Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.

, India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India

A.P, TELANGANA, KARNATAKA, TAMILNADU, MAHARASHTRA, DELHI, RANCHI
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Read, Revise & Retain (R R R – Concept)
Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Differential Equations
Differential Equation
An equation that involves an independent variable, dependent variable and differential
coefficients of dependent variable with respect to the independent variable is called a
differential equation.
 2  3
2 d y 3  dy 
e.g. i  x 
 dx 
2
  x    7 x2 y2
   dx 

 ii   x 2  y 2  dx   x2  y 2  dx
Order and Degree of a Differential Equation
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative occuring in the
equation. The order of a differential equation is always a positive integer.
The degree of a differential equation is the exponent of the derivative of the highest order in
the equation, when the equation is a polynomial in derivatives, i.e. in y ', y '', y ''' etc
3
 d3y   d2y 
e.g. The order and degree of a differential equation    2  2   3 y  0 are 3 and 2
 dx3   dx 
   
respectively.
Note: If the differential equation is not a polynomial equation in derivatives, then its degree is
not defined.
dy  dy  dy  dy 
e.g. Degree of  cos    0 is not defined, as  cos    0 is not a polynomial in
dx  dx  dx  dx 
derivatives.

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Linear and Non-Linear Differential Equations
A differential equation is said to be linear, if the dependent variable and all of its derivatives
occuring in the first power and there are no product of these.
A linear equation of nth order can be written in the form

dny d n 1 y d n 2 y dy
P0  P1  P2  ...  Pn 1  Pn y  Q
dx n dx n 1 dx n 2 dx
where, P0 , P1 , P2 ,....Pn 1 , Pn and Q must be either constants or functions of x only.
A linear differential equation is always of the first degree but every differential equation of
the first degree need not be linear.
2
d2y  dy  d2y dy 2
 dy  d y
e.g. The equations     xy  0,  y  y  x3 and    y  0 are
2  dx  2 dx  dx  2
dx dx dx
not linear.
Solution of Differential Equations
A solution of a differential equation is a relation between the variables, of the equation not
involving the differential coefficients, such that it satisfy the given differential equation
(i.e., from which the given differential equation can be derived).

d2y
e.g. y  A cos x  B sin x is is a solution of  y  0 , because it satisfy this equation.
dx 2
1. General Solution
If the solution of the differential equation contains as many independent arbitrary constants
as the order of the differential equation, then it is called the general solution or the complete
integral of the differential equation.

d2y
e.g. The general solution of  y  0 is y  A cos x  B sin x because it contains two
dx 2
arbitrary constants A and B , which is equal to the order of the equation.
2. Particular Solution
Solution obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants in the general
solution is called a particular solution. e.g. In the previous example, if A  B  1 then

d2y
y  cos x  sin x is a particular solution of the differential equation  y  0.
dx 2
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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Solution of a differential equation is also called its primitive.
Formation of Differential Equation
Suppose we have an equation f  x, y, c1 , c2 ,...., cn   0 where c1 , c2 ,....cn and n arbitrary
constants.
Then, to form a differential equation differentiate the equation successively n times to get
n equations.
Eliminate the arbitrary constants from the  n  1 equations (the given equation and the n
equations obtained above), which leads to the required differential equations.
Solutions of Differential Equations of the First Order and First Degree
A differential equation of first degree and first order can be solved if they belong to any of
the following standard forms.
1. Equation of the form
f  f1  x, y   d  f1  x, y      f 2  x, y   d  f 2  x, y    ...  0 If the differential equation can

be written as f  f1  x, y   d  f1  x, y      f 2  x, y   d  f 2  x, y    ...  0 then each term can

be integrated separately.
For this, remember the following results
i  x dy  y dx  d  xy   ii  dx  dy  d  x  y 

x dy  y dx  y y dx  x dy x
 iii   d   iv  d 
x2 x y2  y

2 xy dx  x 2 dy  x2  2 xy dy  y 2 dx  y2 
v d 
 y 
 vi  d
 x 

y2   x2  

2 xy 2 dx  2 x 2 y dy  x2  2 x 2 y dy  2 xy 2 dx  y2 
 vii  d 
 y2 
 viii  d 
 x2 
y4   x4  

x dy  y dx y dx  x dy  x
 ix   d  log xy   x  d  log 
xy xy  y

x dy  y dx  x dx  dy
 xi   d  log   xii   d  log  x  y  
xy  y x y

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
x dx  y dy x dy  y dx  y
 xiii   d  log x 2  y 2   xiv   d  tan 1 
x2  y 2   x2  y2  x

y dx  x dy  x x dy  y dx  1 
 xv   d  tan 1   xvi  d 
x2  y 2  y x2 y2  xy 

ye x dx  e x dy  ex  xe y dy  e y dx  ey 
 xvii  d
 y


 xviii  d
 x


y2   x2  

 xix 
x dx  y dy
x2  y 2
 d  x 2  y 2 
 
 xx  x m 1  y n 1  my dx  nx dy   d x m y n  
1 n
x dy  y dx 1 x y f '  x, y  d  f  x, y  
 xxi   d  log  xxii  
x2  y 2 2 x  y   f  x, y  
n 1 n

2. Equations in which the Variables are Separable

If the equation can be reduced into the form f  x  dx  g  y  , we say that the variables have
been separated. On integrating this reduced form solution of given equation is obtained,
which is  f  x  dx   g  y  dy  C where C is an arbitrary constant.

3. Differential Equation Reducible to Variables Separable Form

dy
A differential equation of the form  f  ax  by  c  can be reduced to variables
dx
dy dz
separable form by substituting ax  by  c  z  a  b 
dx dx
The given equation becomes
1  dz  dz
  a  f z   a  bf  z 
b  dx  dx
dz
  dx
a  bf  z 
Hence, the variables are separated in terms of z and x .
4. Homogeneous Differential Equation
dy f  x, y 
A differential equation of the form 
dx g  x, y 

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
where, f  x, y  and g  x, y  are homogeneous function of same degree is called a
homogeneous differential equation.
dy  y  dx x
This equation can be reduced to the form  F   or  G 
dx  x  dy  y
dy  y
To solve  F  , we put y  vx
dx  x
dy dv
 v x .
dx dx
Then, the given equation reduces to
dv
v x  F v
dx
dv
 x  F  v  v
dx
which is invariable separable form and so it can be solved in the usual manner.
dx x
Similarly, to solve  G   , we put x  vy .
dy  y
Note: A function f  x, y  is said to be homogeneous function of degree n , if

f  X ,  y    n f  X , y  .

5. Differential Equations Reducible to Homogeneous Form

dy a1 x  b1 y  c1
The differential equation of the form  where, a1b2  a2 b1  0 , i.e.
dx a2 x  b2 y  c2
a1 b1
 ....... i  can be reduced to homogeneous form by substituting
a2 b2
x  X  h and y  Y  k

dY a X  b1Y   a1h  b1k  c1 

  1  ii 
dX a2 X  b2Y   a2 h  b2 k  c2 

For finding h and k put a1h  b1k  c1  0 and a2 h  b2 k  c2  0 On solving, we get

h k 1
 
b1c1  b2 c1 c1a2  c2 a1 a1b2  a2b1

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
b c  b2 c1 c a  c2 a1
h 1 2 and k  1 2
a1b2  a2b1 a1b2  a2b1
dY a1 X  b1Y
Then, Eq. (ii) reduces to  , which is a homogeneous form and can be
dX a2 X  b2Y
solved easily.
6. Linear Differential Equation
A linear differential equation of the first order can be either of the following forms
dy
i   Py  Q , where P and Q are the functions of x or constants.
dx
dx
 ii   Rx  S , where R and S are the functions of y or constants.
dy
dy
Consider the differential Eq.  i  i.e.  Py  Q
dx

For this now, integrating factor  IF   e  and solution is ye    Qe 

P dx P dx P dx
dx  c

i.e. y  IF    Q  IF  dx  C

dx
Similarly, for the second differential equation  Rx  S . The integrating factor,
dy

IF  e 
R dy
and the general solution is

x.e    S  e
R dx R dy
dy  C

i.e. x  IF    S  IF  dy  C

7. Differential Equation Reducible to the Linear Form

dy
Equation of the form f '  y   f  y  P  Q , where P and Q are functions of x only or
dx
constants, can be reduced to linear form by substituting
dy du du
i.e. f  y   u  f '  y    This will reduce the given equation to  uP  Q which
dx dx dx
is in linear differential equation form and can be solved in the usual manner.

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
8. Bernoulli’s Equation
dy
An equation of the form  Py  Qy n  n  0,1 , where P and Q are functions of x only
dx
or constants, is called Bernoulli’s equation. It is easy to reduce the above equation into

linear form as below Dividing both the sides by y n , we get

dy
y n  Py  n 1  Q
dx

y  n 1  z
dy dz
  n  1 y n 
dx dx
1 dz dz
Then, the equation reduces to  Pz  Q   1  n  Pz  Q 1  n 
1  n dx dx
which is linear differential equation in z and can be solved in the usual manner.
Orthogonal Trajectory
Any curve, which cuts every member of a given family of curves at right angle, is called an
orthogonal trajectory of the family.
Procedure for Finding the Orthogonal Trajectory
(i) Let f  x, y, c   0 be the equation of the given family of curves, where ' c ' is a
parameter.
(ii) Differentiate f  0 with respect to ‘ x’ and eliminate c to form a differential equation.

 dx   dy 
(iii) Substitute    in place of   in the above differential equation. This will give the
 dy   dx 
differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories.
(iv) By solving this differential equation, we get the required orthogonal trajectories

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