MULTIMEDIA 109

d. Matlab plotting computer programs:

ž 2-D Polar (designated as Polar). This program can be used to plot the two-
dimensional patterns, in both polar and semipolar form (in linear or dB scale),
of an antenna.
ž 3-D Spherical. This program (designated as Spherical) can be used to plot
the three-dimensional pattern (in linear or dB scale) of an antenna in spheri-
cal form.
A description of these programs is in the corresponding READ ME files of the
attached CD.
e. Power Point (PPT) viewgraphs, in multicolor.

TABLE 2.3 Summary of Important Parameters and Associated Formulas and Equation
Numbers

Equation
Parameter Formula Number

Infinitesimal area dA = r 2 sin θ dθ dφ (2-1)

of sphere

Elemental solid d2 = sin θ dθ dφ (2-2)

angle of sphere
1
Average power Wav = Re[E × H∗ ] (2-8)
density 2

1
Radiated Prad = Pav = Wav · ds = Re[E × H∗ ] · ds (2-9)
power/average # 2#
S S
radiated power
Prad
Radiation density W0 = (2-11)
of isotropic 4πr 2
radiator

r2
Radiation intensity U = r 2 Wrad = B0 F (θ, φ) (2-12),
(far field) 2η

× |Eθ (r, θ, φ)|2 + |Eφ (r, θ, φ)|2 (2-12a)

U 4πU 4π (2-16),
Directivity D= = =
D(θ, φ) U0 Prad 2A (2-23)
 2π  π
2A = Fn (θ, φ) sin θ dθ dφ
Beam solid angle 0 0
(2-24)
2A
F (θ, φ) (2-25)
Fn (θ, φ) =
|F (θ, φ)|max

(continued overleaf )
110 FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF ANTENNAS

TABLE 2.3 (continued )

Equation
Parameter Formula Number
Umax 4πUmax
Maximum Dmax = D0 = = (2-16a)
directivity D0 U0 Prad

D0 = Dθ + Dφ
(2-17)
Partial directivities 4πUθ 4πUθ
Dθ = =
Dθ , Dφ Prad (Prad )θ + (Prad )φ (2-17a)
4πUφ 4πUφ
Dφ = = (2-17b)
Prad (Prad )θ + (Prad )φ

Approximate 4π 41,253 (2-26),

D0 =
maximum 41r 42r 41d 42d
(2-27)
directivity (one (Kraus)
main lobe pattern) (2-30),
32 ln 2 22.181 72,815
D0 = 2 = 2 (2-30a),
421r + 422r 41r + 422r 41d + 422d
(Tai-Pereira) (2-30b)
Approximate
101
maximum D0
directivity HPBW(degrees) − 0.0027[HPBW(degrees)]2
(omnidirectional (McDonald) (2-33a)
pattern) !
1
D0 −172.4 + 191 0.818 + (2-33b)
HPBW(degrees)
(Pozar)
 
4πU (θ, φ) 4πU (θ, φ) (2-46),
G= = ecd = ecd D(θ, φ)
Gain G(θ, φ) Pin Prad
(2-47),
Prad = ecd Pin
(2-49)
Rr
Antenna radiation ecd = (2-90)
efficiency ecd Rr + RL

l ωµ0
Loss resistance RL RL = Rhf = (2-90b)
(straight P 2σ
wire/uniform
current)
l ωµ0
Loss resistance RL RL =
(straight wire/λ/2 2P 2σ
dipole)
 MULTIMEDIA 111

TABLE 2.3 (continued )

Equation
Parameter Formula Number

Maximum gain G0 G0 = ecd Dmax = ecd D0 (2-49a)

G0 = Gθ + Gφ (2-50)
Partial gains
Gθ , Gφ 4πUθ 4πUφ (2-50a),
Gθ = , Gφ =
Pin Pin (2-50b)

Gabs = er G(θ, φ) = er ecd D(θ, φ) = (1 − |?|2 )ecd D(θ, φ) (2-49a)

Absolute gain
Gabs = e0 D(θ, φ) (2-49b)

Total antenna e0 = er ec ed = er ecd = (1 − |?|2 )ecd (2-52)

efficiency e0

Reflection er = (1 − |?|2 ) (2-45)

efficiency er
 2π  θ1
Beam efficiency U (θ, φ) sin θ dθ dφ
BE BE = 0 2π 
0
π
(2-54)
U (θ, φ) sin θ dθ dφ
0 0

Polarization loss PLF = |ρ̂w · ρ̂a |2 (2-71)

factor (PLF)

Vector effective e (θ, φ) = âθ lθ (θ, φ) + âφ lφ (θ, φ) (2-91)

length e (θ, φ)
|e · Einc |2
Polarization pe = (2-71a)
efficiency pe |e |2 |Einc |2

Antenna ZA = RA + j XA = (Rr + RL ) + j XA (2-72),

impedance ZA (2-73)
 
|VT |2 1 λ2 (2-96),
Maximum Aem = = ecd D0 |ρ̂w · ρ̂a |2
8Wi Rr + RL 4π
effective area Aem (2-111),
λ2
= G0 |ρ̂w · ρ̂a |2 (2-112)
4π
Aem maximum effective area
Aperture εap = = (2-100)
efficiency εap Ap physical area

(continued overleaf )
112 FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF ANTENNAS

TABLE 2.3 (continued )

Equation
Parameter Formula Number

Pr λ 2 (2-118),
Friis transmission
= G0t G0r |ρ̂t · ρ̂r |2
equation Pt 4πR (2-119)

 2 (2-125),
Radar range Pr G0t G0r λ
=σ |ρ̂w · ρ̂r |2
equation Pt 4π 4πR1 R2 (2-126)
   
Ws |Es |2
Radar cross σ = lim 4πR 2 = lim 4πR 2 i 2
R→∞ Wi R→∞ |E |
section (RCS)  s 2
(2-120a)
|H |
= lim 4πR 2 i 2
R→∞ |H |

Brightness TB (θ, φ) = ε(θ, φ)Tm = (1 − |?|2 )Tm (2-144)

temperature
TB (θ, φ)
 2π  π
Antenna TB (θ, φ)G(θ, φ) sin θ dθ dφ
temperature TA TA = 0

0
2π  π (2-145)
G(θ, φ) sin θ dθ dφ
0π 0

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