TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

EMG 2502 HEAT TRANSFER

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER– TUTORIAL SHEET 2

____________________________________________________________________________________

FORCED CONVECTION OVER FLAT PLATE

Q1. Air at 20C, at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. if the plate maintained at
60C, calculate the heat transfer per unit width of the plate. Assuming the length of the plate along the flow of air is
2 m.

Given: Fluid temperature, T = 20C,

Pressure, P = 1 bar,

Velocity, U = 3 m/s,

Plate surface temperature, Tw = 60C,

Width W = 1 m,

Length L = 2 m.

Solution:
Evaluate the air properties at the “film” temperature, defined as the average of the plate surface and the free stream
temperatures.
Tw  T 60  20
Film temperature T f    40 o C
2 2

Properties of air at 40C:

Density,  = 1.129 kg/m3

3
Thermal conductivity, k = 26.56  10 W / mK,

Page 1
 6
v = 16.96  10 m / s.
2
Kinematic viscosity,

Prandtl number, Pr = 0.699

u L 3 2
We know, Re    35.377  10 4
 16.96  10 6

Re  35.377  104  5  105

Reynolds number value is less than 5  105, so this is laminar flow.

For flat plate, Laminar flow, Local Nusselt number, Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333

Nux  0.332 (35.377  104 )0.5  (0.699)0.333

Nux  175.27
We know that,
hs  L
Local Nusselt Number Nux 
K

hs  2
 175.27 
26.56  103
Local heat transfer coefficient, hx = 2.327 W/m2K

We know that, the average heat transfer coefficient, h = 2  hx

h  2  2.327 h = 4.65 W/m2 K

Heat transfer, Q = h A (Tw - T)

 4.65  2 (60  20)

[ Area  width  length  1 2  2]
Q  372 Watts.

Page 2
Q2. Air at 20C at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. if the plate is 1 m wide and
80C, calculate the following at x = 300 mm.

(i) Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,

(ii) Thermal boundary layer thickness,
(iii) Local friction coefficient,
(iv) Average friction coefficient,
(v) Local heat transfer coefficient,
(vi) Average heat transfer coefficient,
(vii) Heat transfer.

Given: Fluid temperature, T = 20C

Velocity, U = 3 m/s

Width, W=1m

Surface temperature, Tw = 80C

Distance, x = 300 mm = 0.3 m

Solution:
Evaluate the air properties at the “film” temperature, defined as the average of the plate surface and the free stream
temperatures.
Tw  T 80  20
Film temperature T f    50 o C
2 2

80  20

2
Tf  50C
Properties of air at 50C
Density  = 1.093 kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity v = 17.95  10-6m2 / s
Pr andt l number Pr =0.698
Thermal conductivity K = 28.26  10-3 W / mK

u L 3  0.3
We know that, Re    5.01  10 4
 17.95  10 6

Reynolds number, Re  5.01  10  5  10

4 5

Since Re < 5  105, the flow is laminar. For Flat plate, laminar flow,

1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness:

Page 3
  hx  5  x  (Re)0.5
= 5  0.3  (5.01 10 4 )0.5
 hx  6.7  103 m

2. Thermal boundary layer thickness:

 TX   hx (Pr)0.333
 
  TX  6.7  103 (0.698)0.333
 TX  7.5  10 m 3

3. Local Friction coefficient:

Cfx  0.664(Re)0.5
= 0.664 (5.01 10 4 )0.5
Cfx = 2.96  10 -3

4. Average friction coefficient:

CfL  1.328 (Re)-0.5

= 1.328 (5.01 10 4 ) 0.5
= 5.9  10 -3
CfL  5.9  10 3

5. Local heat transfer coefficient (hx):

Local Nusselt number, Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333

 0.332 (5.01 10 4 ) (0.698)0.333

Nux  65.9

We know that local Nusselt number

hx  L
Nux 
K
hx  0.3
65.9 
23.26  10 3
 x = L = 0.3m

 hx  6.20 W/m2K
Local heat transfer coefficient h x  6.20 W / m2K

Page 4
6. Average heat transfer coefficient (h):

h  2  hx
 2  6.20
h  12.41 W / m2K
7. Heat transfer:

We know that,

Q  h A(Tw  T )
= 12.41 (1 0.3) (80-20)
Q = 23.38 Watts

Q3. Air at 30C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 2 m/s. The plate is 2 m long and 1.5 m wide. Calculate the
following: (i) Boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate, (ii) Total drag force, (iii) Total mass flow
rate through the boundary layer between x = 40 cm and x = 85 cm.

Given: Fluid temperature, T = 30C

Velocity, U = 2 m/s

Length, L =2m

Width W = 1.5 m

Calculate: (i) Boundary layer thickness

(ii) Total drag force.

(iii) Total mass flow rate through the boundary layer between x = 40 cm and x = 85 cm.

Solution:

Properties of air at 30C

  1.165 kg/m3
v  16  106 m2 / s
Pr  0.701
K  26.75  10  3 W / mK

u L
We know that, Re 


Page 5
 2 2

16  10 6
Re  2.5  105  5  105
Since Re<5  105 ,flow is laminar

Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness

 hx  5  x  (Re)0.5
= 5  2  (2.5  105 )0.5
 hx  0.02 m

Thermal boundary layer thickness,

 tx hx  (Pr)0.333

=0.02  (0.701)-0.333
 TX  0.0225 m

We know that the average friction coefficient,

CfL  1.328 (Re)0.5

= 1.328  (2.5  105 )0.5
CfL  2.65  10-3

We know

t
CfL 
U2
2
t
 2.65  10-3 
1.165  (2)2
2

 Average shear stress t = 6.1 10 -3N / m2

Drag force = Area  Average shear stress
= 2  1.5  6.1 10-3
Drag force = 0.018 N
Drag force on two sides of the plate
= 0.018  2
= 0.036 N

Page 6
Total mass flow rate between x = 40 cm and x = 85 cm.

5
m   U  hx  85   hx  40 
8

Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness

 hx 0.5  5  x  (Re)0.5
0.5
U  x 
= 5  0.85   
 v 
0.5
 2  0.85 
 5  0.85   6
16  10 
 HX0.85  0.0130 m
 hx=0.40 = 5  x  (Re)-0.5
0.5
 U x 
 5  0.40   
 v 
0.5
 2  0.40 
 5  0.40   6 
 16  10 
 HX0.40  8.9  103 m
5
(1)  m=  1.165  2 0.0130  8.9  10 3 
8
m = 5.97  10-3Kg / s,

Q4. Air at 40C is flows over a flat plate of 0.9 m at a velocity of 3 m/s. Calculate the following:

(i) Overall drag coefficient

(ii) Average shear stress,
(iii) Compare the average shear stress with local shear stress (shear stress at the trailing edge)

Given : Fluid temperature, T = 40C

Length, L = 0.9 m

Velocity, U = 3 m/s.

Solution:

Properties of air at 40C:

Page 7
  1.128 Kg/m3
 = 16.96  10-6 m2 / s
Pr  0.699
K  26.56  10-3 W/mK

u L
We know, Re 


3  0.9

16.96  10 6
Re  1.59  105  5  105
Since Re< 5  105 , flow is laminar

For plate, laminar flow, drag coefficient (or) average skin friction coefficient, CfL

CfL  1.328  (Re)0.5

 1.328  (1.59  105 )0.5
CfL  3.3  103

We know


CfL 
U2
Average friction coefficient 2

U2
  CfL 
2
3.3  10-3  1.128  (3)2
=
2
Average shear stress  = 0.016 N/m 2

We know, local skin friction coefficient

Cfx  0.664  (Re)0.5

 0.664  (1.59  105 )0.5
Cfx  1.66  103

we know

Page 8
 
Cfx 
U2
Local skin friction coefficient 2


 1.66  103 
1.128  (3)2
2
 x  8.4  10 N / m
3 2

Local shear stress  x  8.4  10 3 N / m2

Local shear stress  x 8.4  103 N / m2

Average shear stress  0.016 N / m2
 0.52

Q5. Air at 290C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 6 m/s. The plate is 1m long and 0.5 m wide. The pressure of
the air is 6 kN/m2. If the plate is maintained at a temperature of 70C, estimate the rate of heat removed from the
plate.

Given : Fluid temperature, T = 290C

Velocity U = 6 m/s.

Length L=1m

Wide W = 0.5 m

Pressure of air, P = 6 kN/m2  6  10 N/ m

3 2

Plate surface temperature, Tw = 70C

To find: Heat removed from the plate

Solution:
Evaluate the air properties at the “film” temperature, defined as the average of the plate surface and the free stream
temperatures.

Tw  T
Tf 
Film temperature 2

70  290

2
Tf  180C

Properties of air at 180C (At atmospheric pressure)

Page 9
  0.799 Kg/m3
 = 32.49  10-6 m2 / s
Pr  0.681
K  37.80  10-3 W/mK
Note: Pressure other than atmospheric pressure is given, so kinematic viscosity will vary with pressure. Pr, k, Cp are
same for all pressures.

Patm
   atm 
Pgiven
Kinematic viscosity

1 bar
   32.49  10 6
6  103N / m2
 Atmospheric pressure = 1 bar 
105 N / m2
 32.49  10 6 
6  103 N / m3

 1 bar = 1 105N / m2 
Kinematic viscosity v = 5.145  10 -4m2 / s.

UL
Re 
We know, Reynolds number v

6 1

5.145  10 4
Re  1.10  10 4  5  105
Since Re< 5  105 , flow is laminar

For plate, laminar flow: Local Nusselt number, Nux

NUx  0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333

 0.332 (1.10  10 4 )0.5 (0.681)0.333
NUx  30.63

h xL
We know Nux = K

hx  1
30.63  [ L = 1 m]
37.80  103

Local heat transfer coefficient h x  1.15 W/m2K

Page 10
The average heat transfer coefficient, h = 2  hx

h  2  1.15
h  2.31 W/m2K

We know
Heat transferred Q  h A (T  Tw )
 2.31 (1 0.5)  (563  343)
Q  254.1 W

Heat transfer from both side of the plate = 2  254.1 = 508.2 W.

Q6. Air at 20C flows over a flat plate at 60C with a free stream velocity of 6 m/s. Determine the value of the
average convective heat transfer coefficient up to a length of 1 m in the flow direction.

Given: Fluid temperature, T = 20C

Plate temperature, Tw = 60C

Velocity U = 6 m/s

Length L =1m

To find: Average heat transfer coefficient

Solution:
Evaluate the air properties at the “film” temperature, defined as the average of the plate surface and the free stream
temperatures.
Tw  T
Film temperature Tf 
2
60+20

2
Tf  40C
Properties of air at 40C:
Density  = 1.128 Kg/m3
Thermal conductivity K = 26.56  10 -3 W/mK
Kinematic viscosity v = 16.96  10 -6m2 / s
Pr andtl number Pr = 0.699

UL
We know Reynolds number Re = v

Page 11
 6 1

16.96  10 6
Re  3.53  105  5  105
Since Re < 5  105 , flow is laminar

For flat plate, laminar flow

Local Nusselt number, Nux = 0.332  (Re)0.5  (Pr) 0.333 = 0.332  (3.53  105)0.5  (0.699)0.333

Nux = 175.27

hx  L
NUx 
Local Nusselt number, K

hx  1
175.27 
26.56  103
Local nusselt number} NUx  4.65 W/m2K
Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 2  hx
 2  4.65
h  9.31 W/m2K

Q7. Air at 25C at the atmospheric pressure is flowing over a flat plate at 3 m/s. If the plate is 1 m wide and the
temperature, Tw = 75C. Calculate the following at a location of 1m from leading edge.

(i) Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,

(ii) Local friction coefficient,
(iii) Thermal boundary layer thickness,
(iv) Local heat transfer coefficient

Given: Fluid temperature, T = 25C

Velocity, U = 3 m/s

Width, W=1m

Plate surface temperature, Tw = 75C

Distance = 1 m

To find: Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness. Local friction coefficient. Thermal boundary layer thickness

Local heat transfer coefficient

Solution:
Evaluate the air properties at the “film” temperature, defined as the average of the plate surface and the free stream
temperatures.

Page 12
 Tw  T
Film temperature Tf 
2
75  25
  323 K = 50C
2

Tf  50C
Pr operties of air at 50C:
Density  = 1.093
Kinematic viscosity     106 m2 / s
Prandtl number Pr = 0.698
Thermal conductivity K = 28.26  13-3 W/mK

We know,

UL
[ x = L 1m]
Reynolds number Re= v

3 1
 6
 1.67  105
17.95  10

Re  1.67  105  5  105

Since Re < 5  105 ,flow is laminar

For flat plate, laminar flow:

1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,

 hx  5  x  (Re)0.5
= 5  1 (1.67  105 )0.5
 hx  0.0122 m

2. Local friction coefficient

Cfx  0.644 (Re)-0.5

= 0.644 (1.67  105 )0.5
Cfx  1.62  103

3. Thermal boundary layer thickness,

 TX   hx  (Pr)0.333
 0.0122  (0.698)0.333
 TX  0.01375

Page 13
4. Local heat transfer coefficient (hx):

We know: Local Nusselt number, Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333 = 0.332 (1.67  105)0.5 (0.698)0.333

Nux = 120.415

hx  L
We know, NUx 
K
hx  1
 120.415 =
28.26  10-3
 x = L = 1m
Local heat transfer coefficient} hx  3.4 W / m2K

Q8. Atmospheric air at 300 K with a velocity of 2.5 m/s flows over a flat plate of length L = 2 metres and width W =
1metre maintained at uniform temperature of 400 K. Calculate the local heat transfer coefficient at 1 m length and
the average heat transfer coefficient from L = 0 to L = 2 metres. Also find the heat transfer,

Given : Fluid temperature, T = 300 K

Velocity, U = 2.5 m/s

Total Length, L =2m

Width, W=1m

Surface temperature Tw = 400 K

To find: 1. Local heat transfer coefficient at L = 1 m

2. Average heat transfer coefficient at L = 2 m

3. Heat transfer Q

Solution:
Case (i): Local heat transfer coefficient at L = 1m

Tw  T
Film temperature Tf 
2
400  300
  350 K
2
Tf  77C

Page 14
Properties of air at 77C  80C:
 = 1 Kg/m3
 = 21.09  10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.692
K = 30.47  10-3 W/mK
We know
UL
Reynolds number Re =
v

2.5  1

21.09  10 6
Re  118539.45  5  105
Since Re < 5  105 ,flow is laminar.

For flat plate, laminar flow,

Local Nusselt number, Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333 = 0.332 (118539.5)0.5 (0.692)0.333

Nux = 101.18

hxL
NUx 
We know, Local Nusselt number, K

hx  1
3
101.18 = 30.47  10

hx = 3.0832 W/m2 K  Local heat transfer coefficient, hx = 3.08 W/m2 K

Case (ii): Average heat transfer coefficient at L = 2 m

UL
Reynolds number Re = v

2.5  2
Re 
21.09  10 6
Re  237079.18 < 5  105
Since Re < 5  105 ,flow is laminar.

For flat plate, laminar flow,

Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333 = 0.332 (237079.18)0.5 (0.692)0.333, Nux = 143

Page 15
 h xL
We know that, NUx 
K
hx  2
 143 =
30.47  103
Local heat transfer coefficient, hx = 2.17 W/m2 K

We know that the average heat transfer coefficient, h = 2  hx

h = 2  2.17 = 4.35 W/m2 K

Average heat transfer coefficient, h = 4.35 W/m2K

Case (iii): Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T) = 4.35  2  1 (400 – 300)

 L = 2m; W= 1m

Q = 870 W.

FLOW OVER CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

Q9. Air at 15C, 30 km/h flows over a cylinder of 400 mm diameter and 1500 mm height with surface temperature
of 45C. Calculate the heat loss.

Given: Fluid temperature, T = 15C

Velocity, U = 30 km/h

30  103 m

3600 s
U  8.33 m/s
Diameter, D = 400 mm = 0.4 m

Length, L = 1500 mm = 1.5 m

Plate surface temperature, Tw = 45C

To find: Heat loss.

Solution: We know

Tw  T
Tf 
Film temperature 2

45  15

2

Page 16
 Tf  30C

Properties of air at 30C:

Density,  = 1.165 kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity, v = 16  10-6 m2/s

Prandtl number, Pr = 0.701

Thermal conductivity, k = 26.75  10-3 W/m K

UD
Reynolds Number Re = v

8.33  0.4

16  10 6

ReD  2.08  105

We know Nusselt number, Nu = C (Re)m (Pr)0.333

ReD value is 2.08  105, so C value is 0.0266 and m value is 0.805.

 Nu = 0.0266  (2.08  105)0.805  (0.701)0.333

NU  451.3

We know that,

hD
Nusselt number, Nu = K

h  0.4
 451.3 =
26.75  10-3
 h = 30.18 W/m2K

Heat transfer coefficient h = 30.18 W/m2K

Heat transfer Q = hA (Tw  T )
= h    D  L  (Tw  T )
[ A =  DL]
= 30.18    0.4  1.5  (45 -15)
Q = 1706.6 W

Page 17
Q10. Air at 30C, 0.2 m/s flows across a 120 W electric bulb at 130C. Find heat transfer and power lost due to
convection if bulb diameter is 70 mm.

Given: Fluid temperature, T = 30C

Velocity, U = 0.2 m/s

Heat energy, Q1 = 120 W

Surface temperature, Tw = 130C

Diameter, D = 70 mm = 0.070 m

To find: 1. Heat Transfer. 2. Power lost due to convection

Solution:

Tw  T
Tf 
1. Film temperature 2

130  30

2
Tf  80C
Properties of air at 80C:
 = 1 Kg/m3
 = 21.09  10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.692
K = 30.47  10-3 W/mK
We know
UD
Reynolds number Re =


0.2  0.070
  663.82
21.09  103
Re  663.82
We know Nusselt number, Nu = 0.37 (Re)0.6 = 0.37 (663.82)0.6. Nu = 18.25

hD
Nu 
We know Nusselt number K

h  0.070
 18.25 =
30.47  10-3
 h = 7.94 W/m2K

Page 18
Heat transfer coefficient, h = 7.94 W/m2 K

We know, Heat transfer, Q2 = h A (Tw - T)

 h  4 r 2 [Tw  T ] [ A = 4 r 2 ]
2
 0.070 
 7.94  4       (130  30)
 2 
Heat transfer Q2  12.22 W

Q2
 100
2. Percentage of heat lost =
Q1

12.22
  100
120
 10.18%

Q11. Air at 40C flows over a tube with a velocity of 30 m/s. The tube surface temperature is 120C. Calculate the
heat transfer for the following cases:

(i) Tube could be square with a side of 6 cm.

(ii) Tube is circular cylinder of diameter 6 cm

Given: Fluid temperature, T = 40C

Velocity, U = 30 m/s

Tube surface temperature, Tw = 120C

To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)

Solution:
Evaluate the air properties at the “film” temperature, defined as the average of the plate surface and the free stream
temperatures.

Tw  T
Film temperature Tf 
2
120  40

2

Page 19
Tf  80C
Properties of air at 80C:
 = 1 Kg/m3
 = 21.09  10-6 m2 / s
Pr  0.692
K = 30.47  10-3 W/mK
Case (i): Tube is considered as square of side 6 cm i.e., L = 6 cm = 0.06 m

UL
Reynolds number Re = v

30  0.06

21.09  10 6
Re  0.853  105
Nusselt Number Nu = C  (Re)n (Pr)0.333
For square, n = 0.675
C = 0.092
 Nu = 0.092 (0.853  105 )0.675  (0.692)0.333
 Nu = 173.3
hL
We know that, NU =
K

h  0.06
173.3 
30.47  103
Heat transfer coefficient h = 88 W/m2K
Case (ii)

Tube diameter, D = 6 cm = 0.06 m

UD
Reynolds number Re =

30  0.06

21.09  10 6
Re  0.853  105
Nusselt number Nu = C (ReD )m (Pr)0.333

Re value is 0.853  105 , so corresponding C and m values are 0.0266 and 0.805 respectively.

Page 20
 Nu = 0.0266  (0.853  105 )0.805  (0.692)0.333
Nu = 219.3
hD
We know Nu =
K

h  0.06
 219.3
30.47  10-3
 h = 111.3 W/m2K
 Heat transfer coefficient h = 111.3 W/m2K

Heat Flow Over Bank of Tubes

Q12. In a surface condenser, water flows through staggered tubes while the air is passed in cross flow over the
tubes. The temperature and velocity of air are 30C and 8 m/s respectively. The longitudinal and transverse pitches
are 22 mm and 20 mm respectively. The tube outside diameter is 18 mm and tube surface temperature is 90C.
Calculate the heat transfer coefficient.

Given: Fluid temperature, T = 30C

Velocity, U = 8 m/s

Longitudinal pitch, Sp = 22 mm = 0.022 m

Transverse pitch, Sn = 20 mm = 0.020 m

Diameter, D = 18 mm = 0.018 m

Tube surface temperature, Tw = 90C

Solution:

Tw  T
Film temperature Tf 
2
90  30

2
Tf  60C

Properties of air at 60C:

 = 1.060 Kg/m3
 = 18.97  10-6 m2 / s
Pr  0.696
K = 28.96  10-3 W / mK

Page 21
 Sn
U
We know Maximum velocity, Umax =
Sn  D

0.020
 Umax  8 
0.020  0.018
Umax = 80 m/s

We know

Umax  D
Reynolds Number Re =

80  0.018

18.97  10 6
Re  7.5  10 4
Sn 0.020
  1.11
D 0.018
Sn
 1.11
D
Sp 0.022
  1.22
D 0.018
Sp
 1.22
D

Sn S
 1.11. p  1.22,
D D
Corresponding C, m values are 0.518 and 0.556 respectively.

C = 0.518: n = 0.556

We know, Nusselt number, Nu = 1.13 (Pr) 0.333[C (Re)m]

 Nu = 1.13  (0.696)0.333  [0.518  (7.5  10 4 )0.556 ]

Nu = 266.3
We know

hD
Nu 
Nusselt Number K

h  0.018
 266.3 =
28.96  10 -3 Heat transfer coefficient, h = 428.6 W/m2 K.

Page 22
LAMINAR FLOW IN A TUBE (INTERNAL FLOW OR DUCT FLOW)
Q13. When 0.6 Kg of water per minute is passed through a tube of 2 cm diameter, it is found to be heated from
20C to 60C. The heating is achieved by condensing steam on the surface of the tube and subsequently the surface
temperature of the tube is maintained at 90C. Determine the length of the tube required for fully developed flow.

0.6
kg / s
Given: Mass m = 0.6 kg/min = 60

= 0.01 Kg/s

Diameter D = 2 cm = 0.02 m
Inlet temperature Tmi  20C

Outlet temperature Tmo  60C

Tube surface temperature Tw  90C

To find: length of the tube (L)

Solution:

Tmi  Tmo
Tm 
Bulk mean temperature 2

20  60

2
Tm  40C
Properties of water at 40C:
 = 995 Kg/m3
 = 0.657  10-6m2 / s
Pr = 4.340
K = 628  10-3 W/mK
CP  4.178 KJ/KgK = 4178 J/KgK
Mass flow rate m =  A U

m
 U=
A
0.01
=

995 
(0.02)2
4
Velocity U = 0.031 m/s

Page 23
Let us first determine the type of flow

UD
Re 


0.031 0.02
 Re 
0.657  106
Re  943.6
Since Re < 2300, flow is laminar

For laminar flow, Nusselt number, Nu = 3.66

We know

hD
NU 
K
h  0.02
 3.66 =
628  10-3
 h = 114.9 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q = mCP t
= mCP (Tmo  Tmi )
= 0.01 4178  (60-20)
Q = 1671.2 W

We know that Q = h A 
= h    D  L  (Tw  Tm )
= 1671.2 =114.9    0.02  L  (90-40)
L = 4.62m

Page 24
Q14. Water at 50C enters 50 mm diameter and 4 m long tube with a velocity of 0.8 m/s. The tube wall is
maintained at a constant temperature of 90C. Determine the heat transfer coefficient and the total amount of heat
transferred if exist water temperature is 70C.

Given:

Inner temperature of water, Tmi = 50C

Diameter, D = 50mm = 0.05 m

Length, L=4m

Velocity, U = 0.8 m/s

Total wall temperature, Tw = 90C

Exit temperature of water, Tmo = 70C

To find: 1. Heat transfer coefficient (h), 2. Heat transfer (Q)

Solution:

Evaluate water properties at the “bulk mean” temperature, defined as the average of the tube surface and the free
stream temperatures.

Tmi  Tmo
Tm 
Bulk mean temperature 2

50  70

2
Tm  60C
Properties of water at 60C:

 = 985 Kg/m3
 = 0.478  10-6m2 / s
Pr  3.020
K = 651.3  10-3 W/mK
Determine the type of flow:

UD
Re 

0.8  0.05
=
0.478  10 -6

Re  8.36  10 4
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent

Page 25
L 4
  80
D 0.05
L
 80 > 60
D
Re = 8.36  10 4  10,000
Pr  3.020  0.6 < Pr < 160

L
D ratio is greater than 60. Re value is greater than 10,000 and Pr value is in between 0.6 and 160 so,

Nusselt number, Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n

(Inlet temperature 50C, Exit temperature 70C)

 Heating Process, So n = 0.4]

 Nu = 0.023  (8.36  10 4 )0.8  (3.020)0.4

Nu = 310
hD
We know that Nu=
K
h  0.05
310 
651.3  10 3
Heat transfer coefficient, h = 4039.3 W/m2 K

Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw – Tm)

= h    D  L  (Tw  Tm )
= 4093.3    0.05  4  (90 - 60)
Q = 76139 W

Page 26
Q15. What flows through 0.8 cm diameter, 3m long tube at an average temperature of 40C. The flow velocity is
0.65 m/s and tube wall temperature is 140C. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient.

Given : Diameter of tube, D = 0.8 cm = 0.008 m

Length. L=3m

Average temperature, Tm = 40C

Velocity; U = 0.65 m/s

Tube wall temperature, Tw = 140C

To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)

 = 995 Kg/m3
 = 0.657  10-6 m2 / s
Pr  4.340
K  628  103 W/mK
UD
We know Re =


0.65  0.008

0.657  10 6
Re  7914.76
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent.
L 3
  375
D 0.008
L
10 <  400
D

0.055
L D
L
D ratio is in between 10 and 400, Re < 10000, so Nusselt number, Nu = 0.036 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.33  
0.055
 0.008 
 Nu = 0.036 (7914.76) 0.8
(4.340)0.33
 
 3 
 Nu = 55.44

hD
We know, Nusselt number, Nu= K

h  0.008
55.44 
628  103
Heat transfer coefficient h = 4352.3 W/m2K

Page 27
Q16. Air at 15C, 35 m/s, flows through a hollow cylinder of 4 cm inner diameter and 6 cm outer diameter and
leaves at 45C. Tube wall is maintained at 60C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient between the air and the inner
tube.

Given: Inner temperature of air, Tmi = 15C

Velocity, U = 35 m/s

Inner diameter, Di = 4 cm = 0.04m

Outer diameter, Do = 6 cm = 0.06m

Exit temperature of air, Tmo = 45C

Tube wall temperature Tw = 60C

To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)

Solution:
Evaluate the air properties at the “film” temperature, defined as the average of the tube wall and the free stream
temperatures.

Tmi  Tmo
Mean temperature Tm 
2
15  45

2
Tm  30C

Properties of air at 30C

 = 1.165 Kg/m3
 = 16  10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.701
K = 26.75  10-3 W/mK
Hydraulic of equivalent diameter

Page 28
 
4 D2  Di2 
4A 4
De  
P  Do  Di 
D2  Di2 
=
Do  Di
(Do  Di ) (Do  Di )
=
(Do  Di )
= D o  Di
= 0.06 - 0.04
De = 0.02 m

UDc
Reynolds Number Re=

35  0.02
=
16  10-6
Re  43750
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent: For turbulent flow, the general equation is (Re > 10000)

Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n

This is heating process so, n = 0.4

 Nu = 0.023  (43750)0.8  (0.701)0.4

Nu = 102.9
hDe
We know Nu =
K
h  0.02
102.9 
26.75  10 3
 h = 137.7 W/m2K.

Page 29
Q17. Air at 30C, 6 m/s flows over a rectangular section of size 300  800 mm. Calculate the heat leakage per meter
length per unit temperature difference.

Given : Air temperature, Tm = 30 C

Velocity, U = 6 m/s

Area, A = 300  800 mm2, A = 0.24 m2

To find: 1. Heat leakage per metre length per unit temperature difference.

Solution:

Properties of air at 30C

 = 1.165 Kg/m3
 = 16  10-4 m2 / s
Pr = 0.701
K = 26.75  10-3 W / mK
Equivalent diameter for 300  800 mm2 cross section is given by

4A 4  (0.3  0.8)
De  
P 2 (0.3  0.8)
Where P - Perimeter = 2 (L+W)
 De  0.436 m

We know

UDe
Reynolds Number Re =

6  0.436

16  10 6
Re = 16.3  10 4
Since Re > 2300, the flow is turbulent. For turbulent flow the general equation is (Re > 10000)

Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n

Assuming the pipe wall temperature to be higher than a temperature. So heating process  n = 0.4

 Nu = 0.023 (16.3  104 )0.8 (0.701)0.4

Nu  294.96
We know

Page 30
 hDe
Nusselt Number Nu =
K
h  0.436
 294.96 =
26.75  10 -3

Heat transfer coefficient  h = 18.09 W/m2 K

Heat leakage per unit per length per unit temperature difference

18.09  2  (0.3 + 0.8

Q=hP =

Q = 39.79 W

Page 31
Q18. Air at 333K, 1.5 bar pressure, flow through 12 cm diameter tube. The surface temperature of the tube is
maintained at 400 K and mass flow rate is 75 kg/hr. Calculate the heat transfer rate for 1.5 m length of the tube.

Given : Air temperature, Tm = 333 K = 60C

Diameter, D = 12 cm = 0.12 m

Surface temperature, Tw = 400 K = 127C

75 Kg
Mass flow rate, m = 75 kg/hr = 3600 s

m = 0.020 kg/s

Length, L = 1.5 m

To find: 1. Heat transfer rate (Q)

Solution:

Since the pressure is not much above atmospheric, physical properties of air may be taken at atmospheric condition

Properties of air at 60C

 = 1.060 Kg/m3
 = 18.97  10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.696
K = 28.96  10-3 W/mK
UD
Reynolds number Re =

We know

Mass flow rate m p  U


0.020 = 1.060   D2  U
4

 0.020 = 1.060   (0.12)2  U
4
 U = 1.668 m/s
UD
(1)  Re =

1.668  0.12

18.97  10-6
Re = 10551.3
Since Re > 2300, so flow is turbulent. For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re>10000)

Page 32
Nu  0.023  (Re)0.8  (0.696)0.4

Nu = 32.9

hD
We know Nu =
K
h  0.12
 32.9 =
28.96  10-3
 h = 7.94 W/m2K
Heat transfer rate Q = h A (Tw  Tm )
 h  (  D  L)  (Tw  Tm )
 7.94  (  0.12  1.5)  (127  60)
Q  300.82 W

Page 33
Q19. 250 kg/hr of air are cooled from 100C to 30C by flowing through a 3.5 cm inner diameter pipe coil bent in to
a helix of 0.6 m diameter. Calculate the value of air side heat transfer coefficient if the properties of air at 65C are:
k = 0.0298 W/m K;  = 0.003 kg/hr – m; Pr = 0.7;  = 1.044 kg/m3

Given: Mass flow rate in, m = 205 kg/hr

205
 Kg / s in = 0.056 Kg/s
3600

Inlet temperature of air, Tmi = 100C

Outlet temperature of air, Tmo = 30C

Diameter, D = 3.5 cm = 0.035 m

Tmi  Tmo
Tm   65C
Mean temperature 2

To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)

Solution:

UD
Reynolds Number Re = 



Kinematic viscosity 

0.003
Kg / s  m
3600
1.044 Kg/m3

v  7.98  10 7 m2 / s
Mass flow rate in =  A U


0.056  1.044   D2  U
4


0.056  1.044   (0.035)2  U
4

Page 34
 U = 55.7 m/s
UD
(1)  Re =

55.7  0.035
=
7.98  10-7
Re = 2.44  10 6
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent. For turbulent flow, the general equation is (Re > 10000)

Nu  0.023  (Re)0.8  (Pr)0.3

This is cooling process, so n = 0.3
 Nu = 0.023  (2.44  106 )0.8  (0.7)0.3
Nu  2661.7

hD
Nu 
We know that, K

h  0.035
2661.7 
0.0298

Heat transfer coefficient, h = 2266.2 W/m2 K

Page 35
Q20. In a long annulus (3.125 cm ID and 5 cm OD) the air is heated by maintaining the temperature of the outer
surface of inner tube at 50C. The air enters at 16C and leaves at 32C. Its flow rate is 30 m/s. Estimate the heat
transfer coefficient between air and the inner tube.

Given: Inner diameter, Di = 3.125 cm = 0.03125 m

Outer diameter, Do = 5 cm = 0.05 m

Tube wall temperature, Tw = 50C

Inner temperature of air, Tmi = 16C

Outer temperature of air, Tmo = 32C

Flow rate, U = 30 m/s

To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)

Solution:

Tmi  Tmo
Mean temperature, Tm = 2

16  32

2
Tm  24C
Properties of air at 24C:
 = 1.614 Kg/m3
 = 15.9  10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.707
K = 26.3  10-3 W / mK
We know, hydraulic or equivalent diameter


4 D2  Di2 
4A 4
Dh  
P  Do  Di 


Do  Di  Do  Di 
(Do  Di )
 Do  Di

= 0.05 – 0.03125

Dh = 0.01875 m

Page 36
 UDh
Reynolds number Re =

30  0.01875

15.9  106

Re = 35.3  10-6

Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent. For turbulent flow, the general equation is (Re > 10000)

Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n

This is heating process. So n = 0.4

 Nu = 0.023  (35.3  103 )0.8 (0.707)0.4

Nu  87.19

hDh
We know Nu =
K
h  0.01875
 87.19=
26.3  10-3
 h = 122.3 W/m2K

Page 37
Q21. Engine oil flows through a 50 mm diameter tube at an average temperature of 147C. The flow velocity is 80
cm/s. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient if the tube wall is maintained at a temperature of 200C and it is
2 m long.

Given: Diameter, D = 50 mm = 0.050 m

Average temperature, Tm = 147C

Velocity, U = 80 cm/s = 0.80 m/s

Tube wall temperature, Tw = 200C

Length, L=2m

To find: Average heat transfer coefficient (h)

Solution:

Properties of engine oil at 147C

 = 816 Kg/m3
 = 7  10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 116
K = 133.8  10-3 W/mK
We know

UD
Reynolds number Re =

0.8  0.05

7  106
Re = 5714.2

Since Re‫ >ر‬2300 flow is turbulent

L 2
  40
D 0.050
L
10   400
D
For turbulent flow, (Re < 10000)

0.055
0.8 0.33 D
Nusselt number Nu = 0.036 (Re) (Pr) L
 
0.055
 0.050 
Nu  0.036 (5714.2) 0.8
 (116) 0.33
 
 2 

Page 38
Nu  142.8
hD
We know Nu =
K
h  0.050
 142.8 =
133.8  10 -3
 h = 382.3 W/m2K

Page 39
Q22. A system for heating water from an inlet temperature of 20C to an outlet temperature of 40C involves
passing the water through a 2.5cm diameter steel pipe. The pipe surface temperature is maintained at 110C by
condensing steam on its surface. For a water mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/min, find the length of the tube desired.

Given: Inlet temperature, Tmi = 20C

Outlet temperature, Tmo = 40C

Diameter, D = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m

Piper surface temperature, Tw = 110C

Mass flow rate, m = 0.5 kg/min = 8.33  10-3 kg/s

To find: Length of the tube (L)

Solution:

We know

Tmi  Tmo
Bulk mean temperature Tm 
2
20  40

2
Tm  30C
Properties of water at 30C
 = 997 Kg/m3
 = 0.857  10 -6 m2 / s
Pr = 5.5
K = 610  10-3 W/mK
CP  4.178 KJ/Kg K = 4178 J/Kg K

We know

UD
Reynolds number Nu =

We know that,
Mass flow rate in =  AU

8.33  10-3    D2  U
4

Page 40
 
8.33  103  997   (0.025)2  U
4
 U = 0.017 m/s
UD
(1)  Re =


0.017  0.025

0.857  106
Re  495
Since Re < 2300, flow is laminar

For laminar flow, Nusselt number, Nu = 3.66

hD
We know that, Nu =
K
h  0.025
3.66 
610  10 3
Heat transfer coefficient, h = 89.3 W/m2 K

Heat transfer Q = m CP T
 m CP (Tmo  Tmi )
 8.33  103  4178 (40  20)
Q  696.05 W
Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw  Tm )
 h    D  L (Tw  Tm )
696.05  89.3    0.025  L  (110  30)
 L = 1.24 m

Page 41
FREE (NATURAL) CONVECTION

Q23. A vertical plate of 0.75 m height is at 170 C and is exposed to air at a temperature of 105C and one
atmosphere, calculate:

1. Mean heat transfer coefficient,

2. Rate of heat transfer per unit width of the plate

Given : Length, L = 0.75 m

Wall temperature, Tw = 170C

Fluid temperature, T = 105C

To find: 1. Heat transfer coefficient (h)

2. Heat transfer (Q) per unit width

Solution: Velocity (U) is not given. So this is natural convection type problem.

Tw  T
Film temperature Tf 
2
170  105

2
Tf  137.5C
Pr operties of air at Tf = 137.5C = 140C
Density  = 0.854 Kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity  = 27.80  10 -6 m2 / s
Prandtl number Pr = 0.684
Thermal conductivity K = 34.89  103 W / mK

We know that

1
Coefficient of thermal expansion}  =
Tf in K
1
 =
137.5+273
1

410.5
  2.4  103 K 1

Page 42
 g    L3  T
We know Grahsof number Gr = v2

9.81 2.4  10-3  (0.75)3  (170  105)

 Gr =
(27.80  10 6 )2
 Gr = 8.35  108
 Gr Pr = 8.35  108  0.684
Gr Pr = 5.71 108
Since Gr Pr < 109, the flow is laminar, Gr Pr value is in between 104 and 109 i.e., 104 < Gr Pr < 109, So, Nusselt
number, Nu = 0.59 (GrPr)0.25

 = 0.59 (5.71 108 )0.25

Nu  91.21
We know

hL
Nusselt number, Nu = K

h  0.75
 91.21 =
34.89  10-3
 h = 4.24 W/m2K
Heat transfer coefficient, h = 4.24 W/m2 K

We know

Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw  T )

= 4.24  1 0.75  (170-105)
[ W = 1m]
Q = 206.8 W

Page 43
Q24. A large vertical plate 4 m height is maintained at 606C and exposed to atmospheric air at 106C. Calculate
the heat transfer is the plate is 10 m wide.

Given : Vertical plate length (or) Height, L=4m

Wall temperature, Tw = 606C

Air temperature, T = 106C

Width, W = 10 m

To find: Heat transfer (Q)

Solution:

Tw  T
Film temperature Tf 
2
606  106

2
Tf  356C
Properties of air at 356C = 350C

 = 0.566 Kg/m3
  55.46  10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.676
K = 49.08  10-3 W/mK
1
Coefficient of thermal expansion}  =
Tf in K

1 1
 
356  273 629
 = 1.58  10-3K 1
g    L3  T
Grashof number Gr =
v2
9.81 2.4  10-3  (4)3  (606  106)
 Gr =
(55.46  10 6 )2

Gr = 1.61  1011

Gr Pr = 1.61  1011  0.676

Gr Pr = 1.08  1011

Page 44
Since Gr Pr > 109, flow is turbulent. For turbulent flow, Nusselt number, Nu = 0.10 [Gr Pr]0.333

 Nu = 0.10 [1.08  1011]0.333

Nu = 471.20
We know that,

hL
Nu 
Nusselt number, K

h 4
 472.20 =
49.08  10 -3

Heat transfer coefficient, h = 5.78 W/m2 K

Heat transfer Q = h A T

 h  W  L  (Tw  T )
 5.78  10  4  (606  106)
Q  115600 W
Q = 115.6  103 W

Page 45
Q25. A thin 100 cm long and 10 cm wide horizontal plate is maintained at a uniform temperature of 150C in a
large tank full of water at 75C. Estimate the rate of heat to be supplied to the plate to maintain constant plate
temperature as heat is dissipated from either side of plate.

Given: Length of horizontal plate, L = 100 cm = 1m

Wide W = 10 cm = 0.10 m

Plate temperature, Tw = 150C

Fluid temperature, T = 75C

To find: Heat loss (Q) from either side of plate

Solution:

Tw  T
Film temperature Tf 
2
150  75

2
Tf  112.5C
Properties of water at 112.5C
 = 951 Kg/m3
 = 0.264  10 -6 m2 / s
Pr = 1.55
K = 683  10 3 W/mK

1 1
Coefficient of thermal expansion}  = 
T in K 112.5  273
f
  2.59  103 K 1

g    L3  T
Grashof Number Gr =
v2
For horizontal plate,
W 0.10
Characteristic length Lc  
2 2
Lc = 0.05 m

9.81 2.59  10-3  (0.05)3  (150  75)

(1)  Gr =
(0.264  106 )2
Gr = 3.41 109
Gr Pr = 3.41 109  1.55

Page 46
Gr Pr = 5.29  109

Gr Pr value is in between 8  106 and 1011, i.e., 8  106 < Gr Pr < 1011

For horizontal plate, upper surface heated: Nusselt number, Nu = 0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333

 Nu = 0.15 [5.29  109 ]0.333

 Nu = 259.41
We know that,

huLc
Nusselt number Nu =
K
hu  0.05
259.41 
683  10 3
hu = 3543.6 W/m2K

Upper surface heated, heat transfer coefficient, hu = 3543.6 W/m2 K

For horizontal plate, lower surface heated: Nusselt number, Nu = 0.27 [Gr Pr]0.25

 Nu = 0.27 [5.29  109 ]0.25

Nu = 72.8
We know that,
hL
Nusselt number Nu = 1 c
K
hL
72.8  1 c
K

h1  0.05
72.8 
683  10 3
h1  994.6 W/m2K

Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient, hL = 994.6 W/m2 K

Total heat transfer, Q = (hu + hL)  A  T = (hu + hL)  W  L  (Tw - T) = (3543.6 + 994.6)  0.10  (150 – 75)

Q = 34036.5 W

Page 47
Q26. A hot plate 20 cm in height and 60 cm wide is exposed to the ambient air at 30C. Assuming the temperature
of the plate is maintained at 110C. Find the beat loss from both surface of the plate. Assume horizontal plate.

Given: Height (or) Length of the Plate, L = 20 cm = 0.20 m

Width, W = 60 cm = 0.60 m

Fluid temperature, T = 30C

Plate surface temperature, Tw = 110C

To find: Heat loss from both the surface of the plate (Q)

Solution:

Tw  T
Film temperature Tf 
2
110  30

2
Tf  70C

Properties of air at 70C:

 = 1.029 Kg/m3

 = 20.02  10 -6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.694
K = 29.66  10 -3 W/mK

We know

1 1
 = 
Coefficient of thermal expansion,
Tf in K 70  273

1

343
 2.91 103 K 1
 = 2.91 103K 1

We know

Page 48
 g    L3  T
Grashof number Gr =
v2
W
Where Lc  Characteristic length =
2
0.60
Lc   0.30 m
2
Lc  0.30 m
9.81 2.91 10 -3  (0.30)3  (110  30)
(1)  Gr =
(20.02  10 6 )2

Gr = 1.5384  108
Gr Pr = 1.5384  108  0.694
Gr Pr = 1.0676  108
Gr Pr value is in between 8  106 and 1011 i.e., 8  106 < Gr Pr < 1011

For horizontal plate, Upper surface heated, Nusselt number, Nu = 0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333

0.333
 Nu = 0.15 1.0676  10 8 
Nu = 70.72
We know that,
hL
Nusselt number Nu = u c
K
hu  0.30
70.72 
29.66  10 3
hu  6.99 W/m2K

Upper surface heated, heat transfer coefficient, hu = 6.99 W/m2 K

For horizontal plate, lower surface heated: Nusselt number, Nu = 0.27 (Gr Pr)0.25 = 0.277 [1.06  108]0.25

Nu = 28.15

We know that,

h1Lc
Nusselt number Nu =
K
h1  0.30
28.15 
29.66  103
 h1 = 2.78 W/m2K

Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient, h = 2.78 W/m2 K

Total heat transfer Q = (hu  h1)  A  T

 (hu  h1 )  W  L  (Tw  T )
 Q = (6.99+2.78)  0.60  0.20  (110-30)
Q = 93.82 W

Page 49
Q27. A vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 m height is maintained at a constant temperature of 120C. The pipe is
surrounded by still atmospheric air at 30C. Find heat loss by natural convection.

Given : Vertical pipe diameter, D = 80 mm = 0.080 m

Height (or) Length, L=2m

Surface temperature, Tw = 120C

Air temperature, T = 30C

To find: Heat loss (Q)

Solution:
We know

Tw  T
Film temperature Tf 
2
120 + 30

2
Tf  75C
Properties of air at 75C
 = 1.0145 Kg/m3
 = 20.55  10-6 m2 / s
Pr = 0.693
K = 30.06  10-3 W/mK

1
We know  =
Tf in K
1
  2.87  10 3 K 1
75 + 273
 = 2.87  10 -3K 1

We know

g    L3  T
Gr =
v2

Page 50
 9.81 2.87  10-3  (2)3  (120  30)
Gr =
(20.55  10 6 )2
Gr = 4.80  1010
Gr Pr = 4.80  1010  0.693
Gr Pr = 3.32  1010
Since Gr Pr > 109 , flow is turbulent

For turbulent flow, Nu = 0.10 [Gr Pr]0.333 = 0.10 [3.32  1010]0.333: Nu = 318.8

We know that,

hL
Nusselt Number Nu =
K
h 2
318.8 
30.06  10 3
Heat transfer coefficient, h = 4.79 W/m 2K
Heat loss Q = h  A  T
= h    D  L  (Tw  T )
 4.79    0.080  2  (120  30)
Q  216.7 W

Page 51