Electromagnetics - Fall 2023

Chapter 7: Magnetostatics Fields

The following subjects will be discussed

• The Biot-Savart Law.

• Magnetic Field Calculations using Biot-Savart Law.
• Ampere’s Law.
• Application of Ampere’s Law.
 Biot-Savart Law

Magnetostatic fields are generated whenever there are charges moving with constant
velocity (DC current).
The basic law for calculating the magnetic field round a current-carrying structure is

Biot-Savart Law 1 (𝐼 𝑑𝑙 × 𝑎⃑! ) 1 (𝐾 𝑑𝑠 × 𝑎⃑! ) 1 (𝐽⃑ 𝑑𝑣 × 𝑎⃑! )

𝑑𝐻 = 𝑑𝐻 = 𝑑𝐻 =
4𝜋 𝑟" 4𝜋 𝑟" 4𝜋 𝑟"

𝐻: Magnetic field intensity 𝑟: Distance to point P. 𝑎⃑! : Unit length along distance
(A/m). to point P. (from wire to point).

𝑃
𝑟

Current-carrying Surface current Volume current

Wire on a sheet in 3D material
 Application of Biot-Savart Law

Case (1): Finite constant current-carrying Wire.

Biot-Savart Law 1 (𝐼 𝑑𝑙 × 𝑎⃑! )
𝑑𝐻# = 𝐼
4𝜋 𝑟" 𝛼!

𝑟 " = 𝜌" + 𝑧 " (0, 𝜑, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑙

𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑧 𝑎⃑$ 𝑟⃑ = 𝜌𝑎⃑% − 𝑧 𝑎⃑$ 𝑟⃑
𝛼
𝜌𝑎⃑% − 𝑧 𝑎⃑$ 𝜌 𝑑𝑧 𝛼" 𝑑𝐻#
𝑑𝑙 × 𝑎⃑! = 𝑑𝑧 𝑎⃑$ × = 𝑎⃑&
𝜌" + 𝑧 " 𝜌" + 𝑧 "
𝑃 (𝜌, 𝜑, 0)
𝐼 𝜌 𝑑𝑧
𝐻# = ? " '/" 𝑎
⃑&
4𝜋 𝜌 + 𝑧"

Work with angles. 𝑧 = 𝜌 cot 𝛼 𝑑𝑧 = −𝜌 𝑐𝑠𝑐 " 𝛼 𝑑𝛼 𝑟 = 𝜌 csc 𝛼

−𝐼 )$
𝐼
𝐻# = ? sin 𝛼 𝑑𝛼 𝑎⃑& 𝐻# = cos 𝛼" − cos 𝛼* 𝑎⃑+
4𝜋𝜌 )# 4𝜋 𝑠

Normal distance End of Start of By right-

to axis of wire wire angle wire angle hand rule
 Application of Biot-Savart Law

Case (1): Finite constant current-carrying Wire.

𝐼
𝐻# = cos 𝛼" − cos 𝛼* 𝑎⃑+
4𝜋 𝑠

A special case: Infinite wire.

𝐼
𝛼* = 180° 𝛼" = 0° 𝐻= 𝑎
2𝜋𝑠 +

Example: Find H at P1.

𝛼* = 124.5° 𝛼" = 55.5° 𝑠 = 13.1 𝑐𝑚 𝑃* 𝑃"
𝐻* = 0.69 𝑎⃑$ (A/m)
𝑦
13.1 𝑐𝑚
Find H at P2. 𝑥
𝑧⨀
𝐼 = 58.2 𝑚𝐴 𝑃'
Find H at P3.
9 𝑐𝑚 9 𝑐𝑚
 Application of Biot-Savart Law

Case (1): Finite constant current-carrying Wire. Semi-

infinite
𝐼
𝐻# = cos 𝛼" − cos 𝛼* 𝑎⃑+
4𝜋 𝑠
Example: Find H at P. 3A
𝑃(−3, 4, 0)
For line 1
𝛼* = 180° 𝛼" = 90° 𝑠 =5𝑚
3A
𝑎⃑+* = −𝑎⃑$ ×𝑎⃑% = −𝑎⃑&

'
𝐻* = − ",- 𝑎⃑& (A/m) Semi-
infinite
For line 2
cos 𝛼* = 3/5 𝛼" = 0° 𝑠 =4𝑚

𝑎⃑+" = 𝑎⃑$ 3
𝐻# = (−2 𝑎⃑& + 𝑎⃑$ ) A/m
40𝜋
'
𝐻* = 𝑎⃑$ (A/m)
.,-
 Application of Biot-Savart Law

Case (2): Circular Ring (radius R) with constant current. Find 𝐻 along axis
𝑧
Biot-Savart Law 1 (𝐼 𝑑𝑙 × 𝑎⃑! )
𝑑𝐻# = 𝑑𝐻#
4𝜋 𝑟" 𝑃
(0, 𝜑, ℎ)
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑅 𝑑𝜑 𝑎⃑& 𝑟⃑ = −𝑅 𝑎⃑% + ℎ 𝑎⃑$
𝑟⃑ ℎ
𝑑𝑙 ×𝑟⃑ = 𝑅ℎ 𝑑𝜑 𝑎⃑% + 𝑅 "𝑑𝜑 𝑎⃑$

𝐼 "-
𝑅 "𝑑𝜑 𝐼𝑅 " 𝑅
𝐻# = ? 𝑎⃑ 𝐻# = 𝑎⃑$
4𝜋 , 𝑅 " + ℎ" '/" $ 2 𝑅 " + ℎ" '/"
𝑑𝑙 𝐼
Along ring axis (𝑅, 𝜑, 0)
Example: Magnetic field intensity inside a solenoid with turns density 𝑛 = 𝑁/𝑙.
𝑑𝑙 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑛 𝐼 𝑑𝑧 𝑎⃑$ 𝑧 = 𝑎 cot 𝜃
𝑎" + 𝑧 " '/" sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑧 = −𝑎 𝑐𝑠𝑐 " 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = − 𝑑𝜃
𝑎"
/$ 𝑛 𝐼 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑛𝐼
𝐻# = ? 𝑎⃑$ = cos 𝜃" − cos 𝜃* 𝑎⃑$
/# 2 2
For a long solenoid (𝑙 ≫ 𝑎). 𝐻# = 𝑛 𝐼 𝑎⃑$
 Ampere’s Law

- 𝐻 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼"#$%&'"(
Using Stokes 𝐻
theorem

∇×𝐻 = 𝐽⃑

𝐻
 Application of Ampere’s Law

- 𝐻 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼"#$%&'"(

𝐻 𝐻 𝐻

𝐼
𝐻 𝐼 𝐻 𝐻
 Application of Ampere’s Law

(2): Long straight thick wire with radius R and current I. 𝐼

A suitable Amperian contour is a circle with radius 𝑟.

T 𝐻 U 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼01234506

Two regions to consider: (1) 𝑟 ≤ 𝑅 (inside) (2) 𝑟 ≥ 𝑅 (outside)

𝜋𝑟 "
(1) 𝑟 ≤ 𝑅 (inside) T 𝐻 U 𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐻 𝐼012 =𝐼 "
𝜋𝑅
𝑟" 𝐼
2𝜋𝑟𝐻 = 𝐼 " 𝐻= 𝑟 𝑎⃑
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅 " +
𝑟
T 𝐻 U 𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐻 𝐼012 = 𝐼 𝑟 𝑅
(2) 𝑟 ≥ 𝑅 (outside)
𝐼
2𝜋𝑟𝐻 = 𝐼 𝐻= 𝑎⃑
2𝜋𝑟 +
 Examples

(1) The magnitude of the current density through the wire is given by 𝐽 = 𝑗& 𝑟/𝑎,
where 𝑗& = 310 A/m2. Find the magnitude of the generated magnetic field at 𝑟 =
0, 2, 𝑎, 2𝑎 . Use Ampere’s law.

𝑎 = 3.1 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 ≤ 𝑅 (inside) T 𝐻 U 𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐻

"- ! 𝑟 2𝜋 𝑟 '
𝐼012 = ? 𝐽⃑ U 𝑑𝐴 = ? ? 𝑗4 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 = 𝑗4
, , 𝑎 𝑎 3
𝐼012 𝑗4 "
𝐻= = 𝑟
2𝜋𝑟 3𝑎

𝑟 ≥ 𝑅 (outside) T 𝐻 U 𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐻 𝐻(0) = 0

"- 7 𝐻 𝑎/2 = 0.08 (A/m)
𝑟 2𝜋𝑎"
𝐼012 = ? ? 𝑗4 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜑 = 𝑗4
, , 𝑎 3 𝐻 𝑎 = 0.32 (A/m)
𝐼012 𝑗4 𝑎" 1 𝐻 2𝑎 = 0.16 (A/m)
𝐻= =
2𝜋𝑟 3 𝑟
 Application of Ampere’s Law

(2): Long straight coaxial cable of inner and outer radii of 𝑎 and 𝑏 and thickness 𝑡.
carrying constant current I.
Four regions to consider: (1) 𝜌 ≤ 𝑎 (2) 𝑎 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝑏 (3) 𝑏 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝑏 + 𝑡 (4) 𝜌 ≥ 𝑏 + 𝑡
A suitable Amperian contour is a circle with radius 𝑟.

(1) 𝜌 ≤ 𝑎 𝜋𝜌" 𝐼
T 𝐻 U 𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝜌𝐻 𝐼012 =𝐼 " 𝐻= 𝜌 𝑎⃑+
𝜋𝑎 2𝜋𝑎"
−𝐼
𝐼
(2) 𝑎 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝑏 𝐼012 = 𝐼 𝐻= 𝑎⃑
2𝜋𝜌 +
𝑡 𝐼
(3) 𝑏 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝑏 + 𝑡 𝜌" − 𝑏 "
𝐼012 =𝐼 1− " 𝑏 𝑎
𝑡 + 2𝑏𝑡

𝐼 𝜌" − 𝑏 "
𝐻= 1− " 𝑎⃑
2𝜋𝜌 𝑡 + 2𝑏𝑡 +
𝐻
(4) 𝜌 ≥ 𝑏 + 𝑡 𝐼012 = 𝐼 − 𝐼 = 0 𝐻=0
𝜌
𝑎 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑡
 Examples

(2) Using Ampere’s law, find the magnetic field generated by an infinite sheet
occupying the 𝑥𝑦 plane and carrying a current density of 𝑘 = 𝑘& 𝑎⃑) (A/m).
Ampere’s law: T 𝐻 U 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼012
𝑘
𝑧
A suitable Amperian contour is a rectangle.

T 𝐻 U 𝑑𝑙 = 0 + 𝐻𝑤 + 0 + 𝐻𝑤 = 2𝐻𝑤 𝑦

𝐼012 = 𝑘4 𝑤 𝑧
𝐻
𝐻
𝑘 × 𝑎⃑1
𝐻=
2 ℎ 𝑘
𝑥

𝑤 𝐻

𝐻
 Examples

(1). Find the total magnetic field at point P due to the given structure. The current is
constant.
For segments 1 and 2: 𝐻 = 0

For segments 3: 𝛼* = 135°, 𝛼+ = 90°

- *
𝐻, = ./0 +
(into the page, +)
For segments 4: 𝛼* = 90°, 𝛼+ = 45°
- *
𝐻. = ./0 +
(into the page, +)

For segments 5: 𝛼* = 90°, 𝛼+ = 45°

- *
𝐻1 =
./(+0) +
(out of the page, -)
For segments 6: 𝛼* = 135°, 𝛼+ = 90° - Into the
𝐻5 = page
- * . +/0
𝐻4 =
./(+0) +
(out of the page, -)
 Examples

(2). Find the angle 𝜃 to make H equal to zero at the center.

i-infinite
Sem

Semi-
infini
te

-
𝐻* = 𝐻+ = (out of the page, +) 2𝐼 𝐼
./6 𝐻7&7 = − 𝜃=0
4𝜋𝑅 4𝜋𝑅
-
𝐻, = 𝜃 (into the page, -)
./6 𝜃 = 115°
 Q&A

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