HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

Object Oriented Programming

Experiment No 01

Introduction to C++ Basics

Dated:

Week 2

Semester:

Spring 2020

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

What is C++

C++ is a general purpose, case-sensitive, free-form programming language that

supports object-oriented, procedural and generic programming.

C++ is a middle-level language, as it encapsulates both high and low level

language features.

C++ history

History of C++ language is interesting to know. Here we

are going to discuss brief history of C++ language.

C++ programming language was developed in 1980 by

Bjarne Stroustrup at bell laboratories of AT&T (American
Telephone & Telegraph), located in U.S.A.

Bjarne Stroustrup is known as the founder of C++

language.

It was develop for adding a feature of OOP (Object Oriented Programming) in C

without significantly changing the C component.

C++ programming is "relative" (called a superset) of C, it means any valid C

program is also a valid C++ program.

Let's see the programming languages that were developed before C++ language.

C++ Features:

C++ is object oriented programming language. It provides a lot of features that

are given below.

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

Applications of C++ Programming:

As mentioned before, C++ is one of the most widely used programming

languages. It has it's presence in almost every area of software development. I'm
going to list few of them here:
• Application Software Development - C++ programming has been used in
developing almost all the major Operating Systems like Windows, Mac OSX
and Linux. Apart from the operating systems, the core part of many
browsers like Mozilla Firefox and Chrome have been written using C++. C++
also has been used in developing the most popular database system called
MySQL.

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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• Programming Languages Development - C++ has been used extensively

in developing new programming languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl,
UNIX’s C Shell, PHP and Python, and Verilog etc.
• Computation Programming - C++ is the best friends of scientists because
of fast speed and computational efficiencies.
• Games Development - C++ is extremely fast which allows programmers to
do procedural programming for CPU intensive functions and provides
greater control over hardware, because of which it has been widely used in
development of gaming engines.
• Embedded System - C++ is being heavily used in developing Medical and
Engineering Applications like softwares for MRI machines, high-end
CAD/CAM systems etc.

First program is C++:

// This is my first program is C++

/* this program will illustrate different components of
a simple program in C++ */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
When the above program is compiled, linked and executed, the following output
is displayed on the VDU screen.

Hello World!

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

Various components of this program are discussed below:

Comments
First three lines of the above program are comments and are ignored by the
compiler. Comments are included in a program to make it more readable. If a
comment is short and can be accommodated in a single line, then it is started
with double slash sequence in the first line of the program. However, if there are
multiple lines in a comment, it is enclosed between the two symbols /* and */

#include <iostream>
The line in the above program that start with # symbol are called directives and
are instructions to the compiler. The word include with '#' tells the compiler to
include the file iostream into the file of the above program. File iostream is a
header file needed for input/ output requirements of the program. Therefore,
this file has been included at the top of the program.

using namespace std;

All the elements of the standard C++ library are declared within std. This line is
very frequent in C++ programs that use the standard library.

int main ( )
The word main is a function name. The brackets ( ) with main tells that main ( ) is
a function. The word int before main ( ) indicates that integer value is being
returned by the function main (). When program is loaded in the memory, the
control is handed over to function main ( ) and it is the first function to be
executed.

Curly bracket and body of the function main ( )

A C++ program starts with function called main(). The body of the function is
enclosed between curly braces. The program statements are written within the
brackets. Each statement must end by a semicolon, without which an error
message in generated.

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

cout<<"Hello World!";
This statement prints our "Hello World!" message on the screen. cout
understands that anything sent to it via the << operator should be printed on the
screen.

return 0;
This is a new type of statement, called a return statement. When a program
finishes running, it sends a value to the operating system. This particular return
statement returns the value of 0 to the operating system, which means
“everything went okay!”.

C++ Basic Input/ Output

C++ I/O operation is using the stream concept. Stream is the sequence of bytes or flow of
data. It makes the performance fast.

If bytes flow from main memory to device like printer, display screen, or a network
connection, etc, this is called as output operation.

If bytes flow from device like printer, display screen, or a network connection, etc to main
memory, this is called as input operation.

I/O Library Header Files

Let us see the common header files used in C++ programming are:

Header File Function and Description

<iostream> It is used to define the cout, cin and cerr objects, which correspond
to standard output stream, standard input stream and standard error
stream, respectively.

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

<iomanip> It is used to declare services useful for performing formatted I/O, such
as setprecision and setw.

<fstream> It is used to declare services for user-controlled file processing.

Standard output stream (cout)

The cout is a predefined object of ostream class. It is connected with the standard output
device, which is usually a display screen. The cout is used in conjunction with stream
insertion operator (<<) to display the output on a console

Let's see the simple example of standard output stream (cout):

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main( ) {
4. string abc = "Welcome to C++ tutorial";
5. cout << "Output is: " << abc << endl;
6. }

Output:

Output is: Welcome to C++ tutorial

Standard input stream (cin)

The cin is a predefined object of istream class. It is connected with the standard input
device, which is usually a keyboard. The cin is used in conjunction with stream extraction
operator (>>) to read the input from a console.

Let's see the simple example of standard input stream (cin):

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main( ) {
4. int age;
5. cout << "Enter your age: ";

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

6. cin >> age;

7. cout << "Your age is: " << age << endl;
8. }

Output:

Enter your age: 22

Your age is: 22

Standard end line (endl)

The endl is a predefined object of ostream class. It is used to insert a new line characters
and flushes the stream.

C++ Variable
A variable is a name of memory location. It is used to store data. Its value can be changed
and it can be reused many times.

It is a way to represent memory location through symbol so that it can be easily identified.

Let's see the syntax to declare a variable:

1. type variable_list;

The example of declaring variable is given below:

1. int x;
2. float y;
3. char z;

Here, x, y, z are variables and int, float, char are data types.

We can also provide values while declaring the variables as given below:

1. int x=5,b=10; //declaring 2 variable of integer type

2. float f=30.8;
3. char c='A';

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

Rules for defining variables

• A variable can have alphabets, digits and underscore.
• A variable name can start with alphabet and underscore only. It can't start with digit.
• No white space is allowed within variable name.
• A variable name must not be any reserved word or keyword e.g. char, float etc.

Valid variable names: Invalid variable names:

1. int a; 1. int 4;
2. int _ab; 2. int x y;
3. int a30; 3. int double;

C++ Data Types

A data type specifies the type of data that a variable can store such as integer, floating,
character etc.

There are 4 types of data types in C++ language.

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

Types Data Types

Basic Data Type int, char, float, double, etc

Derived Data Type array, pointer, etc

Enumeration Data Type enum

User Defined Data Type structure

Basic Data Types

The basic data types are integer-based and floating-point based. C++ language supports
both signed and unsigned literals.

The memory size of basic data types may change according to 32 or 64 bit operating
system.

Let's see the basic data types. It size is given according to 32 bit OS.

Data Types Memory Size Range

char 1 byte -128 to 127

signed char 1 byte -128 to 127

unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 127

short 2 byte -32,768 to 32,767

signed short 2 byte -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short 2 byte 0 to 32,767

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

int 2 byte -32,768 to 32,767

signed int 2 byte -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned int 2 byte 0 to 32,767

short int 2 byte -32,768 to 32,767

signed short int 2 byte -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short int 2 byte 0 to 32,767

long int 4 byte

signed long int 4 byte

unsigned long int 4 byte

float 4 byte

double 8 byte

long double 10 byte

C++ Keywords
A keyword is a reserved word. You cannot use it as a variable name, constant name etc. A
list of 32 Keywords in C++ Language which are also available in C language are
given below.

auto break case char const continue default do

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

double else enum extern float for goto if

int long register return short signed sizeof static

struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while

A list of 30 Keywords in C++ Language which are not available in C language are
given below.

asm dynamic_cast namespace reinterpret_cast bool

explicit new static_cast false catch

operator template friend private class

this inline public throw const_cast

delete mutable protected true try

typeid typename using virtual wchar_t

C++ Operators
An operator is simply a symbol that is used to perform operations. There can be many types
of operations like arithmetic, logical, bitwise etc.

There are following types of operators to perform different types of operations in C

language.

o Arithmetic Operators
o Relational Operators
o Logical Operators
o Bitwise Operators

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

o Assignment Operator
o Unary operator
o Ternary or Conditional Operator
o Misc Operator

Precedence of Operators in C++

The precedence of operator species that which operator will be evaluated first and next. The
associativity specifies the operators direction to be evaluated, it may be left to right or right
to left.

Let's understand the precedence by the example given below:

1. int data=5+10*10;

The "data" variable will contain 105 because * (multiplicative operator) is evaluated before +
(additive operator).

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

The precedence and associativity of C++ operators is given below:

Category Operator Associativity

Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right

Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left

Multiplicative */% Left to right

Additive +- Right to left

Shift << >> Left to right

Relational < <= > >= Left to right

Equality == !=/td> Right to left

Bitwise AND & Left to right

Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right

Bitwise OR | Right to left

Logical AND && Left to right

Logical OR || Left to right

Conditional ?: Right to left

Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

Comma , Left to right

C++ if-else
In C++ programming, if statement is used to test the condition. There are various types of if
statements in C++.

o if statement
o if-else statement
o nested if statement
o if-else-if ladder

C++ IF Statement
The C++ if statement tests the condition. It is executed if condition is true.

1. if(condition){
2. //code to be executed
3. }

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

C++ If Example
1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3.
4. int main () {
5. int num = 10;
6. if (num % 2 == 0)
7. {
8. cout<<"It is even number";
9. }
10. return 0;
11. }

Output:/p>

It is even number

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

C++ IF-else Statement

The C++ if-else statement also tests the condition. It executes if block if condition is true
otherwise else block is executed.

1. if(condition){
2. //code if condition is true
3. }else{
4. //code if condition is false
5. }

C++ If-else Example

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main () {
4. int num = 11;

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

5. if (num % 2 == 0)
6. {
7. cout<<"It is even number";
8. }
9. else
10. {
11. cout<<"It is odd number";
12. }
13. return 0;
14. }

Output:

It is odd number

C++ If-else Example: with input from user

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main () {
4. int num;
5. cout<<"Enter a Number: ";
6. cin>>num;
7. if (num % 2 == 0)
8. {
9. cout<<"It is even number"<<endl;
10. }
11. else
12. {
13. cout<<"It is odd number"<<endl;
14. }
15. return 0;
16. }

Output:

Enter a number:11

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

It is odd number

Output:

Enter a number:12
It is even number

C++ conditional statements

In C++ programming, if and switch statement is used to test the condition. There are
various types of if statements in C++.
o if statement
o if-else statement
o if-else-if ladder
o nested if statement
o switch statement

C++ IF-else-if ladder Statement

The C++ if-else-if ladder statement executes one condition from multiple statements.
1. if(condition1){
2. //code to be executed if condition1 is true
3. }else if(condition2){
4. //code to be executed if condition2 is true
5. }
6. else if(condition3){
7. //code to be executed if condition3 is true
8. }
9. ...
10. else{
11. //code to be executed if all the conditions are false
12. }

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

C++ If else-if Example

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main () {
4. int num;
5. cout<<"Enter a number to check grade:";
6. cin>>num;
7. if (num <0 || num >100)
8. {
9. cout<<"wrong number";
10. }
11. else if(num >= 0 && num < 50){
12. cout<<"Fail";
13. }
14. else if (num >= 50 && num < 60)
15. {
16. cout<<"D Grade";
17. }
18. else if (num >= 60 && num < 70)
19. {
20. cout<<"C Grade";

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

21. }
22. else if (num >= 70 && num < 80)
23. {
24. cout<<"B Grade";
25. }
26. else if (num >= 80 && num < 90)
27. {
28. cout<<"A Grade";
29. }
30. else if (num >= 90 && num <= 100)
31. {
32. cout<<"A+ Grade";
33. }
34. }

Output:

Enter a number to check grade:66

C Grade

Output:

Enter a number to check grade:-2

wrong number

C++ nested IF-else Statement

In nested if-else, one if-else statement contains another if-else statement.

Syntax of nested if-else statement

1. if(condition1){
2. if(condition2){
3. //code to be executed if condition1 and condition2 is true
4. }
5. else{
6. //code to be executed if condition1 is true but condition2 is false

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

7. }
8. }
9. else{
10. if(condition3){
11. //code to be executed if condition1 is false but condition3 is true
12. }
13. else{
14. //code to be executed if condition1 and condition3 is false
15. }
16. }

Example of nested if-else statement

1. #include<iostream>
2. using namespace std;

3. int main()
4. {
5. int age;
6. cout<<"Enter your age: ";
7. cin>>age;
8. cout<<"Have you CNIC. Enter 1 for Yes and 0 for No: ";
9. cin>>cnic;
10. //condition to check voting eligility
11. if(age>=18)
12. {
13. if(cnic==1)
14. cout<<"You are eligible for voting"<<endl;
15. else
16. {
17. cout<<"You are not eligible for voting because you don’t have CNIC."<<endl;

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

18. }
19. }
20. else
21. { if(age>=0)
22. cout<<"You are not eligible for voting because you are underage."<<endl;
23. else
24. {
25. cout<<"Invalid Inputs."<<endl;
26. }
27. }
28. return 0;
29. }

C++ switch
The C++ switch statement executes one statement from multiple conditions. It is like if-else-
if ladder statement in C++.

1. switch(expression){
2. case value1:
3. //code to be executed;
4. break;
5.
6. case value2:
7. //code to be executed;
8. break;
9.
10. ......
11.
12. default:
13. //code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
14. break;
15. }

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

C++ Switch Example

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main () {
4. int num;
5. cout<<"Enter a number to check grade:";
6. cin>>num;
7. switch (num/10)
8. {
9. case 10:
10. cout<<" YOUR GRADE IS A+";
11. break;
12. case 9:
13. cout<<" YOUR GRADE IS A";
14. break;
15. case 8:
16. cout<<" YOUR GRADE IS B";
17. break;

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

18. case 7:
19. cout<<" YOUR GRADE IS C";
20. break;
21. case 6:
22. cout<<" YOUR GRADE IS D";
23. break;
24. case 5:
25. cout<<" YOUR GRADE IS F";
26. break;
27. case 4:
28. cout<<" YOUR GRADE IS F";
29. break;
30. case 3:
31. cout<<" YOUR GRADE IS F";
32. break;
33. case 2:
34. cout<<" YOUR GRADE IS F";
35. break;
36. case 1:
37. cout<<" YOUR GRADE IS F";
38. break;
39. case 0:
40. cout<<" YOUR GRADE IS F";
41. break;
42. default:
43. cout<<"Invalid Input";
44. break;
45. }
46. }

Output:

Enter a number:
10
It is 10

Output:

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

Enter a number:
55
Not 10, 20 or 30

C++ Loops
There may be a situation, when you need to execute a block of code several number of
times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function
is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.
Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more
complicated execution paths.
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times
and following is the general from of a loop statement in most of the programming
languages
C++ programming language provides the following type of loops to handle looping
requirements.

There are 3 type of loops in C++ Programming:

1. while Loop
2. do while Loop
3. for Loop

C++ while loop

A while loop statement repeatedly executes a target statement as long as a given
condition is true.

Syntax
The syntax of a while loop in C++ is −
while(condition) {
statement(s);
}
Here, statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements.
The condition may be any expression, and true is any non-zero value. The loop iterates
while the condition is true.

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

When the condition becomes false, program control passes to the line immediately
following the loop.

Flow Diagram

Here, key point of the while loop is that the loop might not ever run. When the condition
is tested and the result is false, the loop body will be skipped and the first statement after
the while loop will be executed.

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main () {
// Local variable declaration:
int a = 10;

// while loop execution

while( a < 20 ) {
cout << "value of a: " << a << endl;
a++;
}

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

C++ do while loop

Unlike for and while loops, which test the loop condition at the top of the loop,
the do...while loop checks its condition at the bottom of the loop.
A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do...while loop is guaranteed to
execute at least one time.

Syntax
The syntax of a do...while loop in C++ is −
do {
statement(s);
}
while( condition );
Notice that the conditional expression appears at the end of the loop, so the statement(s)
in the loop execute once before the condition is tested.
If the condition is true, the flow of control jumps back up to do, and the statement(s) in
the loop execute again. This process repeats until the given condition becomes false.

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
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DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

Flow Diagram

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main () {
// Local variable declaration:
int a = 10;

// do loop execution
do {
cout << "value of a: " << a << endl;
a = a + 1;
} while( a < 20 );

return 0;
}

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

C++ for loop

A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that
needs to execute a specific number of times.

Syntax
The syntax of a for loop in C++ is −
for ( init; condition; increment ) {
statement(s);
}
Here is the flow of control in a for loop:
• The init step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you to declare and initialize any
loop control variables. You are not required to put a statement here, as long as a semicolon
appears.
• Next, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is executed. If it is false, the
body of the loop does not execute and flow of control jumps to the next statement just after
the for loop.
• After the body of the for loop executes, the flow of control jumps back up to
the increment statement. This statement can be left blank, as long as a semicolon appears
after the condition.
• The condition is now evaluated again. If it is true, the loop executes and the process repeats
itself (body of loop, then increment step, and then again condition). After the condition
becomes false, the for loop terminates.

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

Flow Diagram

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main () {
// for loop execution
for( int a = 10; a < 20; a = a + 1 ) {
cout << "value of a: " << a << endl;
}

return 0;
}

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

Lab Task 1:

Write, compile and run a program to print Hello World on the screen.

Lab Task 2:

Write, compile and run a program to print your name and “Proud to be an
Engineer” on the screen.

Write, compile and run a program to evaluate the following expressions and
print the output on the screen.

1+2*4/2
(1 + 2) * 4 / 2
1 + 2 * (4 / 2)
9%2+1
(1 + (10 - (2 + 2)))

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

Lab Task 3:

Write and run a program that performs the following steps:

• Assigning value to a Fahrenheit temperature f.

• Calculating the equivalent Celsius temperature C using the formula:
• C = (𝟓𝟗) x (f –32).
• Displaying the Celsius temperature C.
Lab Task 4:
Write a program to enter time (only hours) from the user and then print the
message Good Morning, Good Afternoon, Good Evening Good Night and Good
Midnight based on the following conditions
• Midnight = 24:00
• Morning = 24:01 - 11:59
• Afternoon = 12:00 – 5:59
• Evening = 6:00 - 9:00
• Night = 9:00 - 11:59

Lab Task 5:
Write a C++ program to generate the multiplication table of a number (entered
by the user) using while loop and for loop.

Lab Performance Evaluation:

➢ Lab Task
Read and practice the manual. Performance is evaluated at the end of lab based on
understanding and successful execution of Examples and Tasks given in the lab manual.

Lab Report Evaluation: (To be submitted in printed form next week before lab)
➢ Home Task

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical
 HITEC UNIVERSITY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical ENGINEERING

Write all the lab task with their steps, code and the output.

Important note: Lab Report must be according to the Lab Report Format available on LMS and
must be submitted on time. Two similar reports will get zero marks. So, don’t try to copy your
fellow reports. Lab report must be submitted in group maximum of five.

Object Oriented Programming Lab Instructor: Engr. Jawad Qammar

Session: 2K19 Electrical