Resins

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DEFINITION

• Resins are solid or semisolid, amorphous products


derived from natural living sources and are mostly
from plant origin (exception is shellac that is an insect
secretion). They are secondary metabolites produced
from higher plants and are nothing but oxidative
products of terpenes.
OR
• Resins are solid or semi-solid plant exudates formed in
schizogenous or schizolysigenous ducts or cavities.
They are complex mixture of compounds like resin
alcohols (resinols), resin acids, resinotannols, (resin
phenols), esters and resenes.
What are schizogenous or
schizolysigenous duct or
cavites
1. Schizogenous duct or cavity:
The most common intercellular spaces result
from separation of cell walls from each other
along more or less extended areas of their
contact. In such cases, the intercellular
substance dissolves partly and an intercellular
space develops. Ultimately this becomes quite
big in size and is known as schizogenous
cavity.
2. Lysigenous duct or cavity:
This type of intercellular space arises through
dissolution of entire cells, which are
therefore called lysigenous intercellular
spaces (lysis, loosening, Greek). These
cavities of intercellular spaces store up
water, gases and essential oils in them. The
examples are commonly found in water
plants and many monocotyledonous plants.
The secretory cavities in Eucalyptus, Citrus
OCCURANCE IN PLANTS
• In plants, resins occur in different secretary zones
or structures e.g.
– Ducts or cavities (schizogenous or
schizolysigenous)
– Resin cells
– Glandular hairs
Occurance Example
Resin Cells Ginger
Resin ducts or cavities Pine wood
Glandular hairs Cannabis
•sometimes they do not occur in the so called specialized-secretory structures, but
tend to get impregnated in all the elements of a tissue, for example: Guaiacum Resin—is
obtainedfrom the heartwood of Guaiacum officinale. it is found in the vessels, fibres, medullary
ray cells and wood parenchyma.
FORMATION OF RESINS IN PLANTS
• The formation of the resin in the plants by virtue of
its normal physiological functions. However, its yield
may be enhanced in certain exceptional instances
e.g. by inflicting injuries to the plant (e.g. Pine)
FORMATION OF RESINS IN
PLANTS
• Many resinous products are not formed by the
plant itself until and unless purposeful and
methodical injuries in the shape of incisions are
made on them and secretions or plant
exudates are tapped carefully. (e.g. Tolu
balsams).
FORMATION OF RESINS IN
PLANTS
• In some exceptionally rare instances, the resin occurs as a
result of sucking the juice of the plant by scale insects and
converting the sucked-juice into a resinous substance
that ultimately covers the insect itself and twigs of the
plant as well, for instance: Lacciferlacca-Shellac.
PHYSICAL PROERTIES
• hard, transparent or translucent brittle materials
• heavier than water having the specific gravity ranging
from 0.9-1.25.
• more or less amorphous materials but rarely
crystallisable in nature.
• On being heated at a relatively low temperature resins,
first get softened and ultimately melt down thereby
forming either an adhesive or a sticky massive fluid,
without undergoing any sort of decomposition or
volatilization.
• On being heated in the air i.e., in the presence of oxygen,
resins usually burn readily with a smoky flame by virtue
of the presence of a large number of C-atoms in their
PHYSICAL PROERTIES
• On being heated in a closed container i.e., in the
absence of oxygen, they undergo
decomposition and very often give rise
to empyreumatic products i.e., products
chieflycomprising of hydrocarbons.
• Resins are bad conductors of electricity, but
when rubbed usually become negatively
charged.
• They are practically insoluble in water, but
frequently soluble in ethanol, volatile oils, fixed
oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic
solvents e.g., benzene, n-hexane and
petroleum ether.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Resins are found to be a mixture of numerous compounds rather
than a single pure chemical entity and their chemical properties
are exclusively based upon the functional groups present in these
substances.
• Resins, in general, are enriched with carbon, deprived of nitrogen
and contain a few oxygen in their respective molecules.
• Majority of them undergo slow atmospheric oxidation
whereby their colour get darkened with impaired solubility.
• Consequently, the resins are broadly divided into resin alcohols,
resin acids, resin esters, glycosidal resins , resinotannols and
resenes (i.e., inert neutral compounds).
• Acidic resins when treated with alkaline solutions they yield
soaps (or resin-soaps). The solutions of resins in alkalies distinctly
differ from ordinary soap solutions by virtue of the fact that the
former cannot be easily ‘salted-out’ by the addition of NaCl,
PREPARATION OF RESINS
• So far, no specific method has either been
suggested or proposed for the preparation
of resins.
• In fact, there are two categories of
resinous products.
– Natural resins
– Prepared resins
• this classification forms the basis of the methods
employed in the preparation of the two
aforesaid resins.
PREPARATION OF RESINS
A. Natural Resins:
These resins usually formed as the exudates
from various plants obtained either normally
or as a result of pathogenic conditions (i.e., by
causing artificial punctures), such as: mastic.
These are also obtained by causing deep
incisions or cuts in the trunk of the plant, For
instance: turpentine. They may also be
procured by hammering and scorching, such as:
balsam of Peru.
PREPARATION OF RESINS
B. Prepared Resins
• Oleo-resins: solvent extraction with low
boiling point solvents and distillation under
vacuum
In the case of oleo-resins, organic solvents with
lower boiling points are normally employed e.g.,
solvent ether (bp 37°C); acetone (bp 56.5°C), for
their extraction. However, the volatile oil
fraction can be removed conveniently through
distillation under vacuum
Example: Colophony
PREPARATION OF RESINS
• Extraction with alcohol and precipitation with water

The crude drug containing resins is powdered and


extracted with ethanol several times till complete
exhaustion takes place. The combined alcoholic extract
is either, evaporated on a electric water-bath slowly in a
fuming cupboard or poured slowly into cold distilled
water. The precipitated resin is collected, washed with
cold water and dried carefully under shade or in a
vacuum desiccator,

Examples: Podophyllum, ginger, capsicum and Jalap.


PREPARATION OF RESINS
• Method for gum-resins
In the instance of gum-resins, the
resin is aptly extracted with 95% (v/v)
ethanol while leaving the insoluble gum
residue in the flask (or soxhlet thimble).
• Heating
By heating the plant part e.g. In case of
guaiacum
Importance to the plants
• Resins primarily consists of secondary
metabolites or apparently play no role to
the physiology of plant.
• While some scientists view resins as only waste
products, their protective benefits to the
plants are widely documented.
• The toxic resinous compounds may confound a
wide range of herbivores, insects, and
pathogens.
• The volatile phenolic compounds (in resins) may
attract benefactors such as parasitoids or
predators of the herbivores that attack the
plant.
COMPOSITION OF RESINS
Resin acids
Resin esters

Resins Resin

alcohols

Resin phenols
Characteristcs Composition Example
simple hydrocarbon Resin alcohols Benzoresinol in benzoin and
Resins
compounds with some (resinols)
storesinol in Storax
functional groups attached Resin acids Abietic acid (Colophony),
to them (cannabis, rosins)
Commiphoric acid (Myrrh),
Alleuritc acid (Shellac )
Resin esters Benzyl benzoate and cinnamyl
cinnamate ( Benzoin )
Ethyl cinnamate and
cinnamyl cinnamate
(Storax)
Resenes Oxygenated inert compounds
present in Myrrh
Resin phenols Peru-resinotannol in Perubalsam,
(Resinotannols) Tolu- resinotannol in Tolu
balsam and siaresinotannol in
benzoin
Combination of resins
Oleo-resin

Resin and resin Oleo-gum


resin
combination
glycoresin
s
balsams

Gum resins
Class Characteristics Examples
Resin simple hydrocarbon Rosin, cannabis
compounds with some
functional groups
attached to them
Oleo- Naturally occurring Turpentine,
resin mixture of volatile oil and Ginger, Capsicum
resin
Oleo- A naturally occurring Myrrh, Asafoetida
gum mixture of volatile oil,
resin Gums/Mucilagenous
compound with a resin
Class Characteristics Examples
Glycoresins Resins in Podophyllum,
combination with Jalap, Ipomoea,
sugar compounds via Colocynth
Glycosidal linkages

Balsams Resins in Tolu balsam


combination with Peru balsam
benzoic or cinnamic Storax, Benzoin
acid
Gum resins Resin in Ammoniacum
combinations with
gum
Resins:
Resins: Rosin
Rosin
Synonym: Colophony
Biological Source:
• It is a yellow resin, and abietic anhydride.
• It is the residue left after distilling off the
volatile oil from the oleoresin obtained
from Pinus palustris and other species of
Pinus belonging to family Pinaceae.
• It is chiefly produced in the USA.
Resins:
Resins: Rosin
Rosin
Chemical Constituents:
1. Colophony contains 90% resin
acids known as abietic acid .
The remaining 10% as
resene-an inert substance and
esters of fatty acids.
2. It also contains a mixture of
dihydroabietic acid (C20 H30O2 )
and dehydroabietic acid
(C20H28O2).
3. On being heated at 300°C,
abietic acid undergoes
further molecular Neo-abietic acid
Resins: Rosin
• Uses
1. Colophony is used in pharmacy for the
preparation of zinc oxide plasters, ointments
and other adhesive plasters.
2. It is widely used in the manufacture of printing
inks, rubber, dark varnishes, sealing wax,
linoleum and thermoplastic floor tiles.
3. It also finds its application as varnish and paint
dries, cements, soaps, wood polishes, paper,
plastics, fireworks.
Resins: Rosin
• Uses
5. Rosin and its derivatives also exhibit

wide ranging pharmaceutical


applications.
6. Rosin derivatives show excellent film
forming and coating properties. They are
also used for tablet film and enteric coating
purpose.
7. Rosins have also been used to formulate

microcapsules and nanoparticles


Resins: Cannabis
Resins: Cannabis
Synonyms: Indian hemp, Marijuana, Bhang,
Ganja, Charas, Hashish
Biological Source:
Cannabis is the dried flowering tops of
Pistillate plants of Cannabis sativa.
Family: Cannabinaceae
Habitat: Cannabis occurs in India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Iran, USA, Central America
and East Africa.
Cannabis: Products
Ganja:
• Seeds are sown in rows about
1.3m apart and male plants are
discarded. Resinous tops of the
unfertilized plants are cut about
5months after sowing and pressed
in to cakes.
• Known as flat or Bombay ganja
when 30 cm long pieces of the herb
are bundled and pressed .
• Round or Bengal ganja is
prepared by rolling the wilted
tops between the hands
• Ganja is legally produced under
license in Bengal & southern India
Cannabis: Products
Cannabis:
Products
BHANG OR HASHISH
• Larger leaves and twigs of
both male and female plants
are smoked with or without
tobacco. This product is unfit
for medicinal use because of
inherent deficiency of resin in
its contents. It is taken in form
of an electuary made by
digestion with melted butter
Cannabis: Products
CHARAS:
• It is a crude resin obtained by
rubbing the tops between the
hands and beating them on a piece
of cloth.
• Greenish brown soft mass adheres
to the cloth and may be purified
by pressing it through the clothes.
• The resin is scrapped off and
mixed with many smoking
mixtures and with butter etc.
Cannabis
Cannabis
Chemical Constituents:
• Cannabis yeids resin (15-20%), which is brown,
amorphous, semi-solid mass, soluble in alcohol,
ether, and carbondisulphide.
• It contains more than 60 compounds. Some
principle active compounds are
– Cannabinoids: C11, C12
– Cannabinols
– Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),
– Cannabidiol (CBD)
– Cannabidiol-carboxylic acid
– Cannabigerol
– Cannabichromene
OH
OH
COOH

HO CH
5 11 O C 5H
11
Cannabidiol-carboxylic acid
Cannabinol

OH OH

O CH HO C 5H
5 11
11
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Cannabidiol
OH

CH
5 11

Cannabichromene
Cannabis
Uses:
• Tonic
• Sedative and narcotic Strong
analgesic
• Intoxicant
• Stomachic
• Antispasmodic
• Anxiolytic
• Anti-convulsant
• Anti-tussive
• Anticancer
Oleo-resins: Ginger
Synonym:
• Zingiber, Saunth,
Rhizome zingiberis.
Biological source:
• It is the oleoresin obtained
by the method of
percolation of the
powdered rhizomes of
Zingiber officinale , belonging
to the Family: Zingiberaceae.
Oleo-resins: Ginger
Preparation:
• The rhizomes are sliced, dried and
powdered. The powdered ginger is
extracted either with acetone or ether or
ethylene dichloride by the method of cold
percolation repeatedly till the gingerin is no
longer present in the marc.
• The solvent is removed by distillation
under reduced pressure.
• Ethanol gives the max yield of the oleoresin.
Oleo-resins: Ginger
Characteristic Features:
• It is a dark brown, aromatic and pungent
viscous liquid.
Chemical Constituents:
• Ginger contains volatile oil (1-3%), which
comprises of zingiberene,α-curcumene,
β- sesquiphellandrene and β-bisabolene.
• The oleooresin contains the pungent
gingerols and shogaols.
• Starch (50%)
Oleo-resins: Ginger
Oleo-resins: Ginger
Uses
• Rhizome is aromatic and pungent so is used as
a condiment and flavoring agent.
• Treats flatulence and colic, stimulant,
anti- emetic,
• lowers blood cholesterol,
• anti-hypertensive
• The oil is used in the food and
perfume industries.
• Reduces pain associated with inflammation
in arthritis
Oleo-resins: Capsicum
Synonyms:
•Sweet chillies, Red Peppers,
Spanish pepper, Mirch,
paprika Biological Source:
•Dried ripe fruits of Capsicum
fruitescens (African chillies),
Capsicum annuum (var.
conoides) (Tabasco pepper) or
Capsicum annuum (var. longum
) (lonusiana pepper).
Family:
Solanaceae
Oleo-resins: Capsicum
Preparation
• Capsaicin, the oleoresin from capsicum is prepared
by extracting the crushed fruit with either hot
acetone or hot ethanol by the method of percolation.
• The solvent i.e., hot ethanol or acetone is
evaporated on an electric-water bath in a
fume-cupboard.
• The resulting residue is once again subjected to
successive extraction with cold acetone or ethanol
until the residue is free from the pungent odour.
• The solvent is removed and the capsaicin collected
Oleo-resins: Capsicum
Chemical Constituents:
• The capsicum contains 8-12% of an oleoresin
capsaicin
• a red colouring principle known as capsanthin
as given below:
Oleo-resins: Capsicum
Uses
• Powerful stimulant
• Condiment
• Treatment of addiction (relaxes dilated
blood vessels)
• Analgesic (pain management of
neuralgia, migraine, lumbago, arthritis)
• Counter-irritant
• Used in scarlatina, hoarseness, yellow fever

and dyspepsia
Oleo-resins:
Turpentine
Synonyms
• Gum turpentine; Gum thus.
Biological Source
• Turpentine is the oleoresin obtained from

Pinus palustris and from other species of Pinus,


belonging to the natural order Pinaceae.
Oleo-resins: Turpentine
Preparation:
• Turpentine is usually collected
from the slash pine i.e., Pinus
elliottii and Pinus palustris which
grow in abundance in the
Northern Florida, Georgia, and
North and South Carolina.
• However, the yield of turpentine
exclusively depends on the
treatment and the size of the tree. If
proper skill and expertise are
practiced the pine trees may yield
turpentine for 15 to 20 years at a
stretch.
Oleo-resins: Turpentine
• The oleoresin is normally secreted in the ducts that
are situated almost beneath the cambium in the
sapwood.
• In spring the bark is neatly cut from the tree with
the help of a long-handled cutting knife known as
the “bark-hack”. After the removal of the chipped
bark,
• the freshly exposed surface is quickly sprayed with
a solution of 50% (w/w) sulphuric acid. *
• The flowing oleoresin is guided by galvanized metal
gutters right into the various containers tied close
Oleo-resins: Turpentine
Characteristic Features:
• The gum turpentine is an yellowish, opaque,
sticky mass having a characteristic odour and
taste.
• It is almost insoluble in water, but soluble in
ether, ethanol, chloroform and glacial acetic acid.
Chemical Constituents
• The gum-turpentine when subjected to steam-
distillation yields 15 to 30% of a volatile oil known
in the trade as “turpentine oil”.
• It contains mainly the terpenes, such as: dextro-
Oleo-resins: Turpentine
Uses:
1. It is employed externally as a counterirritant.
2. It is also used as a rubefacient.
3. It is used as a constituent of stimulating ointments.
4. It is employed industrially as an insecticide.
5. It is used as a solvent for waxes.
6. It is utilized extensively in the production of synthetic
camphor.
7. It is used in making various types of polishes, such as:
shoe polish, furniture polish and stove polish.
Oleo-Gum-Resins
• The oleo-gum-resins are the naturally
occurring mixture of resin, gum, volatile oil,
and mostly small quantities of other
substances.
• some potent oleo-gum-resins which

exhibit remarkable medicinal values.


– Asafoetida;
– Ammoniacum;
– Turmeric;
– Myrrh
Oleo- gum
Resin-Asafoetida
Oleo- gum Resin-Asafoetida
Synonyms
• Asafetida; Asant; Devil's dung; Food of

the Gods; Gum Asafoetida, Hing (Hindi,


Urdu).
Biological Sources
• Asafoetida is the oleo-gum-resin is obtained
as an exudation of the rhizome and roots of
Ferula assafoetida; Ferula foetida, and some
other species of Ferula, belonging to the
family Umbelliferae.
Oleo- gum Resin-Asafoetida
Preparation:
• The oleo-gum-resin of asafoetida exudes from the cut
surface of the root and stem after the incision, the former
is collected soon after it gets dried.
• The entire collection of asafoetida from the various
portions of the plant are mixed together and dried in
the sun.
Characteristic Features
• The drug occurs normally as soft mass or irregular lumps
or ‘tears’ or agglomeration of tears. The tears are brittle
and tough.
• Asafoetida has a strong, alliaceous, persistent
garlic-like odour and having a bitter acrid taste.
• This oleo-gum-resin when triturated with water it gives
Oleo- gum Resin-Asafoetida
Chemical Constituents
• Asafoetida contains volatile oil (8-16 %) ,
gum (25%) and resin (40-60%).
• The volatile oil essentially consists of some
organic sulphides solely responsible for
attributing the characteristic garlic-like
odour.
• The resin consists of notannol,
asaresinotannol i.e., the resin alcohols,
which are present partially in the free state and
partially in the combined form with ferulic acid.
• It also contains umbellic acid and umbelliferone;
the latter is found combined with ferulic acid, but
Oleo- gum
Resin-Asafoetida
Oleo- gum Resin-Asafoetida
Uses
1. It is abundantly used as a common condiment
and flavouring agent in food products.
2. It is also an important ingredient in
Worcestershire Sauce.
3. It is used as a repellant [2% (w/v) suspension]
against dogs, cats, deer, rabbits etc.
4. It is used seldomly as an antispasmodic,
carminative, expectorant and laxative.
5. It is still employed in veterinary externally to
prevent bandage chewing by dogs.
6. It is also used as a powerful nerving stimulant
especially in nervous disorders related to
Oleo- gum Resin-Myrrh
Oleo- gum Resin-Myrrh
Synonyms:
• Gum-resin Myrrh, Gum Myrrh,
Arabian or Somali Myrrh, Myrrha
Biological Sources:
Myrrh is an oleo-gum resin obtained
from the stem of Commiphora
molmol or C. abyssinica or other
species of Commiphora.
Family: Burseraceae
Oleo- gum Resin-Myrrh
Preparation
• The plants usually exude yellow coloured
resin after proper incisions made in the
bark of a tree. It gradually hardens and
becomes dark or reddish-brown in
appearance.
Oleo- gum Resin-Myrrh
Chemical Constituents
• Myrrh contains volatile oil (7-17%), resin (20-
25%), gum (57-61%), and bitter principle (3 to
4%). The volatile oil consists of eugenol, m-
cresol and cuminaldehyde.
• The resin is found to consist of a mixture of
α-, β-, and γ-commiphoric acids (resin acids).
• Besides, it also contains two phenolic resins
α- and β-heerabomyrrholic acids which are
ether insoluble.
Oleo- gum Resin-Myrrh
• It also contains phenolic compounds such
as: pyrocatechin and protocatechuic acid.
• The crude alcohol-insoluble fraction i.e.,
‘gum, comprises of protein (18%) and
carbohydrate (64%) made up of arabinose,
galactose and glucuronic acid. However, the
gum is found to be associated with an
oxidase enzyme.
Oleo- gum Resin-Myrrh
Chemical Tests
1. Myrrh when triturated with water produces
an yellow-emulsion.
Uses
1. It is used chiefly in perfumes.
2. It is frequently employed as an antiseptic
and stimulant.
3. Myrrh acts as an astringent to the mucous
membrane and hence it find its application in oral
hygiene formulations, such as: gargles,
mouth-washes.
Glycoresins
• Glycosidal combinations of resins which
upon hydrolysis yield sugar and
complex resin acids
• The drugs include
– Jalap
– Podophyllum
– Ipomoea
– Colocynth
Glycoresins-Jalap
Synonym:
•Jalap root, Redix jalapae,
Mexican Jalap
Biological source:
•Dried tubercles or tuberous
roots of Ipomoea purga
(Exogonium purga)
Family: Convulvulaceae
Glycoresins-Jalap
Habitat:
• Jalap is large, twining
plant indigenous to
Mexico.
• Also found in India and
west indies.
• The tubercles are collected
mainly collected in autumn.
• The larger specimens are
cut into pieces to facilitate
drying.
Glycoresins-Jalap
Chemical Constituents:
• Jalap contains resins (8-12%), volatile oil,
starch, gum and sugar.
• The main constituents of jalap resin is
convolvulin, which contains 8 hydroxy groups
esterified with valeric, tiglic and exogonic
acids.
• It also contains ipurganol, jalapin,
β-methyl esculetin, palmitic and steric
acids.
• Convolvulin on hydrolysis yeild glucose,
Glycoresins-Ipomoea
Synonyms:
• Mexican
scammony,
Orizaba jalap root,
ipomoea
Bilogical source:
• Dried root of Ipomoea
orizabensis yielding
not less than 15% of
resin.
Family :
Glycoresins-Ipomoea
Chemical constituents:
• Ipomoea, when extracted with alcohol,
yields about 10-20% of a complex resinous
mixture.
• It contains resins (10-20%), scopoletin,
volatile oil, sugars, and calcium oxalate.
• The important constituents in ipomoea resin
are the methyl pentosides and other glycosides
of jalapinolic acid and its methyl ester,
phytosterol glycosides, ipurolic acid and
convolvulinic acid.
Glycoresins-Colocynth
Synonym:
• Bitter apple, bitter
cucumber, Bitter gourd,
Colocynth pulp.
Biological Source:
• Colcynth is the dried pulp of
the unripe but fully grown
fruit of Citrullus colocynthis
Family: Curcurbitaceae
Glycoresins-Colocynth
Collection:
• Fruit is melon green in colour, globular in
shape and bitter in taste. It is collected and
peeled to remove epicarp. Seeds are removed
and pulp is dried in sun light.
Chemical constituents:
Colocynthin, colocynthinine, a complex resinous
mixture of cucurbitacin E or α-Elaterin, β -
Elaterin, cucurbitacin L, in the form of
glycosides
Glycoresins-Colocynth
Uses:
• Carminative
• Hydrogouge
purgative
• Anthelmintic
• Narcotic
• Insecticidal
Glycoresins-Podophyllu
m
Glycoresins-Podophyllum
Synonyms:
• Podophyllum resin; May apple; Indian
apple; Vegetable calomel.
Biological Source:
• Podophyllum is the dried rhizomes and
roots of Podophyllum peltatum.
Family: Berberidaceae,
Glycoresins-Podophyllum
Chemical constituens:
• Podophyllum contains 3.5 to 6% of a

resin whose active principles are lignans.


• The most important ones present in the
podophyllum resin, are
podophyllotoxin
• Besides, it also contains α-peltatin (10%)

and β-peltatin (5%).


Glycoresins-Podophyllum

•Interestingly, all the three above mentioned chemical


constituents are present both in free state and as their
respective glycosides.
Glycoresins-Podophyllum
Uses:
• Drastic but slow acting purgative.
• Anti-tumor
• invariably prescribed with other purgatives,

henbane or belladonna to prevent gripping in


infants.
Balsams
• resinous mixtures of benzoic acid,
cinnamic acid or both, or esters of these
organic aromatic acids.
• Typical examples of naturally
occurring balsams:
– Benzoin
– Peruvain Balsam or Peru Balsam
– Tolu Balsam
– Storax
Balsams-Benzoin
Synonyms
• Bitter-almond-oil
camphor.
Biological Source:
• Styrax benzoin, Styrax
paralleloneurus
(Sumatra benzoin)
• Styrax tonkinesis

(Siam- Thailand
benzoin)
Balsams-Benzoin
Preparation:
• Benzoin is also a pathological
product that is obtained by
incising a deep-cut in the bark.
• It is pertinent to mention
here that in pharmacy, only
the Sumatra Benzoin is used.
Balsams-Benzoin
Chemical Constituents :
(a) Sumatra Benzoin:
• free balsamic acids, largely cinnamic acid (10%),
benzoic acid (6%)-along with their
corresponding ester derivatives.
• triterpene acids, namely: 19-hydroxyloleanolic and
6- hydroxyoleanolic acids, cinnamyl cinnamate,
phenyl propyl cinnamate, phenylethylene
• traces of vanillin
(b) Siam Benzoin:
• coniferyl benzoate (60-70%), benzoic acid (10%),
Balsams-Benzoin
Uses:
1. Compound benzoin tincture is

frequently employed as a topical


protectant.
2. It is valuable as an expectorant
when vapourized.
3. It finds its usage as a cosmetic lotion usually
prepared from a simple tincture.
4. Siam Benzoin has been proved to be a better
preservative for lard than the Sumatra
Balsams-Peru balsam
Synonyms:
• Balsam Peru; Indian balsam;
Black balsam; China oil,
Surinam balsam.
Biological Source:
• Obtained by incision of the
stem of trees of
Myroxylon balsamum var.
pereirae
Family: Papilionaceae
Balsams-Peru balsam
Chemical constituents:
• Benzyl cinnamate (cinnamein),
cinnamyl cinnamate (styracin), benzyl
benzoate.
• Resin (28%) includes peruresinotannol
esters with cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and
alcohols (nerolidol, farnesol, benzyl alcohol
and small quantities of vanillin and cinnamic
acid.
Balsams-Peru balsam
Uses:
• Mild irritant
• Anti-scabies
• Useful in skin ulcers and ring worms infections
• Antiseptic
• Parasiticidal
• Rubifaciant
• Astringent (used to treat diarrhea and
catarrh)
Balsams-Tolu balsam
Synonyms:
• Thomas balsam; Opobalsam;

Resin Tolu; Balsam of Tolu.


Biological Source:
• Obtained by incision of stem
of Myroxylon balsamum.
Family: Papilionaceae
Balsams-Tolu balsam
Collection
• On the trunk, v-shaped incisions are made and resin
is allowed to flow. Buckets or receivers are attached
to the trunk of tree for collection of resin (optimum
yield per tree is 8-10kg)
Constituents
• Tolu resinotannol
• Resin alcohols combined with cinnamic acid
and benzoic acid
• Benzyl benzoate,
• small quantity of vanillin (imparts aroma)
• Free cinnamic acid and benzoic acid
• Eugenol, styrene, ferulic acid, terpenes
Balsams-Tolu balsam
Uses:
• Expectorant
• Anti-septic (useful for preparing

benzoin tincture)
• Flavoring agent for cough syrup
• Used in perfumery and confectionaries.
Balsams-Stora
Synonyms:
x
• Styrax, Sweet oriental gum,
purified or prepared storax,
Americal stroax, liquid
storax
Biological Source
• Storax is the balsam obtained
from the trunk of Liquidamber
orientalis, termed as
Levant Storax, or of L.
styraciflua
Balsams-Storax
Preparation
• The natural balsam storax is a pathological
product formed as a result of injury caused to
the plant.
• It generally, exudes into the natural pockets
between the bark and the wood and may be located
by excrescences on the outer side of the bark.
• The crude storax, thus collected,is further
• purified by dissolving in ethanol, filtration and
subsequent evaporation of the solvent to obtain
the pure storax.
Balsams-Storax
Constituents
• It consists of two resinous alkaloids
– α- storesin
– Β- storesin
• Also contain cinnamic acid and benzoic acid and
their esters (ethyl cinnamate and cinnamyl
cinnamate)
Uses
• Anti-septic
• Expectorant
• Used for preparing benzoin tincture
• Also employed in cancer treatment

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