SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1

ABSTRACT

Developers: Balandra, Elaine M.

Bautista, Princess Zae E.
Balmes, Robert John R.
Bayugo, Hans Jeheil A,
Bunag, Juanito M. III
Elpozar, Carlo F.
Montenegro, Ryan Amiel A.
Perartilla, Aidi Luck A.

Title: Using Banana Peels (Musa Paradisiaca Linn) as an

Alternative Raw Material in Making Handmade Paper Bags

This study was conducted to determine the

capabilities of combined banana peels (musa paradisiaca

linn) and used papers to produce paper bags – as they have

potent properties that make a good, eco-friendly candidate

as papermaking raw materials. An organic waste material,

banana peels was chosen by the research as the primary

component. Banana peels are possess higher cellulose

content than wood, and recycled used papers provide the

fiber-strength required for a simple, non-chemical

papermaking procedure. The results of this experiment will

be useful for balut vendors and papermaking industries as

banana peels and used papers are available all over the
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 2

Philippines. The research prioritizes environmental

conservation and seeks new ways to prevent wood scarcity

and massive deforestation in the pursuit of fulfilling

exponential paper demands in the near future. The study

answers the following questions; (1) Will the combination

of banana peels and used papers work as an alternative raw

material for papermaking?; (2) What are the significant

relationship between the procedures and the quality in

making handmade paper bags? According to the conclusions of

the experimentations; (1) The banana peels and used papers

indeed works and capable of producing paper bags and (2) No

significant relationship was found between these

papermaking Procedures: Blending Time (BT) /Cut Inches (CI)

and paper bag Qualities: Texture (T) /Maximum Carrying

Capacity (MCC). Other factors are responsible for

contributing the qualities of the paper bags, which future

examinations will be relied on. The researchers therefore

conclude that discarded banana peels and used papers can

help reducing environmental waste and be turned into useful

paper bags.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to thank their
respective parents for their supportiveness and
apprehension towards the processes to conduct this
research. We cannot express how thankful we are as they
lent us the materials and financial support we cannot
provide ourselves. Without them, pursuing the research
becomes infeasible. We also want to thank friends,
acquaintances and neighborhood in understanding the
researchers’ situation and putting their efforts to help us
successfully conduct this research.
The researchers would also like to express their
deep and sincere gratitude to our research supervisor, Mr.
John Paul Payos for giving us the opportunity to conduct
research of our interest, and providing us guidance
throughout this research. His teachings have deeply
inspired us. We also want to thank Mr. Gerry V. Cabristante
for providing his statistical knowledge, which is the
aspect we needed help most. They have taught us the
methodology to carry out the research and to present the
research as clearly as possible. It was an honor to work
and study under their guidance.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 4

CHAPTER 1:
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

The Chapter provides insight on the general problem of

the research and on how it came about as the subject of

focus by the researchers. This chapter also elaborates the

components, questions and terms to be seen in the research

study.

INTRODUCTION

Papers have played a crucial part in society’s

cultural and literacy development. Now, as papers enable

industry, it became an essential necessity that it led to

implementation of large-scale paper productions.

Wood is a cellulose-rich raw material, which made it a

standard material to make papers. Pulp and Paper Industry

incorporates companies that manufacture wood as raw

material in papermaking. The detrimental effects of massive

paper production are as follows; as stated, papermaking

industry uses wood sources. Secondly, paper demands are

exponentially increasing, and so larger wood and tree

sources are required to sustain these needs. Therefore,

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 5

these consumptions contribute to deforestation. The greater

necessity for paper also has initiated a part on

environmental sustainability crisis (Matthews, 2016).

Nevertheless, banana peels (musa paradisiaca linn) can

be a potential alternative to wood sources. Banana peels

contain higher amount of cellulose compared to softwood.

Philippines is one of the top five banana exporters,

producing abundant metric tons of bananas. All of discarded

banana peels contribute massive waste supplies. In

addition, banana peels are not as highly consumed as the

flesh fruit. Banana peels are mostly discarded and

considered as wastes, which makes it an eco-friendly

candidate as a raw material for papermaking.

This study is about exploring the potent papermaking

capability of banana peels (musa paradisiaca), without

involving chemical methods and specialized machineries. The

researchers aim to combine two considered waste materials

prominent in their community: banana peels (1) and used

papers (2) to create handmade paper bags for selected balut

vendors in Sta. Rosa, Laguna. The researchers believe that

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 6

this study will become beneficial not only to balut

vendors, but also in environmental conservation by

utilizing wastes into reusable paper bags. The study also

aims to reach a large-scale recognition to propose banana

peels as an alternative raw material in papermaking

industries to promote forest renewals and lessen organic

waste materials in their community.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 7

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Banana (Musa paradisiaca) is one of the world’s

leading fruit crops grown in over 122 countries worldwide.

They only have a short shelf life and they start to

deteriorate just after plucking. Only the flesh of the

banana is widely used, while the outer skin is only used

for animal feed and organic fertilizer.

Philippines produce abundant supplies of bananas, and

massive banana supplies have a positive correlation with

supply of wastes since only the flesh parts are consumed.

In 2019, the volume of bananas produced in the Philippines

was approximately 9.2 million metric tons (Sanchez, 2020).

Furthermore, according to Philippine Statistics Authority,

banana production from July to September 2020 was estimated

at 2.36 million metric tons. These present potential

problems, as discarded banana peels contribute to the 70-

75% biodegradable solid wastes in the Philippines.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 8

On the other hand, papers are used for multiple

purposes, such as for writing, typing, reading, or eco-

friendly food wrapper. In addition, the demand for paper is

still increasing exponentially. As stated by Tiseo (2021)

from Statistica, “The global demand for paper is expected

to increase progressively in the next decade, reaching

approximately 495 million metric tons in 2030.”

Paper production industries commonly use wood to

manufacture papers, thus, widespread logging activities

either illegal or not are conducted. These activities

promote deforestation, and leads to potential scarcity of

wood materials.

Cellulose serves as the “DNA of paper.” Cellulose is

primarily a component in producing paper. Cellulose fiber

is made of multilayer of very small thread like structure

called fibrils. The most important characteristic of fiber

which make it suitable for papermaking is that cellulose

fiber develop physical and chemical bonding with other

fibers when it change from wet to dry condition.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 9

These banana peel waste contains more fibers, with

high cellulose (60.65%), hemicellulose (6-8%) and lignin

(5-10%). Compared to softwood, the cellulose content in the

banana peel is far higher (Prashanthi & Chaitanya, 2020).

The growing demand for paper, along with the massive

discarded wastes (banana peels) that have potential

papermaking components led the researchers to conduct a

study about “Using Banana Peels as an Alternative Raw

Material in Making Handmade Paper Bags” instead of wood, in

order to contribute in environmental conservation.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 10

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The research mainly focuses “Using Banana Peels as an

Alternative Raw Material in Making Handmade Paper Bags.”

The researchers aim to determine the following:

1. What are the descriptive characteristics of the

handmade banana paper bags in terms of:

1.1. Thickness

1.2. Tone/Color

2. What are the effects of the following procedures in

making handmade papers bags?

2.1. Blending Time

2.2. Cut Inches

3. What are the impacts on the quality of produced

handmade paper bags in terms of:

3.1. Texture

3.2. Maximum Carrying Capacity

4. What are the significant relationship between the

procedures and the quality in making handmade paper

bags?
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 11

HYPOTHESIS

H0: There would be no quality paper made out of banana

peel pulp can be produced through the means of pure

mechanical procedures. These paper bags are not suitable to

be used by balut vendors as they do not possess qualities

that match the quality of their previously used paper bags.

Ha: A quality paper would be produced out of banana

peels and used papers through pure mechanical procedures.

These paper bags would be used suitably by balut vendors as

they possess qualities that match the quality of their

previously used paper bags.

H0: The Blending Time and Cut Inches procedure does not

affect the Texture and the Maximum Carrying Capacity of the

handmade banana paper bags.

Ha: The Blending Time and Cut Inches procedure highly

influences the Texture and the Maximum Carrying Capacity of

the handmade banana paper bags.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 12

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

For this study, the researchers aim to benefit the

following:

Balut Vendors - If the research would be successful,

the final product of the study will contribute to the

benefit balut vendors. The cost of commercially-made papers

is already cheap, but the handmade papers can be expected

to have cheaper cost. Other than the final product, the

findings of the study can contribute to their knowledge

that handmade paper bags can be made from discarded banana

peels. The balut vendors can use these handmade papers in

their business while minimizing the banana peel waste

prominent in Sta. Rosa, Laguna.

Philippines itself as a country – If the research

would be successful and reached a large-scale recognition,

the findings of the study will contribute to papermaking

industries, that they can use banana peels as alternative

raw material to wood. It can rehabilitate environmental

sustainability by using cellulose-based waste materials

such as banana peels while promoting forest renewals.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 13

Provinces with immense banana production can trade

discarded banana peels to companies to be made into papers.

Since papers are crucial to society, it can become a source

of income to Filipinos.

Future Researchers – If the study successfully

produced mechanically-made paper bags, the findings of the

study will contribute in the groundworks of future studies

and researches that may be related to banana peels and

handmade papermaking. Future researchers also can figure

out better methods to further improve the quality of these

paper bags.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 14

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Scope

This study will focus on “Using Banana Peels (Musa

Paradisiaca Linn) as an Alternative Raw Material in Making

Handmade Paper Bags.” The study will determine if paper

bags can be mechanically made from banana peels and

recycled papers. The final product will be tested by the

researchers to identify if the handmade paper bags are

capable to showcase qualities to be considered useful. The

subjects included in this research are banana peels and

used recycled papers.

The constant process will be the mechanical process.

The banana peels and used papers will undergo boiling,

blending, molding and drying. Blender, silk screen, and

water basin are the essential materials in the papermaking

process.

In order to form one (1) handmade paper bag, two (2)

sheets of papers are required. The researchers will use

Elmer’s PVA Glue to adhere the two handmade paper sheets to

form one paper bag. To make 10 sheets of handmade paper,

the ratio needed is 15 banana peels to 30 recycled papers

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 15

(15:30). The researchers will use the following

measurements as constants in the papermaking procedure; (1)

boiling time is 15 minutes, (2) cut used papers will be

soaked in 2 glasses of hot water, (3) drying time of the

molded sheet in the silk screen is 3 hours, exposed in

direct sunlight.

The researchers will perform four experimentation; 4

Trials of papermaking – with the procedures Blending Time

(BT) and Cut Inches (CI) being manipulated. These factors

might affect the handmade paper’s Texture (T) and Maximum

Carrying Capacity (MCC)

Cut Inches (CI)

Blending Time
Trials Used
(BT) Banana Peels
Papers
Trial 1 5 minutes 1 inch 1 inch
Trial 2 5 minutes ¼ inch ¼ inch
Trial 3 15 minutes 1 inch 1 inch
Trial 4 15 minutes ¼ inch ¼ inch
(Figure 1.0 – Four Papermaking Trials)

In every trial (there are 4 Trials), 5 paper bags must

be produced. Overall, the researcher will have 20 sample

paper bags. The standard size of the paper bag is medium-

size, with height=230 cm, length=132 cm, and width=57 cm.

Overall, the standard volume of the handmade paper bag is

1,730,520 cm.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 16

These experimentations will be conducted from 3rd week

of February to the 3rd week of March. We will be focusing

solely on using Musa acuminata Colla (AA Group) 'Lakatan'

banana peels. We will not be exploring other banana types,

in order to figure out the best method by conducting them

in a focused variable type. The researchers will also not

be focusing to produce papers suitable for writing, as

mechanically made papers have limitations that cannot

showcase qualities similar to commercially-made papers.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 17

Delimitation

The researchers have encountered problems in their

quick overview about the topic. Problems concerning about

proper equipment and tools required to produce banana peel

papers through chemical means. Not only the researcher

lacks professionalism in handling and understanding

chemicals, but also, they do not have enough budget to

purchase these necessities.

The researchers decided to make banana peel papers by

pure mechanical means. The researchers do not claim that

mechanical methods are without any imperfections, but this

is what the researchers’ resort to achieve a cost-effective

experimentation. Mechanically made papers lack the strength

and quality it should have. However, the researchers have

found another possible material – used/recycled papers.

Along with the banana peel pulp, the recycled papers will

be made as pulp as well, and then by combining these two,

the researchers believe that this will at least provide our

final product the quality of commercially made papers.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 18

The final output will be expected to have only grayish

brown to brown color. Pure mechanical procedures cannot

fully refine the color and quality of a paper suitable for

writing.

The number of produced paper sheets may suffer from

the lack of many silk screens. The molded paper sheets

cannot be successfully dried when removed from the silk

screen too early. The researchers only have 4 silk screens.

The direct sunlight that is needed to dry the sheets

completely only takes place on 12:00 pm - 4:00 pm. Weather

conditions also affects the number of paper sheets

produced.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 19

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are operationally defined:

1. Chemical Method/Means – The technique of using various

and complex chemicals.

2. Drying – the final method of the paper making process

where the mixture will be sundried to remove the excessive

moist and form the paper.

3. Mechanical Method/Means – The use of simple techniques

such as man power or simple mechanical equipment.

4. Molding – The process of paper making where the

shaping of the mixture occurs.

5. Pre-Pulping – the process of papermaking in where the

preparation and the boiling of the banana peels occur.

6. Pulping – the process of papermaking where the

breakdown of the banana peel into a pulp/mesh occur with

the use of mechanical method.

7. Commercially-made Papers – The kind of paper used

commercially. A high quality paper used for various things

depends on its characteristics.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 20

8. Mechanically-made Papers – The kind of paper made

manually; handmade paper, without the use of specialized

machineries and chemicals for standard papermaking.

9. Flesh – the edible part of banana fruit.

The following terms are conceptually defined:

1. Musa Paradisiaca (Banana Peel) – a banana peel, called

banana skin in British English, is the outer covering of

the banana fruit. Banana peels are used as food for

animals, in water purification, for manufacturing of

several biochemical products as well as for jokes and

comical situations.

2. Musa acuminata Colla (AA Group) 'Lakatan' – Lakatan is

banana variety that is longer and thicker-skinned than

Latundan bananas and turn a characteristic yellow-orange

when ripe.

3. Biodegradable waste – biodegradable waste includes any

organic matter in waste which can be broken down into

carbon dioxide, water, methane or simple organic molecules

by micro-organisms and other living things by composting,

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 21

aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion or similar

processes.

4. Cellulose – (aka. Cell Wall) Cellulose fiber is the

most basic and important constituent of paper, and the size

and quality of cellulose fibers are important

considerations in the papermaking process.

5. Lignin – is a class of complex organic polymers that

form key structural materials in the support tissues of

most plants. Lignin is particularly important in the

formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark,

because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. They are

required to be removed to extract the cellulose content in

papermaking.

6. Paper – is a thin sheet material produced by

mechanically and/or chemically processing cellulose fibers

derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources

in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the

fiber evenly distributed on the surface, followed by

pressing and drying.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 22

7. Paper bag – A paper bag is a bag made of paper,

usually kraft paper. Paper bags are commonly used as

shopping bags, packaging, and sacks.

8. Pulp – is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared

by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibers

from wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags. The main

component needed for paper making process.

9. Raw material – A raw material, also known as a

feedstock, unprocessed material, or primary commodity, is a

basic material that is used to produce goods, finished

products, energy, or intermediate materials that are

feedstock for future finished products.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 23

CHAPTER 2:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The Chapter provides the literatures and studies that

familiarize the researchers and the readers about the

research topic. It then further discusses on the concepts

behind the subject to further elaborate their correlation.

Related Literature and Studies:

“Paper products are crucial to society, as they have

enabled literacy and cultural development”—they also enable

industry, as stated by the World Wildlife Fund (2019).

Paper is the formation of cellulose fibers into matter

form held together by hydrogen bonding in the fibers. The

fibers are thoroughly rinsed and beaten to a slurry pulp.

The methods vary accordingly to the type of paper being

made. The fibers of the pulp are then diluted with water in

large vats. The vat man, who forms the sheets, dips a

wooden mold (which is a frame covered with a fine mesh)

into the vat and lifts it out of the slurry. The water

passes through the mold leaving the fibers on the mesh. The

newly formed sheets are laid onto a stack of other newly

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 24

formed sheets. The post or stock of wet paper, is pressed

to remove some of the water and then taken away to dry (M.

Parsons and L. Dumsang, 2015).

According to Matthews (2020), in 100 A.D., the Chinese

used rags, hemp, grasses, and stone mortars to make the

first paper. This was a relatively simple process that

employed easily sustainable agricultural resources—so

sustainable, the method continued on through various

cultures up until the 1800s. Then, mechanization and the

industrial revolution, as well as higher literacy rates and

a greater demand for paper, initiated what would later

become a part of our environmental sustainability crisis.

Paper production accounts for about 35% of felled

trees, and represents 1.2% of the world's total economic

output (Martin & Sam, 2017). The Union of Concerned

Scientists points out that “wood products,” including

paper, account for about 10% of total deforestation.

Worldwide, deforestation is estimated to be responsible for

about 12% of greenhouse gas emissions. Forests house carbon

in wood, leaves, and soil. When loggers and developers cut

down forests, CO2 escapes into the atmosphere. A deforested

area can’t absorb and store any more CO2. Furthermore,

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 25

animals and indigenous people who once depended on forests

for life can do so no longer.

Today, with the increasing number of calamities, trees

must be preserved to avoid flood, instead of cutting down

trees for providing paper, there is a need to search and

design a wise and cheap alternative resource of paper. The

use of botanical materials is increasing and gaining

popularity as strategical approach toward a sustainable

environment and production of safe materials.

The high number of paper demand causes the need for

alternative raw material that is other than wood for

wrapping paper industry. The production starts with the

process of pulp making. The raw material to produce pulp is

the cellulose in the form of fiber in which almost all of

the plants contain the cellulose that can be used as the

raw material of pulp production. One of the plants

containing high cellulose is the banana (Agustina &

Susanti, 2018).

The banana is one of the most important fruit crops of

the Philippines. It is important both as a source of local

and international revenues for farmers, and an important

component of the daily diet of all Filipinos. Two Musa

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 26

acuminata cultivars, 'Lakatan' (AAA) and 'Latundan' (AAB),

are among the most popular dessert type of bananas produced

primarily by small-scale banana farmers and consumed by the

local market (Hautea, Molina, Balatero, Coronado, Perez et

al., 2021).

Banana (Musaceae) is one of the world’s most important

fruit crops that is widely cultivated in tropical countries

for its valuable applications in food industry. Its

enormous by-products are an excellent source of highly

valuable raw materials for other industries by recycling

agricultural waste. This prevents an ultimate loss of huge

amount of untapped biomass and environmental issues.

Banana peels contain up to 15% of cellulose. As banana

peels are a more common part of any household’s everyday

garbage as compared to cloth fibers, utilizing the

cellulose in banana peels to manufacture paper will

considerably reduce human impact on environment. (Banana

Peel Paper as Alternative to Linen, 2019),

The data from Institute for Research and Development

of Cellulose Industries shows that the banana peel waste

contains more fine fibers than those that are made of wood

with high cellulose (60- 65%), hemicellulose (6-8%) and

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 27

lignin (5-10%). Meanwhile, the most commonly used softwood

to make the conventional raw material of the paper only

contains cellulose (41%), hemicellulose (24%) and lignin

(27.8%).

Moreover, banana peel only contains lignin (5-10%)

that makes the cellulose separation process easier to do.

Thus, the banana peel is potentially used to be the raw

material of papermaking to reduce the dependence of wood as

the raw material of wrapping paper. The use of banana peel

waste also increases the optimization of the waste itself

by increasing the economic value.

Banana is one of the most extensively consumed

fruits in the world and represents 40% of world

trade in fruits. The OTOP factories produce lots of

banana peels, which can cause an environmental problem

such as a bad smell and become a source of human disease.

One way of reducing the problem is to convert the banana

peels into a more valuable product.

Banana peel can be used as raw material in the making

of paper because of its high concentration of cellulose.

Mashing process of banana peel is essential as banana peel

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 28

should be brushed, lacerated, and pushed to expand the

fibers.

Raw banana paper has a coarse surface due to the

presence of hemicellulose, lignin, and other waxy

components in the fiber. Hemicellulose is located between

and within the cellulose fibrils and is incorporated into

the cellulose structure. The fiber or pulp with high

hemicellulose content has a high maximum tensile strength

and a low maximum tear index (Othman, 2019).

The properties of banana paper overall include a lower

density, higher stiffness, higher disposability, higher

renewability, and higher tensile strength compared to

traditional paper (Subagyo et al., 2018). Banana paper does

not require any chemicals to be used during manufacturing.

Banana paper is also more durable and has a longer lifetime

than conventional paper. This paper(made from banana peel)

is used to prepare shopping bags, files, visiting card,

greeting card, invitation cover, scribing pad, envelops,

art paper, printing paper, etc. (Uma et al., 2015;

Muraleedharan &Perumal, 2018).

The reason cellulose molecules in paper stick together

after they’re wet is that they are made of long strings of

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 29

glucose molecules, one of the components of common table

sugar. When cellulose is beaten into watery pulp, some of

the glucose molecules dissolve in the water. Then, when the

pulp is spread in a sheet to dry, the glucose re-bonds with

the cellulose molecules to hold the paper together.

To begin the process, the cellulose has to be boiled,

beaten, or shredded into tiny fibers. The paper pulp, made

up of those tiny fibers is then spread into sheets,

pressed, and dried to make paper. To make a strong paper,

the pulp has to be beaten instead of chopped. Beating the

cellulose separates the fibers from each other, while

leaving individual fibers intact. Other chemicals, mixed in

with the cellulose weaken the paper and cause it to break

down faster (Ulin, 2015).

Cellulose, the major structure component of plants,

is a glucose polymer bounded in the β-1, 4 linkage

configuration. The β-1, 4 linkage allows the

cellulose polymer to crystallize in a linear configuration,

with a high degree of intermolecular hydrogen bonding,

which gives it substantial shear and tensile strength.

Cellulose is not biodegradable nor does it provide energy,

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 30

therefore, the remaining banana peel waste is for

excretion.

Therefore, the manufacturing of banana paper does not

add to environmental pollution. Banana paper reduces

pollution by having lower disposal costs and less

agricultural waste enter landfills and rivers. The

production of banana paper uses less energy compared to

traditional paper production as the traditional paper

industry is one of the largest sources of energy

consumption (Unknown, Ecopaper, 2020). Therefore, banana

paper is less impactful on natural resources, such as

forests (Lurijssen, André & Ernst, 2015).

Paper recycling helps to reduce the intensity of use

of natural resources, decreases the need of waste disposal,

decreases the specific energy consumption in paper

manufacturing and, usually, also provides reasonable levels

of profits for those in the business. The saving in terms

of uncut trees and energy consumption, provided by the

recycle papers vary according to the raw material quality

and technologies employed. In average terms, however, it

can be stated thirty kg of waste paper avoids the falling

of a eucalyptus tree and twenty kg of recycle paper a pine

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 31

tree. As per U. S. E. P. Agency, 34% water pollution and

74% air pollution become less in recycling process than new

paper production. New paper mills are responsible for both

air and water pollution. Handmade paper will decrease the

demand of new papers and also reduces the pollution in

environment (Kumar, Kalra, Devvret et al., 2019).

From the "Paper Recycling Facts, Figures and

Information Sources" (2018), the recycling of paper is the

process by which waste paper is turned into new paper

products. It has a number of important benefits: It saves

waste paper from occupying homes of people and producing

methane as it breaks down. Because paper fiber contains

carbon (originally absorbed by the tree from which it was

produced), recycling keeps the carbon locked up for longer

and out of the atmosphere.

According to PrintWiki – the Free Encyclopedia of

Print (2015), Mechanical pulp processing (also referred to

as groundwood) results in little removal of the content of

lignin and thus produces paper that is not of as high

quality as other methods of pulping that extract large

quantities of lignin. Its high pulp yield (100 pounds of

wood can produce as many as 95 pounds of pulp) is the

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 32

benefit of mechanical pulping, its low cost, and the paper

it produces has several desirable printing qualities, such

as high absorbency of ink, compressibility, opacity, and

thickness. However, the drawbacks include low power, low

endurance, and a tendency to yellow over time (primarily

caused by high levels of lignin).

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 33

SYHTHESIS

Papers have been a major source of many products that

contributes to the necessities and growing industries of

our society. As stated by the World Wild Life Fund

(2019),"Paper products are crucial to society, as they have

enabled literacy and cultural development" — they also

enabled industry.

The significance of paper to our daily life brings

environmental crisis as Martin and Sam (2017) stated that

Paper production Accounts for 35% of felled trees and

represents 1.2% of the world’s total economic output. Also

According to the National Forest Service website, as much

as 85 percent of the trees used in the making of paper and

paper products are coniferous. Hardwoods such as maples and

oaks comprise the rest of the trees employed in this

process. The reason for this is that the softwood conifers

have wood composed of longer fibers than those of the

hardwoods, a key factor in making paper stronger (Lindell,

2017).
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 34

The Union of Concerned Scientists points out the

correlation between paper production and environmental

crisis. “Wood products,” including paper, account for about

10% of total deforestation. Worldwide, deforestation is

estimated to be responsible for about 12% of greenhouse gas

emissions. Forests house carbon in wood, leaves, and soil.

When loggers and developers cut down forests, CO2 escapes

into the atmosphere. A deforested area can’t absorb and

store any more CO2.

The researchers believe that the production of papers

using wood will eventually results in wood scarcity in the

near future, thus we develop the idea of using a non-wood

fiber to be a temporary raw material substitute for paper

production.

The process of papermaking can be done by with either

chemical or mechanical means. However the researchers are

not financially capable of using chemical method to create

paper, so they've decided to focus the research on

developing a non-wood fiber as raw material on creating

paper using pure mechanical methods.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 35

Banana (Musaceae) is one of the world’s most important

fruit crops that is widely cultivated in tropical countries

for its valuable applications in food industry. Its

enormous by-products are an excellent source of highly

valuable raw materials for other industries by recycling

agricultural waste.

This prevents an ultimate loss of huge amount of

untapped biomass and environmental issues. The banana is

one of the most important fruit crops of the Philippines.

It is important both as a source of local and international

revenues for farmers, and an important component of the

daily diet of all Filipinos. The Philippine's Huge

production of Banana led the researchers to the idea of

utilizing the banana peels as raw material in Papermaking.

The data from Institute for Research and Development

of Cellulose Industries shows that the banana peel waste

contains more fine fibers than those that are made of wood

with high cellulose (60- 65%), hemicellulose (6-8%) and

lignin (5-10%). Meanwhile, the most commonly used softwood

to make the conventional raw material of the paper only

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 36

contains cellulose (41%), hemicellulose (24%) and lignin

(27.8%). Because of its high concentration of cellulose,

Banana peel can be used as raw material in the papermaking.

Thus, the banana peel is potentially used to be the raw

material of papermaking to reduce the dependence of wood as

the raw material of wrapping paper. The use of banana peel

waste also increases the optimization of the waste itself

by increasing the economic value.

It is therefore concluded by the researchers that

Banana Peels is the right candidate raw material to be used

in handmade papermaking.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 37

CHAPTER 3:
METHODOLOGY
The research methodology discusses the components and

processes of the research experiment. Furthermore, it also

tackles about how the data will be gathered during the

experimental run which would then be subjected to a proper

statistical treatment in parallel to the research design to

validate the hypotheses of this research experiment.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This research is conducted under the basis of

correlational resign design. A correlational research

design measures a relationship between two variables

without the researcher controlling either of them. It aims

to find out whether there is either a positive correlation,

negative correlation, and zero correlation. Correlational

research explores the relationship between or among

variables. Correlation research is also sometimes referred

to as a form of descriptive research because it describes

relationship between variables (Fraenkel and Wallen, 1993).

Correlational Research Design was decided to be the

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 38

appropriate design to find out if the procedures; Blending

Time (BT) and Cut Inches (CI) influence the paper bag

qualities which are the Texture (T) and Maximum Carrying

Capacity (MCC).

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

4-Point Likert Scale

The researchers made us of the 4-Point Likert Scale to

measure the two dependent variables; the Texture and the

Maximum Carrying Capacity.

Likert Scale Descriptions

Scale Texture Maximum Carrying Capacity
4 Smooth 11-15 eggs
3 Rough 7-10 eggs
2 Very Rough 4-6 eggs
1 Extremely Rough 1-3 eggs

Observation:

The researchers will gather data through a contrived

observation, also known as “structured observation.” A

contrived setting is one where the specific situation being

studied is created by the observer. The contrived setting

gives the observer greater control over the gathering of

data and specifically will enable them to gather the

information more quickly and efficiently.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 39

MATERIALS

• Banana Peels
• Used/Recycled Papers
• Scissors
• Boiling Pan
• Blender
• Water Heater
• Silk screen
• Water Basin

PROCEDURE
• Banana Peel and Used Papers Collection

The Researchers will first collect (15) banana peels

and (30 sheets) used papers. After the collection, the

Banana peels and used papers will be cut into small

pieces, approximately ¼ inch.

• Specimen Preparation

After cutting the banana peels and used papers into

small pieces, the researchers will heat 2-3glass of

water, and soak the used papers for 2 hours to soften

them before blending. The banana peels will be boiled for

20 minutes, from low to high heat.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 40

Experiment Run

After the banana peels and used papers have softened,

remove the excess water of both boiled banana peels and

used papers. The researchers can now proceed to blending.

Put the banana peels in the blender and put 2 and ½

glasses of water. After 15 minutes, remove the banana peel

pulp and wash the blender. Put the used papers next, with 2

and ½ cups of water as well. Blend the used paper for 10-15

minutes.

Then put the banana peel pulp and used paper mesh in

the mixer. Mix the pulp and mesh for 5 minutes. After

mixing, prepare the silk screen and water basin by putting

water in it – half of the container. Pour the paper pulp in

the basin, then make sure that the paper pulp will be mix

before molding, to include paper pulp that have settled

down. Use the silk screen to mold the mixture. Put the silk

screen in the basin and drain the excess water. Make sure

that the paper pulp will be evenly distributed in the silk.

Lastly dry the pulp in direct sunlight for about 3-4 hours.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 41

FLOW DIAGRAM

1. Collect banana peels and used

papers. Prepare scissors, boiling 2. Cut the banana peels and used
pan, blender, water heater, silk papers into small pieces, ¼ inch.

screen, and water basin.

4. Blend both the banana peels 3. Boil the banana peels for 20
and used papers to create paper minutes, and soak the used
pulp. papers in hot water for 2 hours.

5. Mix them thoroughly in a 6. Put the paper pulp in a water

mixer. basin with water in it.

7. Mold a paper sheet by using a

8. Dry the paper in direct sunlight
silk screen. Drain the excess
for about 3-4 hours.
water
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 42

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Chi-Square

A Chi-square statistic is a test that measures how

expectations compare to actual observed data (or model

results). Chi-square tests are often used in hypothesis

testing. The chi-square statistic compares the size any

discrepancies between the expected results and the actual

results, given the size of the sample and the number of

variables in the relationship.

Where:

x2 = chi squared

Oi = observed value

Ei = expected value
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 43

Degrees of Freedom in Chi-Square

For these tests, degrees of freedom are utilized

to determine if a certain null hypothesis can be rejected

based on the total number of variables and samples within

the experiment. If the observed chi-square test statistic

is greater than the critical value, the null hypothesis can

be rejected.

The degrees of freedom for the chi-square are

calculated using the following formula:

d f = ( r -1 ) ( c -1 )
Where:

df = degrees of freedom

r = number of rows

c = number of columns

Mode of Central Tendency (MCT) - A measure of central

tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set

of data by identifying the central position within that set

of data.

Mode of central tendencies includes the mean, the

median and the mode. In this study, the researchers will

focus on obtaining the “mean.”

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 44

GANTT CHART

Duration Express on Weeks

ACTIVITIES
2021

January February March

W1 w2 w3 w4 w1 w2 w3 w4 w1 w2 w3 w4

Brainstorming

Research Topic Analysis

Title Proposal

Specifying Objectives

Plotting of Chapter 1

Collecting of Related Studies

Validating the Studies

Generate Requirements for the Experiment

Trial Phase 1, 2, and 3 of Papermaking

Trial Phase 4, 5, 6 of Papermaking

Final Phase

Chapter 3-4

Chapter 5 – Finalizing of the Document

Virtual Consultation Week

Final Defense

Capstone Exhibition

Table 4: Gantt Chart

Legend: w = week
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 45

CHAPTER 4:
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the tabulated, analyzed, and

interpreted data based on the experimentations to

determining the problems stated about the “Use of Banana

Peels (Musa Paradisiaca Linn) as an Alternative Raw

Material in Making Handmade Paper Bags.”

Statement of the Problem No. 1: What are the

descriptive characteristics of the handmade banana paper
bags in terms of:
Table 1
The Descriptive Characteristics of the Handmade
Banana Paper Sheets in terms of Thickness

Trials No. of Sheets Size (mm)

Trial 1 6 sheets 4 mm
Trial 2 6 sheets 4 mm
Trial 3 6 sheets 4 mm
Trial 4 6 sheets 4 mm

Table 1 shows the descriptive data of the thickness of

the handmade paper sheets. The researchers set 6 paper

sheets stacked together to be measured by millimeters. The

papermaking Trials 1,2,3 and 4 all measured 4 millimeters.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 46

Table 2
The Descriptive Characteristics of the Handmade
Banana Paper Bags in terms of Color/Tone

Trials Samples Color/Tone RGB Name

Sample 1
(79%, Mocha
Trial 1 Sample 2
69%, 58%) Latte
Sample 3
Sample 1 Antique
(80%,
Trial 2 Sample 2 White
75%, 69%)
Sample 3 03
Sample 1
(80%, Wheat
Trial 3 Sample 2
73%, 59%) 03
Sample 3
Sample 1
(82%,
Tan
Sample 2 71%, 55%)
Trial 4
(62%,
Sample 3 Latte
44%, 23%)

Table 2 demonstrates the colors/tones of the handmade

paper bags. All samples in Trial 1 had mocha latte brown,

all samples in Trial 2 had antique white brown, all samples

in Trial 3 had wheat brown, lastly, in Trial 4, Samples 1

and 2 had tan, and Sample 3 had latte brown color.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 47

Statement of the Problem No. 2: What are the effects

of the following procedures in making handmade papers bags?

Table 3
The Blending Time and Cut Inches Measurements
in the Four Trials

Trials Blending Time (BT) Cut Inches (CT)

Trial 1 5 minutes 1 inch
Trial 2 5 minutes ¼ inch
Trial 3 15 minutes 1 inch
Trial 4 15 minutes ¼ inch

Table 3 presents the standard blending time and cut

inches procedures for each trial. The banana peels/recycled

papers in Trial 1 are cut into 1 inch and blended in 5

minutes. Trial 2 was cut into ¼ inch and blended in 5

minutes. Trial 3 was cut into 1 inch and blended in 15

minutes. Lastly, Trial 4 was cut into ¼ inch and then

blended in 15 minutes.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 48

Table 4
The Impact of the Procedures in the Handmade Banana
Paper Bags in Terms of Texture

Trials Samples Texture

Sample 1 1
Trial 1 Sample 2 1
Sample 3 1
Sample 1 1
Trial 2 Sample 2 2
Sample 3 2
Sample 1 2
Trial 3 Sample 2 3
Sample 3 3
Sample 1 3
Trial 4 Sample 2 2
Sample 3 4

Table 4 shows the results of the 4-Point Likert Scale

determining the texture of the handmade paper bags. All the

three samples in Trial 1 scaled “extremely rough.” In Trial

2, Sample 1 scaled “extremely rough,” while Samples 2 and 3

scaled “very rough.” Trial 3 varied in texture; Sample 1

(rough), Sample 2 (very rough), and Sample 3 (rough).

Lastly, Trial 4 – Sample 1 (rough) and Samples 2 and 3

scaled “very rough.” Conclusively, the Trial 4 had the

least rough paper surface.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 49

Table 5
The Impact of the Procedures in the Handmade Banana Paper
Bags in Terms of Maximum Carrying Capacity
Carrying
Trials Samples
Capacity
Sample 1 4
Trial 1 Sample 2 4
Sample 3 4
Sample 1 4
Trial 2 Sample 2 4
Sample 3 4
Sample 1 4
Trial 3 Sample 2 4
Sample 3 4
Sample 1 4
Trial 4 Sample 2 4
Sample 3 4

Table 5 presents the strength (maximum carrying

capacity) of the handmade paper bags. Surprisingly, all the

samples in Trials 1, 2, 3 and 4 are capable of carrying 15

eggs. The samples can still carry eggs more than 15.

However, the paper bag size was already occupied by 15

eggs.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 50

Table 6
The Impact of the Procedures in the Handmade
Banana Paper Bags in Terms of Texture
and Maximum Carrying Capacity

Texture and Maximum Carrying Capacity of the

Handmade Paper Bags
4.5

3.5
Texture
3

2.5
Maximum
Carrying
2
Capacity
1.5

0.5

0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4

Table 6 shows the compares the average mean of

Textures and average mean of Maximum Carrying Capacity in

every trial. The Maximum Carrying Capacity always has the

average mean of 4 in each trial – each sample handmade

banana paper bag can carry 15 eggs. On the other hand, the

average mean of texture increased in each trial. This

concludes that the higher blending time and cut inches,

less rough the paper surface becomes. For the Maximum

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 51

Carrying Capacity, the blending time and cut inches does

not affect the paper bags’ strength, as it remains constant

even though the procedures are changed.

Statement of the Problem No. 4: What are the

significant relationship between the procedures and the
quality in making handmade paper bags?

Table 7
The Significant Relationship between the
Blending Time/Cut Inches and Texture/Maximum Carrying
Capacity
Computed Tabulated
Decision Interpretation
Value Value

Blending Time/Cut Accept

Inches and There is no
H0,
Texture/Maximum 0.6 7.81 Reject
significant
Carrying Capacity relationship
Ha

Table 7 presents the overall findings of the tabulated

data in terms of Papermaking Procedures and Paper Bag

Qualities. The data above shows that there is no

significant relationship between the Blending Time/Cut

Inches and Texture/Maximum Carrying Capacity of the

handmade paper bags. Since the computed value (0.5) did not

exceed the predetermined tabulated value of 7.81, the

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 52

decision is to reject the Ha (alternative hypothesis) and

accept the Ho (null hypothesis).

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 53

CHAPTER 5:
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter provides the narrative overview of the

research. It narrates the research topic from the

beginning, the procedures, and the data gathered. It also

provides the recommendation or suggestions to the readers

who would do related research or study and use this for

ground-work.

Summary

The researchers conducted an experiment where the

subjects banana peels and used papers were used to make

handmade paper bags through mechanical means. The

researchers collected discarded banana peels and recycled

papers beforehand. Subsequently, the subjects were cut and

blended according to the assigned Cut Inches and Blending

Time in each four trials. The subjects underwent molding

and drying afterwards. The experiment has been conclusive.

The main problem of the study is to determine if there is a

significant relationship between the papermaking Procedures

(Blending Time and Cut Inches) and the paper bag Qualities

(Texture and Maximum Carrying Capacity).

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 54

After the conducted experiment, the researcher found

out that:

1. Using banana peels and used recycled papers works as

alternative raw materials in making handmade paper bags.

Though no significant relationship was found between the

procedures and qualities, the subjects were successfully

turned into reusable paper bags.

2. Significant relationship was not found between the

papermaking Procedures (BT and CI) and the paper bag

Qualities (T and MCC). All of their texture difference was

not far different from each other – all trials were far

from smooth. Even though their numerical value in the 4-

point likert scale escalated, because the researchers

changed the scale from: to:

1 – Very Rough 1 – Extremely Rough

2 – Rough 2 – Very Rough

3 – Smooth 3 – Rough

4 – Very Smooth 4 – Smooth

Still, no significant relationship was found between

BT, CI and the paper bags’ texture. The other side of the
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 55

paper sheet remains constant (smooth), as it faced the

smooth surface of the molding silk screen.

In addition, all paper bags that underwent four

different procedures still showcased high carrying capacity

by their capability to carry 15 eggs. Therefore, the

changes manipulated in the BT and CI did not influence the

Texture and Maximum Carrying Capacity of the handmade

banana paper bags.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 56

Conclusions:

The researchers therefore conclude that there is no

significant relationship between the papermaking Procedures

(Blending Time and Cut Inches) and the paper bag Qualities

(Texture and Maximum Carrying Capacity). However, using

banana peels and used papers as alternative raw materials

in making handmade paper bags can work successfully.

1. Banana peels and recycled papers can be used as

alternative raw papermaking materials in handmade

paper bags.

2. Blending Time and Cut Inches did not influence the

Texture and Maximum Carrying Capacity. The future

researchers who will use this study for ground work

should focus on the other papermaking procedures such

as determining the proper ratio of banana peels to

used papers, trying out different ingredients such as

oil, starch, etc., and other methods to make both

surface of the paper sheets smooth.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 57

Recommendation:

The researchers have conducted an easily observed

experiment. However, they recommend future researchers to

conduct an in-depth study for more procedures that may

contribute to the improvement of the handmade banana paper

bag qualities. They also recommend to produce more samples

acquire more accurate data and conclusions.

The following are the recommendations for the future

researchers:

• The future researchers should focus on other

papermaking procedures that can affect paper bags such

as the ratio of banana peels to used papers (as it may

affect the paper quality, thickness and color).

• Procedures such as how long should the researchers let

the pulp soak in the basin with water before the

molding phase with silk screen (current researchers

have noticed that prolonged pulp in the water, at

least 1-2 days makes the paper smoother and darker in

color. This is prominent in the Trial 4, Sample 3).

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 58

• The boiling time of the banana peels must also be

observed if it really affects the texture of the paper

bags.

• The future researchers must also try different

cellulose-rich organic wastes to produce papers to

lessen community wastes and be turned into papers

suitable for writing, wrapping, etc.

• The future researchers should determine other

procedures/experimentation on how to produce banana

peels into papers suitable for writing; how to enhance

its color (preferably white/yellow), texture, and ink

absorbency for academic uses.

• The topic of this study was completely new to the

current researchers, and this overwhelmed the

researchers as the selection of variables was broad

despite the topic being grounded. In consequence, the

researchers didn’t have enough scope and knowledge to

choose appropriate variables (BT, CI and T, MCC) that

potentially have the significance to each other.

Having stated that, future researchers must determine

the scope of their study to recognize their focal

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 59

variables to focus their experiments on and determine

how to gather their numerical data – especially in

quantitative research.

• To the community – Waste segregation, mainly banana

peels and used papers must be implemented to the

community for the purpose of collecting immense amount

of raw materials; to be utilized in making reusable

products such as handmade banana paper bags.

• To the community – These handmade paper bags should be

recycled and re-used, to produce new sets of paper

bags until the fiber strength of these recycled

handmade paper bags are no longer suitable to make

strong paper bags.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 60

REFERENCES

• Manikandan, K., Saravanan, V., & Viruthagiri, T.

(2008). Kinetics studies on ethanol production from

banana peel waste using mutant strain of Saccharomyces

cerevisiae.

• Yue, X., Zhang, T., Yang, D., Qiu, F., & Li, Z.

(2018). Hybrid aerogels derived from banana peel and

waste paper for efficient oil absorption and emulsion

separation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 199, 411-

419.

• Oberoi, H. S., Sandhu, S. K., & Vadlani, P. V. (2012).

Statistical optimization of hydrolysis process for

banana peels using cellulolytic and pectinolytic

enzymes. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 90(2), 257-

265.

• Noremberg, B. S., Silva, R. M., Paniz, O. G., Alano,

J. H., Gonçalves, M. R., Wolke, S. I., ... & Carreño,

N. L. (2017). From banana stem to conductive paper: A

capacitive electrode and gas sensor. Sensors and

Actuators B: Chemical, 240, 459-467.

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 61

• Ramdhonee, A., & Jeetah, P. (2017). Production of

wrapping paper from banana fibres. Journal of

environmental chemical engineering, 5(5), 4298-4306.

• Silva, V. D., Arquelau, P. B., Silva, M. R., Augusti,

R., Melo, J. O., & Fante, C. A. (2020). Use of paper

spray-mass spectrometry to determine the chemical

profile of ripe banana peel flour and evaluation of

its physicochemical and antioxidant properties.

Química Nova, 43(5), 579-585.

• Mokbel, M. S., & Hashinaga, F. (2005). Antibacterial

and antioxidant activities of banana (Musa, AAA cv.

Cavendish) fruits peel. American journal of

Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1(3), 125-131.

• Sun, H. Y., Li, J., Zhao, P., & Peng, M. (2011).

Banana peel: A novel substrate for cellulase

production under solid-state fermentation. African

Journal of Biotechnology, 10(77), 17887-17890.

• Rahimi-Mohseni, M., Raoof, J. B., Ojani, R.,

Aghajanzadeh, T. A., & Hashkavayi, A. B. (2018).

Development of a new paper based nano-biosensor using

the co-catalytic effect of tyrosinase from banana peel

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 62

tissue (Musa Cavendish) and functionalized silica

nanoparticles for voltammetric determination of l-

tyrosine. International journal of biological

macromolecules, 113, 648-654.

• Yue, X., Zhang, T., Yang, D., Qiu, F., & Li, Z.

(2018). Hybrid aerogels derived from banana peel and

waste paper for efficient oil absorption and emulsion

separation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 199, 411-

419.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 63

APPENDICES
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 64

Chi-Square Computation

S1 S2 S3
Trials
T MCC T MCC T MCC
Trial 1 1 4 1 4 1 4
Trial 2 1 4 2 4 2 4
Trial 3 2 4 3 4 3 4
Trial 4 3 4 2 4 4 4

Texture Texture MCC MCC

Total
(O) (E) (O) (E)
(BT) 5 mins,
8/6 = 1.3 1.8 24/6 = 4 3.5 5.3
(CI) 1 inch
(BT) 5 mins,
17/6 = 2.8 2.3 24/6 = 4 4.5 6.8
(CI) ¼ inch
(BT) 15 mins,
11/6 = 1.8 2 24/6 = 4 4 5.8
(CI) 1 inch
(BT) 15 mins,
14/6 = 2.3 2.1 24/6 = 4 4.2 6.3
(CI) ¼ inch
Total = 8.2 = 16 = 24.2

Degrees of Freedom
𝒅𝒇 = (𝒓 − 𝟏)(𝒄 − 𝟏)

𝒅𝒇 = (2 − 1)(4 − 1)

𝒅𝒇 = (1)(3)

𝒅𝒇 = 𝟑
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 65

Chi-Square Correlation:

𝟐
(𝒐 − 𝒆)𝟐
𝒙 =∑
𝒆
𝟐
(1.3 − 1.8)2 (2.8 − 2.3)2 (1.8 − 2)2 (2.3 − 2.1)2
𝒙 = + + +
1.8 2.3 2 2.1
2 2 2
(4 − 8.5) (4 − 4.5) (4 − 4) (4 − 4.2)2
+ + + +
8.5 4.5 4 4.2

𝟐
(−0.5)2 (0.5)2 (−0.2)2 (0.2)2 (0.5)2 (−0.5)2
𝒙 = + + + + + +0
1.8 2.3 2 2.1 3.5 4.5
(−0.2)2
+
4.2
0.25 0.25 0.04 0.04 0.25 0.25 0.04
𝒙𝟐 = + + + + + +
1.8 2.3 2 2.1 3.5 4.5 4.2
𝒙𝟐 = 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.02 + 0.02 + 0.07 + 0.06 + 0.009

𝒙𝟐 = √0.38

𝒙𝟐 = 0.6
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 66

Table of Critical Values: Chi-Square Correlation:

N 0.1 0.05 0.01

1 2.71 3.84 6.63
2 4.61 5.99 9.21
3 6.25 7.81 11.34
4 7.78 9.49 13.28
5 9.24 11.07 15.09
6 10.64 12.59 16.81
7 12.02 14.07 18.48
8 13.36 15.51 20.09
9 14.68 16.92 21.67
10 15.99 18.31 23.21

Tabulated Value = 7.81 Reject Ha, Accept Ho

Decision: There is no significant relationship between

papermaking Procedures (Blending Time and Cut Inches) and the

paper bag Qualities (Texture and Maximum Carrying Capacity).

Significant relationship of the papermaking Procedures

(Blending Time and Cut Inches) and the paper bag Qualities

(Texture and Maximum Carrying Capacity):

Computed Tabulated
Decision Interpretation
Value Value
Blending
Time/Cut
Accept
Inches and There is no
H0,
Texture/Maxi 0.6 7.81 Reject
significant
mum Carrying relationship
Ha
Capacity
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 67

The First 6 Trials:

• Trial 1
- Banana Peels sunlight dried for: ½ day
- Banana Peel to Used Paper ratio: (8:10)
- Cut Inches banana peels and used papers: 1½ inches
- Boiling time(banana peels): 10 minutes
- Blending Time for banana peels: 5 minutes
- Blending Time for used papers: 5 minutes
- (2-3 cups of water must be added when boiling,
especially when blending – for the machine to mesh
the subjects finely. This procedure is a constant.)
- Sunlight dried for: 2-6 hours. Note: Rainy weather.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 68

• Trial 2
- Banana Peels sunlight dried for: 1 day
- Banana Peel to Used Paper ratio: (8:10)
- Cut Inches banana peels and used papers: 1½ inches
- Boiling time(banana peels): 15 minutes
- Blending Time for banana peels: 10 minutes
- Blending Time for used papers: 10 minutes
- Sunlight dried for: 2-6 hours. Note: Rainy weather.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 69

• Trial 3
- Banana Peels sunlight dried for: 2 days
- Banana Peel to Used Paper ratio: (8:15)
- Cut Inches banana peels and used papers: 1½ inches
- Boiling time(banana peels): 20 minutes
- Blending Time for banana peels: 15 minutes
- Blending Time for used papers: 15 minutes
- Sunlight dried for: 2-8 hours. Note: Rainy weather.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 70

• Trial 4
- Discarded Banana Peels were not sunlight dried.
- Banana Peel to Used Paper ratio: (8:15)
- Cut Inches of banana peels and used papers: ¼ inch
- The researchers decided to: soak the cut papers in
hot water for 2 hours to soften the fibers for easy
blending.
- Boiling time (banana peels): 20 minutes
- Blending Time for banana peels: 15 minutes
- Blending Time for used papers: 15 minutes
- Sunlight dried for: 3 hours.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 71

• Trial 5
- Discarded Banana Peels were not sunlight dried.
- Banana Peel to Used Paper ratio: (8:15)
- Only the banana peel flesh was used.
- Cut Inches of banana peels and used papers: ¼ inch
- The researchers decided to: soak the cut papers in
hot water for 2 hours to soften the fibers for easy
blending.
- Boiling time (banana peels): 20 minutes
- Blending Time for banana peels: 15 minutes
- Blending Time for used papers: 15 minutes
- Sunlight dried for: 3 hours.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 72

• Trial 6
- Discarded Banana Peels were not sunlight dried.
- Banana Peel to Used Paper ratio: (8:15)
- Only the banana peel skin was used.
- Cut Inches of banana peels and used papers: ¼ inch
- The researchers decided to: soak the cut papers in
hot water for 2 hours to soften the fibers for easy
blending.
- Boiling time (banana peels): 20 minutes
- Blending Time for banana peels: 15 minutes
- Blending Time for used papers: 15 minutes
- Chlorine Bleach was tested if it affects the color.
(There were 6 varying sheets. We use the bottle cap
to put bleach.)
a. Molded without bleach.
b. 5 bottle caps of bleach, then after 5 minutes:
c. 10 bottle caps of bleach, then after 5 minutes:
d. 15 bottle caps of bleach, then after 5 minutes:
e. 20 bottle caps of bleach. then after 5 minutes:
f. 25 bottle caps of bleach.
3. Sunlight dried for: 3 hours.
Specifically, we used:

Zonrox Plus Extra Thick White Blue

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 73

Trial 6:
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 74

The Four Final Trials:

• Trial 1
- Discarded Banana Peels were not sunlight dried.
- Banana Peel to Used Paper ratio: (15:30)
- Cut Inches of banana peels and used papers: 1 inch
- Cut papers in hot water for 2 hours to soften the
fibers for easy blending.
- Boiling time (banana peels): 20 minutes
- Blending Time for banana peels: 5 minutes
- Blending Time for used papers: 5 minutes
- Sunlight dried for: 3 hours.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 75

• Trial 2
- Discarded Banana Peels were not sunlight dried.
- Banana Peel to Used Paper ratio: (15:30)
- Cut Inches of banana peels and used papers: ¼ inch
- Cut papers in hot water for 2 hours to soften the
fibers for easy blending.
- Boiling time (banana peels): 20 minutes
- Blending Time for banana peels: 5 minutes
- Blending Time for used papers: 5 minutes
- Sunlight dried for: 3 hours.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 76

• Trial 3
- Discarded Banana Peels were not sunlight dried.
- Banana Peel to Used Paper ratio: (15:30)
- Cut Inches of banana peels and used papers: 1 inch
- Cut papers in hot water for 2 hours to soften the
fibers for easy blending.
- Boiling time (banana peels): 20 minutes
- Blending Time for banana peels: 15 minutes
- Blending Time for used papers: 15 minutes
- Sunlight dried for: 3 hours.

(Note: The paper mark for Trial 3 was swapped with Trial 4
by one of the groupmates)
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 77

• Trial 4
- Discarded Banana Peels were not sunlight dried.
- Banana Peel to Used Paper ratio: (15:30)
- Cut Inches of banana peels and used papers: ¼ inch
- Cut papers in hot water for 2 hours to soften the
fibers for easy blending.
- Boiling time (banana peels): 20 minutes
- Blending Time for banana peels: 15 minutes
- Blending Time for used papers: 15 minutes
- Sunlight dried for: 3 hours.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 78

The First Six Trials

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 79
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 80

The Four Final Trials

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 81
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 82