Cloud Computing :

Cloud Computing referred as the accessing and storing of data and provide
services related to computing over the internet. It simply referred as it remote
services on the internet manage and access data online rather than any local
drives. The data can be anything like images, videos, audios, documents, files
etc

Cloud Computing Service Provider’s :

Cloud computing is in huge demand so, big organization providing the service
like Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, Alibaba cloud etc. are some
Cloud Computing service Provider.

History of Cloud Computing :

In this, we will discuss the history of Cloud computing. And also cover the
history of client server computing, distributed computing, and cloud computing.
 Before Computing was come into existence, client Server Architecture was
used where all the data and control of client resides in Server side. If a
single user want to access some data, firstly user need to connect to the
server and after that user will get appropriate access. But it has many
disadvantages. So, After Client Server computing, Distributed Computing
was come into existence, in this type of computing all computers are
networked together with the help of this, user can share their resources
when needed. It also has certain limitations. So in order to remove
limitations faced in distributed system, cloud computing was emerged.
 During 1961, John MacCharty delivered his speech at MIT that “Computing
Can be sold as a Utility, like Water and Electricity.” According to John
MacCharty it was a brilliant idea. But people at that time don’t want to adopt
this technology. They thought the technology they are using efficient enough
for them. So, this concept of computing was not appreciated much so and
very less will research on it. But as the time fleet the technology caught the
idea after few years this idea is implemented. So, this is implemented by
Salesforce.com in 1999.

 This company started delivering an enterprise application over the internet

and this way the boom of Cloud Computing was started.

 In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS), Amazon will provide
storage, computation over the internet. In 2006 Amazon will launch Elastic
Compute Cloud Commercial Service which is open for Everybody to use.

 After that in 2009, Google Play also started providing Cloud Computing
Enterprise Application as other companies will see the emergence of cloud
Computing they also started providing their cloud services. Thus, in 2009,
Microsoft launch Microsoft Azure and after that other companies like Alibaba,
IBM, Oracle, HP also introduces their Cloud Services. In today the Cloud
Computing become very popular and important skill.
Advantages :
 It is easier to get backup in cloud.
 It allows us easy and quick access stored information anywhere and
anytime.
 It allows us to access data via mobile.
 It reduces both hardware ad Software cost, and it is easily maintainable.
 One of the biggest advantage of Cloud Computing is Database Security.
Disadvantages :
 It requires good internet connection.
 User have limited control on the data.

Cloud Computing Applications

Cloud service providers provide various applications in the field of art, business, data
storage and backup services, education, entertainment, management, social
networking, etc.

The most widely used cloud computing applications are given below -

1. Art Applications
Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and easily design attractive
cards, booklets, and images. Some most commonly used cloud art applications are
given below:

i Moo

Moo is one of the best cloud art applications. It is used for designing and printing
business cards, postcards, and mini cards.

ii. Vistaprint
Vistaprint allows us to easily design various printed marketing products such as
business cards, Postcards, Booklets, and wedding invitations cards.

iii. Adobe Creative Cloud

Adobe creative cloud is made for designers, artists, filmmakers, and other creative
professionals. It is a suite of apps which includes PhotoShop image editing
programming, Illustrator, InDesign, TypeKit, Dreamweaver, XD, and Audition.

2. Business Applications
Business applications are based on cloud service providers. Today, every organization
requires the cloud business application to grow their business. It also ensures that
business applications are 24*7 available to users.

There are the following business applications of cloud computing -

i. MailChimp

MailChimp is an email publishing platform which provides various options to design,

send, and save templates for emails.

iii. Salesforce

Salesforce platform provides tools for sales, service, marketing, e-commerce, and more.
It also provides a cloud development platform.

iv. Chatter

Chatter helps us to share important information about the organization in real time.

v. Bitrix24

Bitrix24 is a collaboration platform which provides communication, management, and

social collaboration tools.

vi. Paypal

Paypal offers the simplest and easiest online payment mode using a secure internet
account. Paypal accepts the payment through debit cards, credit cards, and also from
Paypal account holders.

vii. Slack
Slack stands for Searchable Log of all Conversation and Knowledge. It provides
a user-friendly interface that helps us to create public and private channels for
communication.

viii. Quickbooks

Quickbooks works on the terminology "Run Enterprise anytime, anywhere, on any

device." It provides online accounting solutions for the business. It allows more than 20
users to work simultaneously on the same system.

3. Data Storage and Backup Applications

Cloud computing allows us to store information (data, files, images, audios, and videos)
on the cloud and access this information using an internet connection. As the cloud
provider is responsible for providing security, so they offer various backup recovery
application for retrieving the lost data.

A list of data storage and backup applications in the cloud are given below -

i. Box.com

Box provides an online environment for secure content management,

workflow, and collaboration. It allows us to store different files such as Excel, Word,
PDF, and images on the cloud. The main advantage of using box is that it provides drag
& drop service for files and easily integrates with Office 365, G Suite, Salesforce, and
more than 1400 tools.

ii. Mozy

Mozy provides powerful online backup solutions for our personal and business data.
It schedules automatically back up for each day at a specific time.

iii. Joukuu

Joukuu provides the simplest way to share and track cloud-based backup files. Many
users use joukuu to search files, folders, and collaborate on documents.

iv. Google G Suite

Google G Suite is one of the best cloud storage and backup application. It includes
Google Calendar, Docs, Forms, Google+, Hangouts, as well as cloud storage and tools
for managing cloud apps. The most popular app in the Google G Suite is Gmail. Gmail
offers free email services to users.

4. Education Applications
Cloud computing in the education sector becomes very popular. It offers various online
distance learning platforms and student information portals to the students. The
advantage of using cloud in the field of education is that it offers strong virtual
classroom environments, Ease of accessibility, secure data storage, scalability, greater
reach for the students, and minimal hardware requirements for the applications.

There are the following education applications offered by the cloud -

i. Google Apps for Education

Google Apps for Education is the most widely used platform for free web-based email,
calendar, documents, and collaborative study.

ii. Chromebooks for Education

Chromebook for Education is one of the most important Google's projects. It is designed
for the purpose that it enhances education innovation.

iii. Tablets with Google Play for Education

It allows educators to quickly implement the latest technology solutions into the
classroom and make it available to their students.

iv. AWS in Education

AWS cloud provides an education-friendly environment to universities, community

colleges, and schools.

5. Entertainment Applications
Entertainment industries use a multi-cloud strategy to interact with the target
audience. Cloud computing offers various entertainment applications such as online
games and video conferencing.

i. Online games

Today, cloud gaming becomes one of the most important entertainment media. It offers
various online games that run remotely from the cloud. The best cloud gaming services
are Shaow, GeForce Now, Vortex, Project xCloud, and PlayStation Now.

ii. Video Conferencing Apps

Video conferencing apps provides a simple and instant connected experience. It allows
us to communicate with our business partners, friends, and relatives using a cloud-
based video conferencing. The benefits of using video conferencing are that it reduces
cost, increases efficiency, and removes interoperability.
6. Management Applications
Cloud computing offers various cloud management tools which help admins to manage
all types of cloud activities, such as resource deployment, data integration, and disaster
recovery. These management tools also provide administrative control over the
platforms, applications, and infrastructure.

Some important management applications are -

i. Toggl
Toggl helps users to track allocated time period for a particular project.

ii. Evernote
Evernote allows you to sync and save your recorded notes, typed notes, and other
notes in one convenient place. It is available for both free as well as a paid version.

It uses platforms like Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Browser, and Unix.

iii. Outright
Outright is used by management users for the purpose of accounts. It helps to track
income, expenses, profits, and losses in real-time environment.

iv. GoToMeeting
GoToMeeting provides Video Conferencing and online meeting apps, which allows
you to start a meeting with your business partners from anytime, anywhere using mobile
phones or tablets. Using GoToMeeting app, you can perform the tasks related to the
management such as join meetings in seconds, view presentations on the shared
screen, get alerts for upcoming meetings, etc.

7. Social Applications
Social cloud applications allow a large number of users to connect with each other using
social networking applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln, etc.

There are the following cloud based social applications -

i. Facebook

Facebook is a social networking website which allows active users to share files,
photos, videos, status, more to their friends, relatives, and business partners using the
cloud storage system. On Facebook, we will always get notifications when our friends
like and comment on the posts.

ii. Twitter

Twitter is a social networking site. It is a microblogging system. It allows users to

follow high profile celebrities, friends, relatives, and receive news. It sends and receives
short posts called tweets.

iii. Yammer

Yammer is the best team collaboration tool that allows a team of employees to chat,
share images, documents, and videos.

iv. LinkedIn

LinkedIn is a social network for students, freshers, and professionals.

Difference between Cloud Computing

and Traditional Computing
1. Cloud Computing :
Cloud Computing, as name suggests, is collective combination of configurable
system resources and advanced service that can be delivered quickly using
internet. It simply provides lower power expenses, no capital costs, no
redundancy, lower employee costs, increased collaboration, etc. It makes us
more efficient, more secure, and provide greater flexibility.
Advantages of Cloud Computing :
 Scalability: Cloud computing allows organizations to easily scale their
computing resources up or down as their needs change, without having to
purchase and manage additional hardware.
 Cost Savings: Using cloud computing can be more cost-effective than
maintaining on-premises IT infrastructure, as it eliminates the need for costly
hardware, software, and maintenance expenses.
 Accessibility: Cloud computing enables remote access to applications and
data, allowing users to work from anywhere with an internet connection.
 Reliability: Cloud providers offer high levels of uptime and redundancy,
ensuring that applications and data are available even in the event of
hardware failure.
 Flexibility: Cloud computing offers a wide range of deployment options,
including public, private, and hybrid clouds, which can be tailored to meet
the unique needs of an organization.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing :
 Security: Cloud computing involves sharing sensitive data with a third-party
provider, which raises concerns about data security and privacy.
 Dependence: Organizations that rely on cloud providers for their computing
infrastructure are vulnerable to service disruptions or data loss in the event
of provider outages or other issues.
 Internet Dependency: Cloud computing requires a reliable and fast internet
connection to access applications and data, which can be a challenge in
some areas.
 Technical Issues: Technical issues with cloud services, such as
compatibility problems or software bugs, can sometimes be difficult to
resolve and can result in downtime or lost productivity.
 Lack of Control: With cloud computing, organizations have limited control
over the infrastructure and services they use, which can make it difficult to
customize or optimize the environment for their specific needs.

2. Traditional Computing :
Traditional Computing, as name suggests, is a possess of using physical data
centers for storing digital assets and running complete networking system for
daily operations. In this, access to data, or software, or storage by users is
limited to device or official network they are connected with. In this computing,
user can have access to data only on system in which data is stored.
Advantages of Traditional Computing :
 Control: With traditional computing, an organization has full control over the
hardware and software it uses, allowing for customization and optimization of
the computing environment.
 Security: Traditional computing offers a high level of data security, as
sensitive data can be stored on-premises and protected by firewalls,
encryption, and other security measures.
 Reliability: Traditional computing is not dependent on internet connectivity,
making it less vulnerable to service disruptions or data loss.
 Compatibility: Traditional computing environments can be tailored to meet
the specific needs of an organization, ensuring compatibility with existing
software and systems.
 Data Ownership: With traditional computing, an organization owns and
controls all of its data, reducing concerns about data privacy and regulatory
compliance.
Disadvantages of Traditional Computing :
 Cost: Traditional computing can be more expensive than cloud computing,
as it requires significant capital expenditures for hardware and software, as
well as ongoing maintenance and support expenses.
 Scalability: Traditional computing can be difficult to scale up or down to
meet changing needs, as it requires additional hardware or software to be
added to the environment.
 Accessibility: Traditional computing may not allow for remote access to
applications and data, limiting the ability of users to work from anywhere.
 Maintenance: Traditional computing environments require ongoing
maintenance and upgrades to ensure security and performance, which can
be time-consuming and expensive.
 Limited Storage Capacity: Traditional computing environments may have
limited storage capacity, requiring organizations to periodically purchase
additional hardware to accommodate growing data volumes.
Difference between Cloud Computing and Traditional Computing :
Cloud Computing Traditional Computing

It refers to delivery of different services

It refers to delivery of different services on
such as data and programs through
local server.
internet on different servers.

It takes place on third-party servers that

It takes place on physical hard drives and
is hosted by third-party hosting
website servers.
companies.

It is ability to access data anywhere at User can access data only on system in which
any time by user. data is stored.

It is more cost effective as compared to

tradition computing as operation and It is less cost effective as compared to cloud
maintenance of server is shared among computing because one has to buy expensive
several parties that in turn reduce cost of equipment’s to operate and maintain server.
public services.

It is less user-friendly as compared to cloud

It is more user-friendly as compared to
computing because data cannot be accessed
traditional computing because user can
anywhere and if user has to access data in
have access to data anytime anywhere
another system, then he need to save it in
using internet.
external storage medium.

It requires fast, reliable and stable It does not require any internet connection to
internet connection to access information access data or information.
anywhere at any time.

It provides more storage space and

servers as well as more computing power It provides less storage as compared to cloud
so that applications and software run computing.
must faster and effectively.

It also provides scalability and elasticity

i.e., one can increase or decrease storage It does not provide any scalability and
capacity, server resources, etc., according elasticity.
to business needs.

Cloud service is served by provider’s It requires own team to maintain and monitor
support team. system that will need a lot of time and efforts.

Software is offered as an on-demand

Software in purchased individually for every
service (SaaS) that can be accessed
user and requires to be updated periodically.
through subscription service.

Parallel Computing
Before taking a toll on Parallel Computing, first, let’s take a look at the
background of computations of computer software and why it failed for the
modern era.
Computer software was written conventionally for serial computing. This meant
that to solve a problem, an algorithm divides the problem into smaller
instructions. These discrete instructions are then executed on the Central
Processing Unit of a computer one by one. Only after one instruction is finished,
next one starts.
A real-life example of this would be people standing in a queue waiting for a
movie ticket and there is only a cashier. The cashier is giving tickets one by one
to the persons. The complexity of this situation increases when there are 2
queues and only one cashier.
So, in short, Serial Computing is following:
1. In this, a problem statement is broken into discrete instructions.
2. Then the instructions are executed one by one.
3. Only one instruction is executed at any moment of time.

Look at point 3. This was causing a huge problem in the computing industry as
only one instruction was getting executed at any moment of time. This was a
huge waste of hardware resources as only one part of the hardware will be
running for particular instruction and of time. As problem statements were
getting heavier and bulkier, so does the amount of time in execution of those
statements. Examples of processors are Pentium 3 and Pentium 4.
Now let’s come back to our real-life problem. We could definitely say that
complexity will decrease when there are 2 queues and 2 cashiers giving tickets
to 2 persons simultaneously. This is an example of Parallel Computing.
Parallel Computing :
It is the use of multiple processing elements simultaneously for solving any
problem. Problems are broken down into instructions and are solved
concurrently as each resource that has been applied to work is working at the
same time.
Advantages of Parallel Computing over Serial Computing are as follows:
1. It saves time and money as many resources working together will reduce the
time and cut potential costs.
2. It can be impractical to solve larger problems on Serial Computing.
3. It can take advantage of non-local resources when the local resources are
finite.
4. Serial Computing ‘wastes’ the potential computing power, thus Parallel
Computing makes better work of the hardware.

Types of Parallelism:
1. Bit-level parallelism –
It is the form of parallel computing which is based on the increasing
processor’s size. It reduces the number of instructions that the system must
execute in order to perform a task on large-sized data.
Example: Consider a scenario where an 8-bit processor must compute the
sum of two 16-bit integers. It must first sum up the 8 lower-order bits, then
add the 8 higher-order bits, thus requiring two instructions to perform the
operation. A 16-bit processor can perform the operation with just one
instruction.
2. Instruction-level parallelism –
A processor can only address less than one instruction for each clock cycle
phase. These instructions can be re-ordered and grouped which are later on
executed concurrently without affecting the result of the program. This is
called instruction-level parallelism.
3. Task Parallelism –
Task parallelism employs the decomposition of a task into subtasks and then
allocating each of the subtasks for execution. The processors perform the
execution of sub-tasks concurrently.
4. Data-level parallelism (DLP) –
Instructions from a single stream operate concurrently on several data – Limited
by non-regular data manipulation patterns and by memory bandwidth

.
Applications of Parallel Computing:
 Databases and Data mining.
 Real-time simulation of systems.
 Science and Engineering.
 Advanced graphics, augmented reality, and virtual reality.
Limitations of Parallel Computing:
 It addresses such as communication and synchronization between multiple
sub-tasks and processes which is difficult to achieve.
 The algorithms must be managed in such a way that they can be handled in
a parallel mechanism.
 The algorithms or programs must have low coupling and high cohesion. But
it’s difficult to create such programs.
 More technically skilled and expert programmers can code a parallelism-
based program well.
Future of Parallel Computing: The computational graph has undergone a
great transition from serial computing to parallel computing. Tech giant such as
Intel has already taken a step towards parallel computing by employing
multicore processors. Parallel computation will revolutionize the way computers
work in the future, for the better good. With all the world connecting to each
other even more than before, Parallel Computing does a better role in helping
us stay that way. With faster networks, distributed systems, and multi-processor
computers, it becomes even more necessary.

Cloud interoperability and portability

Nowadays, every organization/ business driving their digital transformation is
increasingly moving towards cloud-based solutions. But suitable interoperability
and portability is very essential. So in this article we will discuss about cloud
interoperability and portability, its major categories, along with various scenarios
where it is required and ending with challenges faced during this period. So let’s
go a little bit deep into the concept to get an overview of this cloud
interoperability and portability.
Interoperability :
It is defined as the capacity of at least two systems or applications to trade with
data and utilize it. On the other hand, cloud interoperability is the capacity or
extent at which one cloud service is connected with the other by trading data as
per strategy to get results.
The two crucial components in Cloud interoperability are usability and
connectivity, which are further divided into multiple layers.

1. Behaviour
2. Policy
3. Semantic
4. Syntactic
5. Transport
6. Portability
It is the process of transferring the data or an application from one framework to
others, making it stay executable or usable. Portability can be separated into
two types: Cloud data portability and Cloud application portability.
 Cloud data portability –
It is the capability of moving information from one cloud service to another
and so on without expecting to re-enter the data.
 Cloud application portability –
It is the capability of moving an application from one cloud service to another
or between a client’s environment and a cloud service.
Categories of Cloud Computing Interoperability and portability :
The Cloud portability and interoperability can be divided into –
 Data Portability
 Platform Interoperability
 Application Portability
 Management Interoperability
 Platform Portability
 Application Interoperability
 Publication and Acquisition Interoperability
1. Data Portability –
Data portability, which is also termed as cloud portability, refers to the
transfer of data from one source to another source or from one service to
another service, i.e. from one application to another application or it may be
from one cloud service to another cloud service in the aim of providing a
better service to the customer without affecting it’s usability. Moreover, it
makes the cloud migration process more easier.
2. Application Portability –
It enables re-use of various application components in different cloud PaaS
services. If the components are independent in their cloud service provider,
then application portability can be a difficult task for the enterprise. But if
 components are not platform specific, porting to another platform is easy and
effortless.
3. Platform Portability –
There are two types of platform portability- platform source portability and
machine image portability. In the case of platform source portability, e.g.
UNIX OS, which is mostly written in C language, can be implemented by re-
compiling on various different hardware and re-writing sections that are
hardware-dependent which are not coded in C. Machine image portability
binds application with platform by porting the resulting bundle which requires
standard program representation.
4. Application Interoperability –
It is the interoperability between deployed components of an application
deployed in a system. Generally, applications that are built on the basis of
design principles show better interoperability than those which are not.
5. Platform Interoperability –
It is the interoperability between deployed components of platforms deployed
in a system. It is an important aspect, as application interoperability can’t be
achieved without platform interoperability.
6. Management Interoperability –
Here, the Cloud services like SaaS, PaaS or IaaS and applications related to
self-service are assessed. It would be pre-dominant as Cloud services are
allowing enterprises to work-in-house and eradicate dependency from third
parties.
7. Publication and Acquisition Interoperability –
Generally, it is the interoperability between various platforms like PaaS
services and the online marketplace.
The below figure represents an overview of Cloud interoperability and
portability :
CLOUD INTEROPERABILITY AND PORTABILITY

Major Scenarios where interoperability and portability is required :

Cloud Standards Custom Council (CSCC) has identified some of the basic
scenarios where portability and interoperability is required.
 Switching between cloud service providers –
The customer wants to transfer data or applications from Cloud 1 to Cloud 2.
 Using multiple cloud service providers-
The client may subscribe to the same or different services e.g. Cloud 1 and
2.
 Directly linked cloud services-
The customer can use the service by linking to Cloud 1 and Cloud 3.
 Hybrid Cloud configuration-
Here the customer connects with a legacy system not in a public, but, private
cloud, i.e. Cloud 1, which is then connected to public cloud services i.e.
Cloud 3.
 Cloud Migration-
Clients migrate to one or more in-house applications to Cloud 1.

Challenges faced in Cloud Portability and Interoperability :

 If we move the application to another cloud, then, naturally, data is also
moved. And for some businesses, data is very crucial. But unfortunately,
most cloud service providers charge a small amount of money to get the
data into the cloud.
 The degree of mobility of data can also act as an obstacle. Moving data from
one cloud to another cloud, the capability of moving workload from one host
to another should also be accessed.
 Interoperability should not be left out, otherwise data migration can be highly
affected. So the functioning of all components and applications should be
ensured.
 As data is highly important in business, the safety of customer’s data should
be ensured.
Cloud interoperability eradicates the complex parts by providing custom
interfaces. Moving from one framework can be conceivable with a container
service which improves scalability. Having a few hurdles, adaptability to change
in service providers, better assistance in cloud clients will enhance the
improvement of cloud interoperability.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

There are many characteristics of Cloud Computing here are few of them :
1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require
any human administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor
and manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided
over standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are
able to scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user
require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its
requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) present are shared across multiple applications
and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided
service from a same physical resource.
5. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application
and occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider with an
account of what has been used. This is done for various reasons like
monitoring billing and effective use of resource.
6. Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants
(users or organizations) on a single set of shared resources.
7. Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to
abstract underlying hardware resources and present them as logical
resources to users.
8. Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed with
redundancy and fault tolerance in mind, which ensures high availability and
reliability.
9. Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models,
including pay-per-use, subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users
to choose the option that best suits their needs.
10. Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect
their users’ data and ensure the privacy of sensitive information.
11. Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated,
allowing users to deploy and manage resources with minimal manual
intervention.
12. Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable
practices, such as energy-efficient data centers and the use of renewable
energy sources, to reduce their environmental impact.

Scalability and Elasticity in Cloud

Computing
Cloud Elasticity: Elasticity refers to the ability of a cloud to automatically
expand or compress the infrastructural resources on a sudden up and down in
the requirement so that the workload can be managed efficiently. This elasticity
helps to minimize infrastructural costs. This is not applicable for all kinds of
environments, it is helpful to address only those scenarios where the resource
requirements fluctuate up and down suddenly for a specific time interval. It is
not quite practical to use where persistent resource infrastructure is required to
handle the heavy workload.
The versatility is vital for mission basic or business basic applications where
any split the difference in the exhibition may prompts enormous business
misfortune. Thus, flexibility comes into picture where extra assets are
provisioned for such application to meet the presentation prerequisites.
It works such a way that when number of client access expands, applications
are naturally provisioned the extra figuring, stockpiling and organization assets
like central processor, Memory, Stockpiling or transfer speed what’s more,
when fewer clients are there it will naturally diminish those as
per prerequisite.

The Flexibility in cloud is a well-known highlight related with scale-out

arrangements (level scaling), which takes into consideration assets to be
powerfully added or eliminated when required.
It is for the most part connected with public cloud assets which is generally
highlighted in pay-per-use or pay-more only as costs arise administrations.
The Flexibility is the capacity to develop or contract framework assets (like
process, capacity or organization) powerfully on a case by case basis to adjust
to responsibility changes in the
applications in an autonomic way.
It makes make most extreme asset use which bring about reserve funds in
foundation costs in general.
Relies upon the climate, flexibility is applied on assets in the framework that
isn’t restricted to equipment, programming, network, QoS and different
arrangements.
The versatility is totally relying upon the climate as now and again it might
become negative characteristic where execution of certain applications
probably ensured execution.
It is most commonly used in pay-per-use, public cloud services. Where IT
managers are willing to pay only for the duration to which they consumed the
resources.
Example: Consider an online shopping site whose transaction workload
increases during festive season like Christmas. So for this specific period of
time, the resources need a spike up. In order to handle this kind of situation, we
can go for a Cloud-Elasticity service rather than Cloud Scalability. As soon as
the season goes out, the deployed resources can then be requested for
withdrawal.
Cloud Scalability: Cloud scalability is used to handle the growing workload
where good performance is also needed to work efficiently with software or
applications. Scalability is commonly used where the persistent deployment of
resources is required to handle the workload statically.
Example: Consider you are the owner of a company whose database size was
small in earlier days but as time passed your business does grow and the size
of your database also increases, so in this case you just need to request your
cloud service vendor to scale up your database capacity to handle a heavy
workload.
It is totally different from what you have read above in Cloud Elasticity.
Scalability is used to fulfill the static needs while elasticity is used to fulfill the
dynamic need of the organization. Scalability is a similar kind of service
provided by the cloud where the customers have to pay-per-use. So, in
conclusion, we can say that Scalability is useful where the workload remains
high and increases statically.
Types of Scalability:
1. Vertical Scalability (Scale-up) –
In this type of scalability, we increase the power of existing resources in the
working environment in an upward direction.

2. Horizontal Scalability: In this kind of scaling, the resources are added in a

horizontal row.

3. Diagonal Scalability –
It is a mixture of both Horizontal and Vertical scalability where the resources are
added both vertically and horizontally.
Difference Between Cloud Elasticity and Scalability :
Cloud Elasticity Cloud Scalability

Elasticity is used just to meet the sudden

Scalability is used to meet the static
up and down in the workload for a small
increase in the workload.
period of time.
1

Elasticity is used to meet dynamic

Scalability is always used to address the
changes, where the resources need can
increase in workload in an organization.
increase or decrease.
2

Elasticity is commonly used by small Scalability is used by giant companies

companies whose workload and demand whose customer circle persistently grows in
increases only for a specific period of time. order to do the operations efficiently.
3

It is a short term planning and adopted just Scalability is a long term planning and
to deal with an unexpected increase in adopted just to deal with an expected
demand or seasonal demands. increase in demand.
4

Cloud Deployment Models

In cloud computing, we have access to a shared pool of computer resources
(servers, storage, programs, and so on) in the cloud. You simply need to
request additional resources when you require them. Getting resources up and
running quickly is a breeze thanks to the clouds. It is possible to release
resources that are no longer necessary. This method allows you to just pay for
what you use. Your cloud provider is in charge of all upkeep.
“Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing environment with a
deployment architecture that varies depending on the amount of data you want
to store and who has access to the infrastructure.”
Types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models
The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment
based on ownership, scale, and access, as well as the cloud’s nature and
purpose. The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are
defined by a cloud deployment model. It specifies how your cloud infrastructure
will look, what you can change, and whether you will be given services or will
have to create everything yourself. Relationships between the infrastructure and
your users are also defined by cloud deployment types. Different types of
cloud computing deployment models are described below.
 Public Cloud
 Private Cloud
 Hybrid Cloud
 Community Cloud
 Multi-Cloud
Public Cloud
The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services.
The public cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone. The public cloud
is one in which cloud infrastructure services are provided over the internet to
the general people or major industry groups. The infrastructure in this cloud
model is owned by the entity that delivers the cloud services, not by the
consumer. It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and users to easily
access systems and services. This form of cloud computing is an excellent
example of cloud hosting, in which service providers supply services to a variety
of customers. In this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are
given for free, as a subscription, or on a per-user basis. For example, Google
App Engine etc.
Public Cloud

Advantages of the Public Cloud Model

 Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no
substantial upfront fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require
immediate access to resources.
 No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud
service providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
 Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does
not necessitate infrastructure management.
 No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider
(not users).
 Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand resources
are accessible.
Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model
 Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so there is
no guarantee of high-level security.
 Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be customized
according to personal requirements.
Private Cloud
The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud
deployment model. It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer).
There is no need to share your hardware with anyone else. The distinction
between private and public clouds is in how you handle all of the hardware. It is
also called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the ability to access systems and
services within a given border or organization. The cloud platform is
implemented in a cloud-based secure environment that is protected by powerful
firewalls and under the supervision of an organization’s IT department. The
private cloud gives greater flexibility of control over cloud resources.

Private Cloud

Advantages of the Private Cloud Model

 Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property. You gain complete
command over service integration, IT operations, policies, and user
behavior.
 Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate information to
which only authorized staff have access. By segmenting resources within the
same infrastructure, improved access and security can be achieved.
 Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work with legacy
systems that are unable to access the public cloud.
 Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud allows a
company to tailor its solution to meet its specific needs.
Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model
 Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain range as there is
less number of clients.
 Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide personalized
facilities.
Hybrid Cloud
By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of proprietary software,
hybrid cloud computing gives the best of both worlds. With a hybrid solution,
you may host the app in a safe environment while taking advantage of the
public cloud’s cost savings. Organizations can move data and applications
between different clouds using a combination of two or more cloud deployment
methods, depending on their needs.

Hybrid Cloud

Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

 Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can design
personalized solutions that meet their particular needs.
Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
 Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it is a
combination of both public and private cloud. So, it is complex.
 Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud takes place
through the public cloud so latency occurs.
Community Cloud
It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations. It is
a distributed system that is created by integrating the services of different
clouds to address the specific needs of a community, industry, or business. The
infrastructure of the community could be shared between the organization
which has shared concerns or tasks. It is generally managed by a third party or
by the combination of one or more organizations in the community.
Community Cloud

Advantages of the Community Cloud Model

 Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is shared by multiple
organizations or communities.
 Security: Community cloud provides better security.
 Shared resources: It allows you to share resources, infrastructure, etc. with
multiple organizations.
 Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both collaboration and
data sharing.
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
 Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less scalable as many
organizations share the same resources according to their collaborative
interests.
 Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are shared among
different organizations according to their mutual interests if an organization
wants some changes according to their needs they cannot do so because it
will have an impact on other organizations.
Multi-Cloud
We’re talking about employing multiple cloud providers at the same time under
this paradigm, as the name implies. It’s similar to the hybrid cloud deployment
approach, which combines public and private cloud resources. Instead of
merging private and public clouds, multi-cloud uses many public
clouds. Although public cloud providers provide numerous tools to improve the
reliability of their services, mishaps still occur. It’s quite rare that two distinct
clouds would have an incident at the same moment. As a result, multi-cloud
deployment improves the high availability of your services even more.

Multi-Cloud

Advantages of the Multi-Cloud Model

 You can mix and match the best features of each cloud provider’s services
to suit the demands of your apps, workloads, and business by choosing
different cloud providers.
 Reduced Latency: To reduce latency and improve user experience, you
can choose cloud regions and zones that are close to your clients.
 High availability of service: It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds would
have an incident at the same moment. So, the multi-cloud deployment
improves the high availability of your services.
Disadvantages of the Multi-Cloud Model
 Complex: The combination of many clouds makes the system complex and
bottlenecks may occur.
 Security issue: Due to the complex structure, there may be loopholes to
which a hacker can take advantage hence, makes the data insecure.

Overall Analysis of Cloud Deployment Models

The overall Analysis of these models with respect to different factors is
described below.

Public
Factors Cloud Private Cloud Community Cloud Hybrid Cloud

Complex, Complex, Complex,

requires a requires a requires a
Initial Setup Easy
professional professional professional
team to setup team to setup team to setup

Scalability
High High Fixed High
and Flexibility

Cost- Cost- Distributed cost Between public

Costly
Comparison Effective among members and private cloud

Reliability Low Low High High

Data Security Low High High High

Data Privacy Low High High High

 Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be responsible

for paying for the extra capacity if you require it.
 Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data theft by
attackers are considerably reduced.
Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
 Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it is a
combination of both public and private cloud. So, it is complex.
 Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud takes place
through the public cloud so latency occurs.
Community Cloud
It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations. It is
a distributed system that is created by integrating the services of different
clouds to address the specific needs of a community, industry, or business. The
infrastructure of the community could be shared between the organization
which has shared concerns or tasks. It is generally managed by a third party or
by the combination of one or more organizations in the community.

Cloud Based Services

Cloud Computing can be defined as the practice of using a network of remote
servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than
a local server or a personal computer. Companies offering such kinds of cloud
computing services are called cloud providers and typically charge for cloud
computing services based on usage. Grids and clusters are the foundations for
cloud computing.
Types of Cloud Computing
Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories:
1. Software as a service (SaaS)
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
5. Function as a Service (FaaS)
These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack because they are built
on top of one another. Knowing what they are and how they are different,
makes it easier to accomplish your goals. These abstraction layers can also be
viewed as a layered architecture where services of a higher layer can be
composed of services of the underlying layer i.e, SaaS can provide
Infrastructure.

Software as a Service(SaaS)
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and applications
over the Internet. Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply
access it via the Internet, freeing ourselves from the complex software and
hardware management. It removes the need to install and run applications on
our own computers or in the data centers eliminating the expenses of hardware
as well as software maintenance.
SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on a pay-as-
you-go basis from a cloud service provider. Most SaaS applications can be run
directly from a web browser without any downloads or installations required.
The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based software, on-
demand software, or hosted software.

Advantages of SaaS
1. Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
2. Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their web
browser without needing to download and install any software. This reduces
the time spent in installation and configuration and can reduce the issues
that can get in the way of the software deployment.
3. Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
4. Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software, customers rely
on a SaaS provider to automatically perform the updates.
5. Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features on-
demand.
The various companies providing Software as a service are Cloud9 Analytics,
Salesforce.com, Cloud Switch, Microsoft Office 365, Big Commerce, Eloqua,
dropBox, and Cloud Tran.
Disadvantages of Saas :
1. Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as customizable as
on-premises software, meaning that users may have to work within the
constraints of the SaaS provider’s platform and may not be able to tailor the
software to their specific needs.
2. Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically cloud-
based, which means that they require a stable internet connection to function
properly. This can be problematic for users in areas with poor connectivity or
for those who need to access the software in offline environments.
3. Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining the
security of the data stored on their servers, but there is still a risk of data
breaches or other security incidents.
4. Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a user’s
data, which can be a concern for organizations that need to maintain strict
control over their data for regulatory or other reasons.
Platform as a Service

PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and

environment to allow developers to build applications and services over the
internet. PaaS services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by users simply
via their web browser.
A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As
a result, PaaS frees users from having to install in-house hardware and
software to develop or run a new application. Thus, the development and
deployment of the application take place independent of the hardware.
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure
including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over
the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-
hosting environment. To make it simple, take the example of an annual day
function, you will have two options either to create a venue or to rent a venue
but the function is the same.
Advantages of PaaS:
1. Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the infrastructure
and other IT services, which users can access anywhere via a web browser.
2. Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis thus
eliminating the expenses one may have for on-premises hardware and
software.
3. Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support the complete
web application lifecycle: building, testing, deploying, managing, and
updating.
4. Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced complexity
thus, the overall development of the application can be more effective.
The various companies providing Platform as a service are Amazon Web
services Elastic Beanstalk, Salesforce, Windows Azure, Google App Engine,
cloud Bees and IBM smart cloud.
Disadvantages of Paas:
1. Limited control over infrastructure: PaaS providers typically manage the
underlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this
can also mean that users have less control over the environment and may
not be able to make certain customizations.
2. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the PaaS provider
for the availability, scalability, and reliability of the platform, which can be a
risk if the provider experiences outages or other issues.
3. Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain
types of workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the solution
for certain organizations.
Infrastructure as a Service

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers computer

infrastructure on an outsourced basis to support various operations. Typically
IaaS is a service where infrastructure is provided as outsourcing to enterprises
such as networking equipment, devices, database, and web servers.
It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). IaaS customers pay on a
per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month. Some providers also
charge customers based on the amount of virtual machine space they use.
It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security, networking, and
servers for developing such applications, and services, and deploying
development tools, databases, etc.
Advantages of IaaS:
1. Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost and
IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or
month.
2. Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive than
traditional web hosting.
3. Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than your
existing software.
4. Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying data center or the
introduction of new releases of the development or underlying software. This
is all handled by the IaaS Cloud Provider.
The various companies providing Infrastructure as a service are Amazon web
services, Bluestack, IBM, Openstack, Rackspace, and Vmware.
Disadvantages of laaS :
1. Limited control over infrastructure: IaaS providers typically manage the
underlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this
can also mean that users have less control over the environment and may
not be able to make certain customizations.
2. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and
applications, which can be a significant undertaking.
3. Limited access: Cloud computing may not be accessible in certain regions
and countries due to legal policies.

Anything as a Service

It is also known as Everything as a Service. Most of the cloud service providers

nowadays offer anything as a service that is a compilation of all of the above
services including some additional services.
Advantages of XaaS:
1. Scalability: XaaS solutions can be easily scaled up or down to meet the
changing needs of an organization.
2. Flexibility: XaaS solutions can be used to provide a wide range of services,
such as storage, databases, networking, and software, which can be
customized to meet the specific needs of an organization.
3. Cost-effectiveness: XaaS solutions can be more cost-effective than
traditional on-premises solutions, as organizations only pay for the services.
Disadvantages of XaaS:
1. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the XaaS provider
for the availability, scalability, and reliability of the service, which can be a
risk if the provider experiences outages or other issues.
2. Limited flexibility: XaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain
types of workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the solution
for certain organizations.
3. Limited integration: XaaS solutions may not be able to integrate with
existing systems and data sources, which can limit the value of the solution
for certain organizations.
Function as a Service :
FaaS is a type of cloud computing service. It provides a platform for its users or
customers to develop, compute, run and deploy the code or entire application
as functions. It allows the user to entirely develop the code and update it at any
time without worrying about the maintenance of the underlying infrastructure.
The developed code can be executed with response to the specific event. It is
also as same as PaaS.
FaaS is an event-driven execution model. It is implemented in the serverless
container. When the application is developed completely, the user will now
trigger the event to execute the code. Now, the triggered event makes response
and activates the servers to execute it. The servers are nothing but the Linux
servers or any other servers which is managed by the vendor completely.
Customer does not have clue about any servers which is why they do not need
to maintain the server hence it is serverless architecture.
Both PaaS and FaaS are providing the same functionality but there is still some
differentiation in terms of Scalability and Cost.
FaaS, provides auto-scaling up and scaling down depending upon the demand.
PaaS also provides scalability but here users have to configure the scaling
parameter depending upon the demand.
In FaaS, users only have to pay for the number of execution time happened. In
PaaS, users have to pay for the amount based on pay-as-you-go price
regardless of how much or less they use.
Advantages of FaaS :
 Highly Scalable: Auto scaling is done by the provider depending upon the
demand.
 Cost-Effective: Pay only for the number of events executed.
 Code Simplification: FaaS allows the users to upload the entire application
all at once. It allows you to write code for independent functions or similar to
those functions.
 Maintenance of code is enough and no need to worry about the servers.
 Functions can be written in any programming language.
 Less control over the system.
The various companies providing Function as a Service are Amazon Web
Services – Firecracker, Google – Kubernetes, Oracle – Fn, Apache OpenWhisk
– IBM, OpenFaaS,
Disadvantages of FaaS :
1. Cold start latency: Since FaaS functions are event-triggered, the first
request to a new function may experience increased latency as the function
container is created and initialized.
2. Limited control over infrastructure: FaaS providers typically manage the
underlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this
can also mean that users have less control over the environment and may
not be able to make certain customizations.
3. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and
applications, which can be a significant undertaking.
4. Limited scalability: FaaS functions may not be able to handle high traffic or
large number of requests.

on-demand computing

On-demand computing (ODC) is a delivery model in which computing resources are made available
to the user as needed. The resources may be maintained within the user's enterprise or made available
by a cloud service provider. The term cloud computing is often used as a synonym for on-demand
computing when the services are provided by a third party -- such as a cloud hosting organization.

The on-demand business computing model was developed to overcome the challenge of enterprises
meeting fluctuating demands efficiently. Because an enterprise's demand for computing resources
can be unpredictable at times, maintaining sufficient resources to meet peak requirements can be
costly. And cutting costs by only maintaining minimal resources means there are likely insufficient
resources to meet peak loads. The on-demand model provides an enterprise with the ability
to scale computing resources up or down whenever needed, with the click of a button.
The model is characterized by three attributes: scalability, pay-per-use and self-service. Whether the
resource is an application program that helps team members collaborate or provides additional
storage, the computing resources are elastic, metered and easy to obtain.

When an organization pairs with a third party to provide on-demand computing, it either subscribes
to the service or uses a pay-per-use model. The third party then provides computing resources
whenever needed, including when the organization is working on temporary projects, has expected or
unexpected workloads or has long-term computing requirements. For example, a retail organization
could use on-demand computing to scale up their online services, providing additional computing
resources during a high-volume time, such as Black Friday.

On-demand computing normally provides computing resources such as storage capacity, or hardware
and software applications. The service itself is provided with methods including virtualization,
computer clusters and distributed computing.

How does cloud computing provide on-demand functionality?

Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the
internet. These services are divided into different types of cloud computing resources and
applications.

For example, on-demand computing often involves cloud computing methods, such as
infrastructure as a service (IaaS), software as a service (SaaS), desktop as a service
(DaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), managed hosting services, as well as cloud
storage and backup services. These methods offer the following:

 IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet.

 SaaS is a software distribution model where a cloud provider hosts applications

and makes them available to users over the internet.

 DaaS is a form of cloud computing where a third party hosts the back end of
a virtual desktop infrastructure
 PaaS is a model in which a third-party provider hosts customer applications on
their infrastructure. Hardware and software tools are delivered to users over the
internet.

 Managed hosting services are an IT provisioning and cloud server hosting model
where a service provider leases dedicated servers and associated hardware to a
single customer and manages those systems on the customer's behalf.

 Cloud storage is a service model where data is transmitted and stored securely
on remote storage systems, where it is maintained, managed, backed up and
made available to users over a network.

 Cloud backup is a strategy for sending a copy of a file or database to a secondary

location for preservation in case of equipment failure.

These cloud-based services are typically made on-demand and in real time for users.
Computing resources are delivered using a shared pool of servers, storage devices,
networks and applications.

Cloud hosting providers may provide an enterprise-level control panel where they can
quickly view and scale up or down their cloud services. An organization could use
this to scale their storage space, speed, software applications, servers or networks.

Benefits of on-demand computing

On-demand computing offers the following benefits:

o Flexibility to meet fluctuating demands. Users can quickly increase or

decrease their computing resources as needed -- either short-term or long-
term.

o Removes the need to purchase, maintain and upgrade hardware. The cloud
service organization managing the on-demand services handles resources
such as servers and hardware, system updates and maintenance.
  User friendly. Many on-demand computing services in the cloud are user friendly enabling most
users to easily acquire additional computing resources without any help from their IT
department. This can help to improve business agility.

 Cut costs. Saves money because organizations don't have to purchase hardware or software to
meet peaks in demand. Organizations also don't have to worry about updating or maintaining
those resources.

But organizations must also be concerned about the unauthorized use of added resources via on-
demand computing, as shadow IT can pose security risks. For this reason, many IT departments
perform periodic cloud audits to identify unauthorized use of on-demand applications and
other rogue IT.

The future of on-demand computing

According to a report from Gartner, cloud-based platform services may increase to $109.6 billion in
corporate spending in 2022 -- which is up from $86.9 billion in 2021. Likewise, Gartner predicts a
26% increase in spending on cloud-based platform services. Spending on IaaS is also forecasted by
Gartner to show one of the highest growth rates at 31% in 2022 compared to other cloud categories.

Large vendors such as Amazon Web Services, HPE, IBM and Microsoft offer on-demand computing
products. Microsoft, for example, provides Azure SaaS and AWS offers pay-as-you go pricing with
its IaaS offerings. As more of these services become available, there is a greater chance that
enterprises will look to on-demand computing as a way to facilitate the challenges of fluctuating
computing resource needs.

Learn more about the characteristics of cloud computing, including on-demand computing and self-
service provisioning.

Cloud storage can be separated into four categories:

 Public cloud storage.
 Private cloud storage.
 Hybrid cloud storage.
 Community cloud storage.

Cloud Elasticity and Its Importance in Cloud Computing

The digital market is changing almost every day, and it can be challenging to
keep up with all the latest inventions and breakthroughs in technology as it
develops. Even though cloud computing is not a brand-new innovation,
businesses have only recently begun to use it. It is difficult to overestimate the
influence that cloud computing has on the data business and end consumers. This
cutting-edge digital solution has changed and transformed many elements of
daily living.

But the demand for cloud computing might vary for different users or
organizations based on several factors. So, a business cannot just have a static
number of resources for their ever changing dynamic demands. To avoid
crashing of server or slowdown of the system during a sudden spike, a concept
was introduced in cloud computing called Cloud Elasticity. You can learn more
about cloud computing and its advantages by taking Cloud Computing classes.

Cloud Elasticity

Let us now learn what is elasticity in cloud computing. Elasticity is the

capability for a cloud-based program to require more or fewer resources, to put it
simply. You can scale computer processing, memory, and storage capacity in
cloud computing to match changing demands. Thanks to scalability, you won't
have to worry about peak engineering or capacity planning. You won't need to
purchase or maintain additional equipment since cloud elasticity saves you from
paying for underutilized capacity or idle resources.
Elastic computing is more effective than on-premises technology in many
situations. Additionally, it is usually automated and keeps services running
smoothly by preventing pauses and interruptions. It is also referred to as rapid
elasticity in cloud computing.

As more companies become aware of the advantages of elastic computing, they

make quick transitions to save infrastructure costs and get around the difficulty
of managing resources manually. But first, it's crucial to comprehend cloud
computing before we can start to explore the idea of elasticity.

Cloud computing is a system currently used extensively by IT businesses

worldwide and is a requirement for elastic computing. Using online servers,
software data platforms, storage space, and other services through the internet,
cloud computing enables both small and large enterprises to move their data to
the cloud.

The ability of a cloud service provider to instantly increase and decrease

capacity at any moment gives enterprises a great deal of flexibility to make quick
resource adjustments without affecting the flow of their operations.

Importance of Elasticity in Cloud Computing

Now that we have learned what elasticity means in cloud computing let us learn
why it is important. Without Cloud Elasticity, businesses would be forced to pay
for largely unutilized capacity and manage it through OS updates, patching, and
component failures. In many ways, cloud computing is defined by its elastic
nature, which also sets it apart from traditional computing paradigms including
client-server, grid computing, and legacy infrastructure.

Cloud Elasticity assists companies in avoiding either under- or over-provisioning

i.e., deploying and allocating more IT resources than necessary to fulfil demand
at the time. Over-provisioning organizations waste money that may be used
elsewhere by spending more than is necessary to meet their demands. Even if a
company is already using the public cloud, a lack of elasticity could result in
thousands of dollars in annual VM wastage.

Under-provisioning may make it impossible to meet demand, resulting in

unacceptable latency, user annoyance, and eventually business loss when
customers quit lengthy online transactions in favor of more responsive
businesses. In this approach, a lack of cloud elasticity might result in lost
revenue and negative effects on the bottom line.

Elastic computing has made it incredibly simple and easy to manage cloud
services. Nowadays, businesses may use resources for infrastructure, storage,
computing, etc. with a staggering amount of freedom. Organizations look for
cost savings, scalability, and agility to boost digital transformation and business
competitiveness. Elastic cloud storage makes all of this possible. So, this
answers our question of why is elasticity important in cloud computing.

How Does Cloud Elasticity Work?

Thanks to cloud elasticity, organizations can quickly scale capacity up or down,

manually or automatically. To fulfil a sudden or seasonal demand, for instance, a
burst in demand from on-premises infrastructure into the public cloud is an
example of cloud elasticity. The term "cloud elasticity" can also describe an
application's ability to expand or contract resource usage.

Cloud Elasticity can be manually instantiated, frequently in minutes, or initiated

and done automatically based on workload trends. Organizations previously had
to either have additional stand-by capacity on hand or acquire, configure, and
deploy additional capacity, a process that may take weeks or months before they
could use Cloud Elasticity.

Elastic Beanstalk in AWS is a rapid elasticity in cloud computing example.

Developers now have it even simpler to swiftly deploy and maintain apps on the
AWS Cloud thanks to AWS Elastic Beanstalk. Elastic Beanstalk takes care of
the deployment specifics, including capacity provisioning, load balancing, auto-
scaling, and application health monitoring, while developers only need to upload
their applications. To learn more about what is elasticity in AWS you can refer
to the Architecting on AWS Course.

Another example is elasticity in cloud computing azure. The term "Azure

elasticity as a service" refers to a cloud service that allows for the automatic
scaling of resources hosted by Azure in accordance with demand and set criteria.
It gives Azure administrators the flexibility to automatically scale Azure
resources and infrastructure as needed. It is typically offered via Azure
Monitoring and Automation Software, which keeps an eye on the systems for
specific events and scales or downsizes the infrastructure automatically as
necessary.

Components of Cloud Elasticity

The components of different types of elasticity in cloud computing are:

1. Instances

A virtual server or virtual computing environment that contains an operating

system, CPU, RAM, storage, and network configurations is known as an elastic
cloud computing instance. There are various instance kinds, each with unique
requirements.

2. Storages

Providers of elastic cloud services give extra storage to accommodate

organizational needs and workload demands. This is known as elastic block
storage space (EBS), which continuously offers greater performance and
significantly lowers latency.

3. OS Support

To give businesses as many options as possible, elastic computing relies on

cloud service providers to support several operating systems (OS), including
Microsoft Windows servers, Linux, Oracle Enterprise, and many more.

4. Networks

The performance of enhanced networks is significantly higher in terms of

packets per second (PPS), and there are lower latency and network jitters if any.
Virtual private clouds (VPCs) constructed on a separate private cloud network
and traditional networks constructed on common infrastructure networks are two
frequently utilized networks.

5. Backup Files

A complete drive can be backed up or restored using a snapshot, similar to a

backup data file made up of snapshots of all disc categories. Exact point-in-time
status of a disc is captured and highlighted in a snapshot, enabling you to
generate bespoke images. Snapshots are a fantastic tool in disaster scenarios
where you risk losing crucial data, making recovery data backup mandatory.

6. Regions

Elastic cloud computing service providers allow users to deploy instances across
various regions and availability zones. This prevents the failure of one of your
applications from spreading to others. Availability zones are discrete areas that
offer other zones in the same region cost-efficient, economical, and low-latency
network connectivity.

Benefits of Cloud Elasticity

Now you may be wondering how elasticity helps us in cloud computing.

Following are the benefits of elasticity in cloud computing are:

1. Agility
Cloud Elasticity avoids the need to plan for unforeseen demand spikes by
removing the requirement to buy, configure, and install new infrastructure when
demand changes. This allows enterprises to meet any unexpected demand,
whether it results from a seasonal spike in demand.

With on-premises computing, firms had to buy more resources than they would
typically need to prepare for unforeseen demand surges. With cloud elasticity,
this is no longer necessary.

With computer services, any infrastructure and services that a company

organization needs may be promptly given. Since scalability is a key component
of cloud deployments, performance is improved, and great calculation speed is
guaranteed.

2. Availability

Since VMs or containers can be replicated if they seem to malfunction, cloud

elasticity allows high availability and fault tolerance, ensuring that business
services are uninterrupted and users do not experience downtime. By doing this,
you can ensure that users continue to have a predictable and consistent
experience even when resources are automatically supplied or deprovisioned
without affecting operations.

Organizations can benefit from fault tolerance and high availability for their
infrastructure and applications more easily thanks to cloud elasticity. To reduce
downtime as much as possible, it is feasible to automatically clone servers that
are close to failing before they fail.

With cloud services, file access has become seamless and always available.
There are other possibilities to access and modify data, and alternate backups
reduce the likelihood of system failure.

3. Capacity
Businesses can use elastic cloud computing to access an infinite amount of
storage. Because it is virtual, anyone on the network can access it anytime.

4. Pay-as-you-go

One of the key factors in elastic cloud computing's rising popularity and rapid
adoption rate is its attractive pay-for-what-you-use feature. Elastic computing
differs from on-premises computing in that you only pay for the resources you
use and nothing more. Contrary to on-premises computing, where you pay the
same amount regardless of how many resources you use, you only pay for what
you use. This aids businesses in saving a large sum that was previously being
wasted on unused resources.

According to Amazon, businesses that use their instance scheduler with their
EC2 cloud service can save more than 70% compared to those that do not.

The cost of your hardware and software is the main disadvantage of on-premises
computing irrespective of how you use it.

5. Cost Efficiency

With elastic computing, businesses can avoid the high expenditures and expenses
associated with expanding their data centers. You no longer have to incur
additional expenses for unused capacity thanks to elastic computing. In the past,
companies had to buy more resources even if they weren't needed every day to
be ready for an unanticipated increase in demand. The pay-as-you-go approach,
which only charges for the capacity that you use, has, however, found a solution
to this issue.

With elastic computing, firms can substantially cut costs because they no longer
need to invest in expensive IT equipment and just pay for what they use.

6. Speed
The days of adding more servers to the infrastructure to handle spikes in website
traffic or bandwidth usage are long gone. The issue with this effort was that it
frequently included meticulous capacity planning that had to be done months in
advance, as well as bearing extremely high upfront expenses for purchasing and
configuring technology.

Businesses that take advantage of elastic computing's benefits can scale up or

down as needed without worrying about capacity because it is already set up and
ready to go.

Instead of the weeks or months, it could take through a

conventional procurement procedure, organizations can get capacity in a matter
of minutes.

7. Easy to Use and Manage

 The IT staff are relieved that the time of maintaining, updating, and
implementing IT infrastructure is now in the past.
 Cloud technology is very eco-friendly because it uses fewer resources.
Challenges in Cloud Elasticity

Elasticity in the cloud might not be for everyone. If there is an online market for
your goods or services that is largely stable, cloud scalability can be enough on
its own.

For instance, if your company does not sometimes or seasonally face surges in
server demand, you might not mind adopting scalability without elasticity.
Remember that scalability cannot be achieved without elasticity.

Some of the challenges or disadvantages of elasticity in cloud computing are:

1. Security

Elastically scaling cloud services may influence current security operations and
necessitate their redesign. Due to the transient nature of elastic systems, the
incident response may suffer. For instance, a server facing a security risk shuts
down when demand decreases.

Although most IT executives concur that cloud computing is typically secure,

cloud elasticity can cause havoc with your security routine. Elastic systems
might only be operational for a little period of time, necessitating a revision of
your incident response, root cause analysis, forensics, and auditing procedures.

2. Lock-in

Although all of the main public cloud providers provide the Cloud Elasticity
solution, they are all built differently, which forces businesses to work only with
one vendor for their cloud requirements.

Customers can use services from big public cloud providers like Amazon Web
Services, Google Cloud Platform, and Microsoft Azure to use cloud elasticity,
but these services also run the risk of vendor lock-in. The "golden handcuffs" of
the public cloud may ensnare you, preventing you from leaving even when you
can see its advantages.

3. Provision Time

Despite the fact that all of the main public cloud providers provide the Cloud
Elasticity solution, they are all built differently, which forces businesses to work
only with one vendor for their cloud requirements.

Customers can use services from big public cloud providers like Amazon Web
Services, Google Cloud Platform, and Microsoft Azure to use cloud elasticity,
but these services also run the risk of vendor lock-in. The "golden handcuffs" of
the public cloud may ensnare you, preventing you from leaving even when you
can see its advantages.

Cloud Elasticity vs Cloud Scalability

Below we discuss some factors that differentiate between elasticity and
scalability in cloud computing.

You can match the number of resources allocated with the number of resources
required at any given time, thanks to cloud elasticity. With cloud scalability, you
may modify the resources that are already in place to accommodate changing
application demands. You can achieve this by adding or removing resources to
existing instances—vertically scaling up or down—or by adding or removing
resources from existing instances—horizontally scaling out or in.

The application or chip design project avoids slowing down due to a shortage of
resources by scaling up or out. When you don't require the resources, you may
statically support a smaller environment by scaling down the infrastructure.

The below table shows the difference between elasticity and scalability in cloud
computing:

Cloud Elasticity Cloud Scalability

Elasticity is only used temporarily to

Scalability is used to manage the
support a workload that changes
static growth in workload.
abruptly up and down.

Elasticity is used to adjust to Scalability is usually employed in

dynamic changes, such as when the organizations to handle the increase
demand for resources fluctuates. in workload.

Small businesses rarely exploit Scalability is necessary for large

 elasticity when demand or workload companies with a growing customer
surges occur. base to run their operations
efficiently.

It was implemented as a short-term Scalability is a long-term strategy

plan solely to address a sudden rise that is only used to respond to an
in demand or seasonal demands. anticipated rise in demand.

Best Practices for Elasticity in Cloud Computing

1. Security

Because of their increased internet exposure, cloud-based systems are a simple

target for hackers and attackers. Organizations must, therefore, strictly adhere to
security best practices when managing access controls and credential
management policies and processes.

Provide enough security at each tier. Both data at rest and data in transit should
be encrypted using a system. Create, distribute, and rotate keys frequently, and
also revoke access rights to protect your credentials. Additionally, you should
regularly maintain the operating system and the applications that operate on
instances by patching, upgrading, repairing, and securing them.

2. Backup and Recovery

Setting up a procedure for data backup and recovery is crucial for several
reasons. You can choose from a variety of adaptable and dependable backup and
recovery solutions offered by various cloud service providers. Regularly backing
up your EBS via snapshots and image generation is also essential. The current
configuration can be saved in this way to serve as a template for new instances.
Another procedure that you should adhere to is replicating data in a methodical
manner and deploying application data across several availability zones.

3. Storage
With elastic cloud computing, you can accommodate and store as much data as
you want, and it has infinite storage capacity. Use elastic block storage space
(EBS) for the operating system rather than your data in this case. On the instance
storage, you can also keep your temporary data.

Another important point to keep in mind is that the data kept in the instance
storage will automatically destroy itself once the process has been stopped, thus,
you should hibernate or stop using your instance.

4. Automation

The flexibility of the cloud application programming interface (API) to automate

the deployment process is another advantage of utilizing an elastic cloud
computing environment. The likelihood of human-caused deployment failures is
decreased by taking the time to develop an automated deployment process very
early on. This also makes it easier to update systems in an effective and scalable
manner, builds a robust environment that is resilient to failure, and aids in
migration. Without a doubt, automation contributes to giving you better control
over your cloud-based resources.

5. Manage your Resources

Elastic computing's main advantage is the capacity of cloud service providers to

supply businesses with more resources so they can manage their workload more
flexibly. However, you must also anticipate your precise resource needs and
submit a request for them in advance. Resource management is, therefore,
crucial in this situation.

6. Monitoring

If you have no idea how many resources are idle, you will incur a hefty price
because the cloud service provider will bill you whenever a resource is used,
even if only briefly. If resources are unused for a prolonged period, you should
think about stopping them or terminating them entirely. As a result, registering
for a monitoring tool will cause warnings to be sent out any time a resource is
idle or underutilized, allowing you to minimize wasteful spending and optimize
the value of a service.

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Difference between Parallel Computing and

Distributed Computing
There are mainly two computation types, including parallel computing and distributed
computing. A computer system may perform tasks according to human instructions. A
single processor executes only one task in the computer system, which is not an
effective way. Parallel computing solves this problem by allowing numerous processors
to accomplish tasks simultaneously. Modern computers support parallel processing to
improve system performance. In contrast, distributed computing enables several
computers to communicate with one another and achieve a goal. All of these computers
communicate and collaborate over the network. Distributed computing is commonly
used by organizations such as Facebook and Google that allow people to share
resources.

In this article, you will learn about the difference between Parallel
Computing and Distributed Computing. But before discussing the differences, you
must know about parallel computing and distributed computing.

Parallel Computing
It is also known as parallel processing. It utilizes several processors. Each of the
processors completes the tasks that have been allocated to them. In other words,
parallel computing involves performing numerous tasks simultaneously. A shared
memory or distributed memory system can be used to assist in parallel computing. All
CPUs in shared memory systems share the memory. Memory is shared between the
processors in distributed memory systems.

Parallel computing provides numerous advantages. Parallel computing helps to

increase the CPU utilization and improve the performance because several
processors work simultaneously. Moreover, the failure of one CPU has no impact
on the other CPUs' functionality. Furthermore, if one processor needs instructions
from another, the CPU might cause latency.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Parallel Computing

There are various advantages and disadvantages of parallel computing. Some of

the advantages and disadvantages are as follows:

Advantages

1. It saves time and money because many resources working together cut down
on time and costs.
2. It may be difficult to resolve larger problems on Serial Computing.
3. You can do many things at once using many computing resources.
4. Parallel computing is much better than serial computing for modeling,
simulating, and comprehending complicated real-world events.

Disadvantages

1. The multi-core architectures consume a lot of power.

2. Parallel solutions are more difficult to implement, debug, and prove right
due to the complexity of communication and coordination, and they
frequently perform worse than their serial equivalents.

Distributing Computing

It comprises several software components that reside on different systems but

operate as a single system. A distributed system's computers can be physically
close together and linked by a local network or geographically distant and linked
by a wide area network (WAN). A distributed system can be made up of any
number of different configurations, such as mainframes, PCs, workstations, and
minicomputers. The main aim of distributed computing is to make a network work
as a single computer.

There are various benefits of using distributed computing. It enables scalability and
makes it simpler to share resources. It also aids in the efficiency of computation
processes.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Distributed Computing

There are various advantages and disadvantages of distributed computing. Some of

the advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages

1. It is flexible, making it simple to install, use, and debug new services.

2. In distributed computing, you may add multiple machines as required.
3. If the system crashes on one server, that doesn't affect other servers.
4. A distributed computer system may combine the computational capacity of
several computers, making it faster than traditional systems.

Disadvantages

1. Data security and sharing are the main issues in distributed systems due to
the features of open systems
2. Because of the distribution across multiple servers, troubleshooting and
diagnostics are more challenging.
3. The main disadvantage of distributed computer systems is the lack of
software support.

Key differences between the Parallel Computing and Distributed Computing

Here, you will learn the various key differences between parallel computing and
distributed computation. Some of the key differences between parallel computing
and distributed computing are as follows:

1. Parallel computing is a sort of computation in which various tasks or

processes are run at the same time. In contrast, distributed computing is that
type of computing in which the components are located on various
networked systems that interact and coordinate their actions by passing
messages to one another.
2. In parallel computing, processors communicate with another processor via a
bus. On the other hand, computer systems in distributed computing connect
with one another via a network.
3. Parallel computing takes place on a single computer. In contrast, distributed
computing takes place on several computers.
 4. Parallel computing aids in improving system performance. On the other
hand, distributed computing allows for scalability, resource sharing, and the
efficient completion of computation tasks.
5. The computer in parallel computing can have shared or distributed memory.
In contrast, every system in distributed computing has its memory.
6. Multiple processors execute multiple tasks simultaneously in parallel
computing. In contrast, many computer systems execute tasks
simultaneously in distributed computing.

Head-to-head Comparison between the Parallel Computing and Distributed

Computing

Features Parallel Computing Distributed Computing

Definition It is a type of computation It is that type of computing in which the

in which various processes components are located on various networked
runs simultaneously. systems that interact and coordinate their
actions by passing messages to one another.

Communication The processors The computer systems connect with one

communicate with one another via a network.
another via a bus.

Functionality Several processors execute Several computers execute tasks

various tasks simultaneously.
simultaneously in parallel
computing.

Number of It occurs in a single It involves various computers.

Computers computer system.

Memory The system may have Each computer system in distributed

distributed or shared computing has its own memory.
memory.

Usage It helps to improve the It allows for scalability, resource sharing, and
system performance the efficient completion of computation tasks.
Distributed Computing
Distributed computing refers to a system where processing and
data storage is distributed across multiple devices or systems,
rather than being handled by a single central device. In a
distributed system, each device or system has its own
processing capabilities and may also store and manage its own
data. These devices or systems work together to perform tasks
and share resources, with no single device serving as the
central hub.
One example of a distributed computing system is a cloud
computing system, where resources such as computing power,
storage, and networking are delivered over the Internet and
accessed on demand. In this type of system, users can access
and use shared resources through a web browser or other client
software.

Components
There are several key components of a Distributed Computing
System
 Devices or Systems: The devices or systems in a
distributed system have their own processing capabilities and
may also store and manage their own data.
 Network: The network connects the devices or systems in
the distributed system, allowing them to communicate and
exchange data.
 Resource Management: Distributed systems often have
some type of resource management system in place to
allocate and manage shared resources such as computing
power, storage, and networking.
The architecture of a Distributed Computing System is typically a
Peer-to-Peer Architecture, where devices or systems can act as
both clients and servers and communicate directly with each
other.

Characteristics
There are several characteristics that define a Distributed
Computing System
 Multiple Devices or Systems: Processing and data storage
is distributed across multiple devices or systems.
 Peer-to-Peer Architecture: Devices or systems in a
distributed system can act as both clients and servers, as
they can both request and provide services to other devices
or systems in the network.
 Shared Resources: Resources such as computing power,
storage, and networking are shared among the devices or
systems in the network.
 Horizontal Scaling: Scaling a distributed computing system
typically involves adding more devices or systems to the
network to increase processing and storage capacity. This
can be done through hardware upgrades or by adding
additional devices or systems to the network..
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages of the Distributed Computing System are:
 Scalability: Distributed systems are generally more scalable
than centralized systems, as they can easily add new devices
or systems to the network to increase processing and storage
capacity.
 Reliability: Distributed systems are often more reliable than
centralized systems, as they can continue to operate even if
one device or system fails.
 Flexibility: Distributed systems are generally more flexible
than centralized systems, as they can be configured and
reconfigured more easily to meet changing computing needs.
There are a few limitations to Distributed Computing System
 Complexity: Distributed systems can be more complex than
centralized systems, as they involve multiple devices or
systems that need to be coordinated and managed.
 Security: It can be more challenging to secure a distributed
system, as security measures must be implemented on each
device or system to ensure the security of the entire system.
 Performance: Distributed systems may not offer the same
level of performance as centralized systems, as processing
and data storage is distributed across multiple devices or
systems.
Applications
Distributed Computing Systems have a number of applications,
including:
 Cloud Computing: Cloud Computing systems are a type of
distributed computing system that are used to deliver
resources such as computing power, storage, and networking
over the Internet.
 Peer-to-Peer Networks: Peer-to-Peer Networks are a type
of distributed computing system that is used to share
resources such as files and computing power among users.
 Distributed Architectures: Many modern computing
systems, such as microservices architectures, use distributed
architectures to distribute processing and data storage
across multiple devices or systems.

Types of Cloud
Cloud computing is Internet-based computing in which a shared pool of
resources is available over broad network access, these resources can be
provisioned or released with minimum management efforts and service-provider
interaction.
Types of Cloud
1. Public cloud
2. Private cloud
3. Hybrid cloud
4. Community cloud
5. Multicloud
Public Cloud
Public clouds are managed by third parties which provide cloud services over
the internet to the public, these services are available as pay-as-you-go billing
models.
They offer solutions for minimizing IT infrastructure costs and become a good
option for handling peak loads on the local infrastructure. Public clouds are the
go-to option for small enterprises, which can start their businesses without large
upfront investments by completely relying on public infrastructure for their IT
needs.
The fundamental characteristics of public clouds are multitenancy. A public
cloud is meant to serve multiple users, not a single customer. A user requires a
virtual computing environment that is separated, and most likely isolated, from
other users.

Public cloud

Advantages of using a Public cloud are:

1. High Scalability
2. Cost Reduction
3. Reliability and flexibility
4. Disaster Recovery
Disadvantages of using a Public cloud are:
1. Loss of control over data
2. Data security and privacy
3. Limited Visibility
4. Unpredictable cost
Private cloud
Private clouds are distributed systems that work on private infrastructure and
provide the users with dynamic provisioning of computing resources. Instead of
a pay-as-you-go model in private clouds, there could be other schemes that
manage the usage of the cloud and proportionally billing of the different
departments or sections of an enterprise. Private cloud providers are HP Data
Centers, Ubuntu, Elastic-Private cloud, Microsoft, etc.

The advantages of using a private cloud are as follows:

1. Customer information protection: In the private cloud security concerns

are less since customer data and other sensitive information do not flow out
of private infrastructure.
2. Infrastructure ensuring SLAs: Private cloud provides specific operations
such as appropriate clustering, data replication, system monitoring, and
maintenance, disaster recovery, and other uptime services.
3. Compliance with standard procedures and operations: Specific
procedures have to be put in place when deploying and executing
applications according to third-party compliance standards. This is not
possible in the case of the public cloud.
Disadvantages of using a private cloud are:
1. The restricted area of operations: Private cloud is accessible within a
particular area. So the area of accessibility is restricted.
2. Expertise requires: In the private cloud security concerns are less since
customer data and other sensitive information do not flow out of private
infrastructure. Hence skilled people are required to manage & operate cloud
services.
Hybrid cloud:
A hybrid cloud is a heterogeneous distributed system formed by combining
facilities of the public cloud and private cloud. For this reason, they are also
called heterogeneous clouds.
A major drawback of private deployments is the inability to scale on-demand
and efficiently address peak loads. Here public clouds are needed. Hence, a
hybrid cloud takes advantage of both public and private clouds.

Advantages of using a Hybrid cloud are:

1) Cost: Available at a cheap cost than other clouds because it
is formed by a distributed system.
2) Speed: It is efficiently fast with lower cost, It reduces the
latency of the data transfer process.
3) Security: Most important thing is security. A hybrid cloud is
totally safe and secure because it works on the distributed
system network.
Disadvantages of using a Hybrid cloud are:
1. It’s possible that businesses lack the internal knowledge
necessary to create such a hybrid environment. Managing
security may also be more challenging. Different access
levels and security considerations may apply in each
environment.
2. Managing a hybrid cloud may be more difficult. With all of the
alternatives and choices available today, not to mention the
new PaaS components and technologies that will be released
every day going forward, public cloud and migration to public
cloud are already complicated enough. It could just feel like a
step too far to include hybrid.
Community cloud:
Community clouds are distributed systems created by
integrating the services of different clouds to address the
specific needs of an industry, a community, or a business
sector. But sharing responsibilities among the organizations is
difficult.
In the community cloud, the infrastructure is shared between
organizations that have shared concerns or tasks. An
organization or a third party may manage the cloud.
Advantages of using Community cloud are:

1. Because the entire cloud is shared by numerous enterprises or a community,

community clouds are cost-effective.
2. Because it works with every user, the community cloud is adaptable and
scalable. Users can alter the documents according to their needs and
requirements.
3. Public cloud is less secure than the community cloud, which is more secure
than private cloud.
4. Thanks to community clouds, we may share cloud resources, infrastructure,
and other capabilities between different enterprises.
Disadvantages of using Community cloud are:
1. Not all businesses should choose community cloud.
2. gradual adoption of data
3. It’s challenging for corporations to share duties.

Sectors that use community clouds are:

1. Media industry: Media companies are looking for quick, simple, low-cost
ways for increasing the efficiency of content generation. Most media
productions involve an extended ecosystem of partners. In particular, the
creation of digital content is the outcome of a collaborative process that
includes the movement of large data, massive compute-intensive rendering
tasks, and complex workflow executions.
2. Healthcare industry: In the healthcare industry community clouds are used
to share information and knowledge on the global level with sensitive data in the
private infrastructure.
3. Energy and core industry: In these sectors, the community cloud is used to
cluster a set of solution which collectively addresses the management,
deployment, and orchestration of services and operations.
4. Scientific research: In this organization with common interests in science
share a large distributed infrastructure for scientific computing.

Multicloud

Multicloud is the use of multiple cloud computing services from different

providers, which allows organizations to use the best-suited services for their
specific needs and avoid vendor lock-in.
This allows organizations to take advantage of the different features and
capabilities offered by different cloud providers.
Advantages of using multi-cloud:
1. Flexibility: Using multiple cloud providers allows organizations to choose the
best-suited services for their specific needs, and avoid vendor lock-in.
2. Cost-effectiveness: Organizations can take advantage of the cost savings
and pricing benefits offered by different cloud providers for different services.
3. Improved performance: By distributing workloads across multiple cloud
providers, organizations can improve the performance and availability of
their applications and services.
4. Increased security: Organizations can increase the security of their data and
applications by spreading them across multiple cloud providers and
implementing different security strategies for each.

Disadvantages of using multi-cloud:

1. Complexity: Managing multiple cloud providers and services can be complex

and require specialized knowledge and expertise.
2. Increased costs: The cost of managing multiple cloud providers and services
can be higher than using a single provider.
3. Compatibility issues: Different cloud providers may use different
technologies and standards, which can cause compatibility issues and
require additional resources to resolve.
4. Limited interoperability: Different cloud providers may not be able to
interoperate seamlessly, which can limit the ability to move data and
applications between them.