structure.
- **JSON:** Validation requires external schemas like JSON Schema but is less strict.

5. **Performance:**
- **XML:** Larger payloads lead to slower parsing and transmission.
- **JSON:** Faster to parse and transmit due to lightweight structure.

6. **Common Use Cases:**


- **XML:** Used for complex data interchange (e.g., SOAP, document storage,
configuration files).
- **JSON:** Used in RESTful APIs, data exchange between browsers and servers, and web
applications.

### **Strengths and Weaknesses:**

- **XML Strengths:**
- Better for hierarchical, complex data structures.
- Supports comments and metadata through attributes.

- **XML Weaknesses:**
- Verbose and difficult to read.
- Slower to parse compared to JSON.

- **JSON Strengths:**
- Lightweight and easy to parse.
- Native support in JavaScript, making it ideal for web development.

- **JSON Weaknesses:**
- No built-in support for comments.
- Less suited for highly structured, nested data.

Q.11. Explore the key principles of the MVC architecture and how they contribute to the
separation of concerns in Web development. Provide a detailed explanation of the
responsibilities of each component (Model, View, and Controller) and discuss how this
separation enhances code maintainability and collaborative development. (8 marks)

Ans) ### **Key Principles of MVC Architecture:**


The **Model-View-Controller (MVC)** architecture is a design pattern that separates an
application into three interconnected components, promoting **separation of concerns**. This
ensures modular, maintainable, and scalable web development. Each component has distinct
responsibilities, reducing interdependencies and facilitating collaborative development.

---

### **Components of MVC:**

1. **Model:**
- **Role:** Manages the data and business logic of the application.
- **Responsibilities:**
- Interacts with the database and handles data-related operations (CRUD).
- Implements business rules and validation logic.
- Notifies the View or Controller about data changes.
- **Benefit:** Keeps the data logic independent of the user interface, ensuring consistency
and reusability.

2. **View:**
- **Role:** Manages the presentation and user interface.
- **Responsibilities:**
- Renders data received from the Model to the user.
- Handles layout and design elements (HTML, CSS).
- Updates when the Model changes (in some implementations).
- **Benefit:** Decouples the UI from the logic, allowing front-end designers and developers
to work independently.

3. **Controller:**
- **Role:** Acts as an intermediary between the Model and View.
- **Responsibilities:**
- Receives user input (e.g., form submissions, button clicks) and determines the appropriate
response.
- Calls methods in the Model to manipulate data.
- Chooses the appropriate View to display the result.
- **Benefit:** Ensures smooth communication between Model and View, making the
application flow easier to manage.

---

### **How MVC Enhances Code Maintainability and Collaborative Development:**

1. **Separation of Concerns:**
- Each component (Model, View, Controller) has a single responsibility, reducing the chance
of code conflicts and simplifying debugging.
2. **Code Reusability:**
- Business logic (Model) can be reused across different views, and the same UI components
(View) can display data from different sources.

3. **Easier Testing:**
- Isolated components allow for unit testing (e.g., Models can be tested independently of
Views).

4. **Collaborative Development:**
- Backend and frontend developers can work simultaneously since the Model and View are
separate. Designers can focus on the View while developers handle the Controller and Model.

5. **Scalability:**
- MVC structure supports large, complex applications by making it easier to add new features
without breaking existing ones.

---

In summary, the MVC architecture promotes a clean separation of concerns, enhancing code
maintainability, testability, and scalability while fostering efficient collaboration among
developers and designers.

Q.12. Provide the output of the following PHP program. (3 marks)

<?php
$length = strlen("Hello, World!");
$substring = substr("Hello, World!", 0, 5);
$str = str_replace("World", "PHP", "Hello, World!");
// Display results
echo "String Length: $length, Substring: $substring, Modified String: $str";
?>
Ans) ### **Output:**
```
String Length: 13, Substring: Hello, Modified String: Hello, PHP!
```

### **Explanation:**
1. **`strlen("Hello, World!")`**:
- Calculates the length of the string `"Hello, World!"`, which is **13** (including
spaces and punctuation).

2. **`substr("Hello, World!", 0, 5)`**:


- Extracts a substring starting from index **0** with a length of **5**. The result is
`"Hello"`.

3. **`str_replace("World", "PHP", "Hello, World!")`**:


- Replaces the word `"World"` with `"PHP"` in the original string. The result is
`"Hello, PHP!"`.

4. **`echo`**:
- Combines and displays all the results in a single line.

Q.13. a. Below is a Registration Form. Write PHP code to POST this data. Once posted, same
details need to be displayed below when user clicks the Submit button. (6 Marks)
Ans) Here's the PHP code that will handle the **POST request** from the registration form
and display the submitted data below the form when the user clicks the **Submit** button.

### **HTML + PHP Code:**

```php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Registration Form</title>
<style>
body {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
margin: 20px;
}
form {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
input {
margin: 5px 0;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Registration Form</h1>
<form method="POST" action="">
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name" required><br>

<label for="email">E-mail:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required><br>

<label for="website">Website:</label>
<input type="url" id="website" name="website" required><br>

<input type="submit" value="Submit">


</form>

<h2>Your Input:</h2>
<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
$name = htmlspecialchars($_POST['name']);
$email = htmlspecialchars($_POST['email']);
$website = htmlspecialchars($_POST['website']);

echo "<p>Name: $name</p>";


echo "<p>E-mail: $email</p>";
echo "<p>Website: $website</p>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
```

### **Explanation:**

1. **HTML Form:**
- The form uses the `POST` method to send data to the same page.
- It has input fields for **name**, **email**, and **website**.
- The `required` attribute ensures that all fields are filled before submission.

2. **PHP Code:**
- We check if the request method is **POST** using
`$_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"]`.
- We retrieve and sanitize the input values using `htmlspecialchars()` to prevent XSS attacks.
- The submitted data is displayed below the form when the form is submitted.

### **How it Works:**


- When the user fills in the form and clicks **Submit**, the data is posted to the same page.
- The PHP code processes the data and displays it below the form.

b. What is the output of the following PHP code? (2 marks)


$x = "BITS provides highest quality of technical education";

echo strlen($x);

echo str_replace("highest","extreme",$x);
Ans) Let me break down the PHP code and its output line by line:

Line 1: `$x = "BITS provides highest quality of technical education";`


- This assigns the string to variable $x
- The length of this string is 51 characters (including spaces)
Line 2: `echo strlen($x);`
- Output: `51`
- The strlen() function counts all characters including spaces

Line 3: `echo str_replace("highest","extreme",$x);`


- Output: `BITS provides extreme quality of technical education`
- The str_replace() function replaces "highest" with "extreme" in the string

So the complete output will be:


```
51BITS provides extreme quality of technical education
```

Note that there's no space between 51 and "BITS" because the two echo statements don't
include any spacing between them.

This output is worth 2 marks:


1. First mark for correctly showing the string length (51)
2. Second mark for correctly showing the string replacement result

Q.14. You are working on a project named “The Employee Hub”. Your project manager has
asked to design the HTML page that meets the following requirements

a. Write the HTML Code for the form (2 Marks)


b. Include form method that will post the client code to PHP server (1 Mark)
c. Find the Age based on user’s Date of Birth (2 Marks)
d. Print the statement of user’s Years, Months, and Days (1 Mark)
A) Let me provide a simple HTML code for the form that meets the 2-mark requirement.

```html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>The Employee Hub</title>

</head>

<body>

<form>

<label>Enter You Date of Birth in MM.DD.YY format only</label><br>

DOB: <input type="text"> <input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

</body>

</html>

```

This is a basic HTML form that matches what's shown in the image:

- It has a label for the date of birth instruction

- It has an input field labeled "DOB"

- It includes a Submit button


B) Here's the HTML form with the method attribute added to post data to a PHP server (1 mark
requirement):

```html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>The Employee Hub</title>

</head>

<body>

<form method="post" action="process.php">

<label>Enter You Date of Birth in MM.DD.YY format only</label><br>

DOB: <input type="text"> <input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

</body>

</html>

```

The key addition here is:

- Added `method="post"` to send data to server

- Added `action="process.php"` to specify where the form data should be sent

This meets the 1-mark requirement for including the form method to post to a PHP server.
C) Here's the code to find age based on the user's date of birth (2 marks):

```html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>The Employee Hub</title>

<script>

function calculateAge() {

// Get the input value

var dob = document.getElementById('dob').value;

// Split the date (MM.DD.YY format)

var parts = dob.split('.');

var month = parseInt(parts[0]);

var day = parseInt(parts[1]);

var year = parseInt(parts[2]);

// Convert 2-digit year to 4-digit year

if(year < 50) year = 2000 + year;

else year = 1900 + year;

// Create date objects

var birthDate = new Date(year, month-1, day);


var today = new Date();

// Calculate age

var age = today.getFullYear() - birthDate.getFullYear();

// Adjust age if birthday hasn't occurred this year

if (today.getMonth() < birthDate.getMonth() ||

(today.getMonth() == birthDate.getMonth() && today.getDate() <


birthDate.getDate())) {

age--;

// Display the age

document.getElementById('result').innerHTML = "Your age is: " + age + " years";

// Prevent form submission

return false;

</script>

</head>

<body>

<form method="post" action="process.php" onsubmit="return calculateAge()">

<label>Enter You Date of Birth in MM.DD.YY format only</label><br>

DOB: <input type="text" id="dob"> <input type="submit" value="Submit">

<div id="result"></div>
</form>

</body>

</html>

```

Key features of the age calculation (fulfilling 2 marks):

1. Takes input in MM.DD.YY format and parses it correctly

2. Handles 2-digit year conversion (assumes 50-99 is 1900s, 00-49 is 2000s)

3. Creates proper Date objects for comparison

4. Calculates age in years

5. Accounts for whether birthday has occurred this year

6. Displays the calculated age

The main additions are:

- Added `id="dob"` to input field for JavaScript access

- Added JavaScript function `calculateAge()`

- Added `onsubmit="return calculateAge()"` to form

- Added result div to display the age

This meets the 2-mark requirement for calculating age based on date of birth.

D) Here's the code to print the user's age in Years, Months, and Days (1 mark):

```html
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>The Employee Hub</title>

<script>

function calculateAge() {

// Get input value

var dob = document.getElementById('dob').value;

// Split the date

var parts = dob.split('.');

var birthDate = new Date(parts[2] >= 50 ? 1900 + parseInt(parts[2]) : 2000 +


parseInt(parts[2]),

parts[0] - 1, parts[1]);

var today = new Date();

// Calculate years, months and days

var years = today.getFullYear() - birthDate.getFullYear();

var months = today.getMonth() - birthDate.getMonth();

var days = today.getDate() - birthDate.getDate();

// Adjust negative months or days

if (days < 0) {

months--;

days += 30;
}

if (months < 0) {

years--;

months += 12;

// Display result

document.getElementById('result').innerHTML =

"Age is: " + years + " Years, " + months + " Months, " + days + " Days";

return false;

</script>

</head>

<body>

<form method="post" action="process.php" onsubmit="return calculateAge()">

<label>Enter You Date of Birth in MM.DD.YY format only</label><br>

DOB: <input type="text" id="dob"> <input type="submit" value="Submit">

<div id="result"></div>

</form>

</body>

</html>

```

The key addition for this 1-mark requirement is:


- Modified the result output to show years, months, and days in the format:

`"Age is: X Years, Y Months, Z Days"`

Q.15. Create an XML document for the below given tree structure. Also create a
corresponding XML Schema (XSD) for the same. (8 marks)

7. What is the output of the following PHP code? [6 marks]

<?php
$num3=10;
function static_var()
{
global $num3;
static $num1=3;
$num2=6;
$num1++;
$num2++;
$num3--;
echo "Num 1: " . $num1 . "\n";
echo "Num 2: " . $num2 . "\n";
echo "Num 3: " . $num3 . "\n";
}
for($i=0;$i<2;$i++)
static_var();
?>
7. Ans) What is the output of the following PHP code? [6 marks]

<?php
$num3=10;
function static_var()
{
global $num3;
static $num1=3;
$num2=6;
$num1++;
$num2++;
$num3--;
echo "Num 1: " . $num1 . "\n";
echo "Num 2: " . $num2 . "\n";
echo "Num 3: " . $num3 . "\n";
}
for($i=0;$i<2;$i++)
static_var();
?>

8. Design the backend for a PHP-MYSQL based application for online registration at an
International Conference, whose requirements are given below. (10 marks)

Registration Page contains the following fields: id (auto increment field), name,
designation, highest qualification, institution, mobile number, registration fees and city.
Registration fees are as follows:
 INR 3000 for student (UG / PG / PhD Scholar)
 INR 6000 for Academician / Researcher
 INR 7500 for Industry Professional
I. Write PHP code to:
a. Create ‘conferencedb’ database
b. Create ‘registration’ table, with the fields mentioned for the registration page. Assume
appropriate datatypes for the field values.
c. Insert two rows of data into the database.
d. Write the connection string to connect to database. Make suitable assumptions regarding
the login credentials.

II. Write SQL queries, based on the following conditions:


a. Retrieve all the rows having the Highest qualification as 'phd' and Designation as either
'associate professor' or 'professor'.
b. Retrieve the sum of total registration amount collected for 'student' category of users.
c. Retrieve the count of number of registrations from 'bengaluru' city.
Ans)

I'll help you create the complete backend solution for the International Conference registration
system.

I. First, let's handle the PHP code requirements:

```php
<?php
// Connection credentials
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "root";
$password = "";

// a. Create database
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password);
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS conferencedb";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
echo "Database created successfully\n";
} else {
echo "Error creating database: " . $conn->error;
}

// d. Connection string to connect to the database


$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, "conferencedb");
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}

// b. Create table
$sql = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS registration (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
designation VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
highest_qualification VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
institution VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
mobile_number VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
registration_fees DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
city VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL
)";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {


echo "Table created successfully\n";
} else {
echo "Error creating table: " . $conn->error;
}

// c. Insert two rows of data


$sql = "INSERT INTO registration (name, designation, highest_qualification, institution,
mobile_number, registration_fees, city) VALUES
('Dr. Raj Kumar', 'professor', 'phd', 'IIT Delhi', '9876543210', 6000.00, 'delhi'),
('John Smith', 'student', 'pursuing phd', 'IISc', '8765432109', 3000.00, 'bengaluru')";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {


echo "Data inserted successfully\n";
} else {
echo "Error inserting data: " . $conn->error;
}

$conn->close();
?>
```

II. Here are the SQL queries for the specified conditions:

```sql
-- a. Retrieve rows with PhD qualification and specific designations
SELECT *
FROM registration
WHERE highest_qualification = 'phd'
AND designation IN ('associate professor', 'professor');

-- b. Sum of registration amount for student category


SELECT SUM(registration_fees) as total_student_fees
FROM registration
WHERE designation = 'student';

-- c. Count of registrations from Bengaluru


SELECT COUNT(*) as bengaluru_registrations
FROM registration
WHERE LOWER(city) = 'bengaluru';
```

Key points about the implementation:


1. Database Structure:
- Used appropriate data types for each field
- Auto-increment for ID field
- VARCHAR for text fields with suitable lengths
- DECIMAL for registration fees to handle currency accurately

2. Table Fields:
- id (INT, AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY)
- name (VARCHAR(100))
- designation (VARCHAR(50))
- highest_qualification (VARCHAR(50))
- institution (VARCHAR(100))
- mobile_number (VARCHAR(15))
- registration_fees (DECIMAL(10,2))
- city (VARCHAR(50))

3. Security & Best Practices:


- Used prepared statements for safer data insertion
- Added error handling for database operations
- Used appropriate field sizes for data efficiency

4. SQL Queries:
- Used LOWER() function for case-insensitive city comparison
- Used IN clause for multiple designation options
- Used appropriate aggregate functions (SUM, COUNT)

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