1203 M (Pages: 3) Reg. No. .................

Name ......................

MSc DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2021

First Semester
MSc Mathematics
BMMM103: Real Analysis
(2019 Admission onwards)

Time: 3 Hours Maximum: 75 Marks

Part A
Answer any fifteen questions. Each question has 1 mark.

1. If a function f is monotonic on [a, b] then what can we say about the set of disconti-
nuities of f .

2. Let P ∗ be a refinement of P . Then which of the following is not true.

(a) L(P, f, α) ≤ L(P ∗ , f, α) ≤ U (P ∗ , f, α) ≤ U (P, f, α)

(b) L(P, f, α) ≤ U (P ∗ , f, α) and L(P ∗ , f, α) ≤ U (P ∗ , f, α)
(c) L(P, f, α) ≤ L(P ∗ , f, α) ≤ U (P, f, α) ≤ U (P ∗ , f, α)
(d) U (P ∗ , f, α) − L(P ∗ , f, α) ≤ U (P, f, α) − L(P, f, α)

3. Which of the following condition below does not imply that a function f : [0, 1] → R
is necessarily of bounded variation.

(a) f is a monotone function on [0, 1]

(b) f is a continuous and monotone function on [0, 1]
(c) f has a derivative at each x ∈ (0, 1)
(d) f has a bounded derivative on the interval (0, 1)

4. Check whether f (x) = x2 sin( x1 ) if x 6= 0, f (0) = 0 is a function of bounded variation.

5. Suppose α increasesRon [a, b], a ≤ x0 ≤ b, α is continuous at x0 , f (x0 ) = 1 and f (x) = 0

if x 6= x0 then find f dα?

if x ≥ 0
1
6. Let α(x) = and f be a bounded function on [-1,1] which is continuous
0 otherwise
at 0. Then which of the following is not true.
R
(a) f dα = 0
(b) f ∈ R(α)
R
(c) f dα = f (0)
(d) f (0+ ) = f (0− )

7. Define unit step function.

8. On a finite set uniform convergence and pointwise convergence are the same. True or
false.

9. If f and φ are Riemann integrable functions then so is their composite φ ◦ f . True or

false.

Turn over
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sin nx
10. Let fn (x) = n
(x real, n = 1, 2, 3, ...). Does {fn } converge uniformly.

11. Let {fn } be a sequence of continuous functions on R. Then which of the following is
true.
Z ∞ Z ∞
(a) If {fn } converges to f pointwise on R, then n→∞
lim fn (x) dx = f (x) dx
−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
(b) If {fn } converges to f uniformly on R, then n→∞
lim fn (x) dx = f (x) dx
−∞ −∞
(c) If {fn } converges to f uniformly on R, then f is continuous on R.
(d) If {fn } coverges to f pointwise on R, then f is continuous on R.
x
12. The sequence of functions defined by fn (x) = n
on [−1, 1] converges uniformly to the
function 0. True or false.

13. For m = 1, 2, 3, ... put fm (x) = lim [cos m! πx]2n . Find lim fm (x).
n→∞ m→∞

14. Distinguish between Pointwise convergence and Uniform convergence.

15. Which of the following series is convergent?

P∞ 1 √
(a) n=1
√
n+1− n
P∞ sin n
(b) n=1 n2
P∞ n
(c) n=1 (−1) log n
P∞ log n
(d) n=1 n

16. Let {an }, {bn } be sequences of real numbers satisfying |an | ≤ |bn | for all n ≥ 1. Then
which of the following is true.
P P
(a) an converges whenever bn converges
P P
(b) an converges absolutely whenever bn converges absolutely
P P
(c) bn converges whenever an converges
P P
(d) bn converges absolutely whenever an converges absolutely
bx − 1
17. Find lim .
x→0 x
P∞ 1
18. Put f (x) = x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. Using Parsevals theorem find n=1 n2 .

(15×1=15)

Part B
Answer any one question from each set. Each question has 15 marks.

19. (A) Let f be of bounded variation on [a, b]. If x ∈ [a, b], let V (x) = Vf (a, x) and
put V (a) = 0. Then show that every point of continuity of f is also a point of
continuity of V . What about the converse?
OR
(B) (a) If c ∈ (a, b) then show that Λf (a, b) = Λf (a, c) + Λ( c, b) where Λf denote the
arc length.
 (Page 3 of 3)

(b) When do we say that two paths f and g are equivalent. Let f : [a, b] → Rn
and g : [c, d] → Rn be two paths in Rn , each of which is one to one on its
domain. Then show that f and g are equivalent if and only if they have the
same graph.

20. (A) (a) State and prove a characterisation theorem for the Riemann Stieltjes integra-
bility of a function.
(b) If f is continuous on [a, b], then show that f ∈ R(α) on [a, b].

OR

(B) (a) If f1 ∈ R(α) and f2 ∈ R(α)Rb

on [a, b] then show
Rb
that f1 + f ∈ R(α),Rcf ∈ R(α)
Rb 2 b
for
Rb
every constant c and (f
a 1 + f 2 ) dα = f
a 1 dα + a f2 dα and a cf dα =
c a f dα.
(b) State and prove the fundamental theorem of Calculus.

21. (A) (a) State and prove the Cauchy criterion for uniform convergence.
(b) Suppose K is compact and {fn } a sequence of continuous functions on K
which converges pointwise to a continuous function f on K and fn (x) ≥
fn+1 (x) ∀x ∈ K, n = 1, 2, 3, ... Show that fn converges to f uniformly on K.

OR

(B) Suppose {fn } is a sequence of functions differentiable on [a, b] and such that
{fn (x0 )} converges for some point x0 on [a, b]. If {fn0 } converges uniformly on
[a, b], then show that {fn } converges uniformly on [a, b], to a function f , and
lim fn0 (x), (a ≤ x ≤ b).
f 0 (x) = n→∞
P∞ zn
22. (A) Let E(z) = n=0 n! (z complex) and E(x) = ex for all real x. Then show that
(a) ex is continuous and differentiable for all x.
(b) E 0 (x) = E(x)
(c) ex is a strictly increasing function of x and ex > 0
(d) ex+y = ex .ey
(e) lim xn e−x = 0 for every n.
n→∞

OR
Pn
(B) (a) Suppose a0 , a1 , ..., an are complex numbers, n ≥ 1, an 6= 0, P (z) = 0 ak z k .
Then show that P (z) = 0 for some complex number z.
1
(b) Show that the functions (2π)− 2 einx , n = 1, 2, ... form an orthonormal system
on [−π, π]. (4×15=60)