‫ﻧﻈﻢ إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

Database Management Systems

 1.4 Database Management System 3

organization still the integrity of the data should be maintained. A database

is integrated when(Data and Information
same information is not recorded in )two
‫ﺎت‬places.
‫اﻟﺒ ﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت و اﻟﻤ ﻌ ﻠﻮ ﻣ‬
. ‫ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ھ ﻲ ﻗ ﻠﺐ ﻧﻈ ﺎم إد ار ة ﻗ ﻮ اﻋ ﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬. ‫اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ھ ﻲ ﺣ ﻘ ﺎﺋﻖ أو ﻟﯿﺔ و اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺸ ﻜ ﻞ اﻟﻠﺒﻨﺔ اﻷ ﺳ ﺎﺳ ﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﻌ ﻠﻮ ﻣ ﺎت‬
‫ﺔ‬1.4
‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬Database
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻔﯿﺪة ﻣﻦ‬Management‫ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼ ﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﻣﻔﯿﺪة‬System ‫ﺗﺠ ﺪ ر اﻹ ﺷ ﺎر ة إﻟﻰ أن ﺟ ﻤ ﯿﻊ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﻻ ﺗﻤ ﺜﻞ ﻣ ﻌ ﻠﻮ ﻣ ﺎت‬
‫ اﻟﻤ ﻌ ﻠﻮ ﻣ ﺎت اﻟﺠ ﯿﺪ ة و ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻮ ﻗ ﺖ‬. ‫ ﯾﺠ ﺐ ﺗﻔ ﺴ ﯿﺮ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﻣ ﻦ أﺟ ﻞ اﻟﺤ ﺼ ﻮ ل ﻋ ﻠﻰ اﻟﻤ ﻌ ﻠﻮ ﻣ ﺎت‬، ‫ و ﺑﻌ ﺒ ﺎر ة أﺧ ﺮ ى‬. ‫اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت‬
A database .management‫ﺘﺎح اﻟﺒﻘﺎء اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ‬system
‫(ﻟﺠﯿﺪ ھﻮ ﻣﻔ‬DBMS)
‫ﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار ا‬consists
‫ إن ا‬.‫اﻟﻘﺮار‬of‫ﺨﺎذ‬collection
‫ﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﺗ‬of ‫ﺼ ﻠ‬interrelated
‫اﻟﻤ ﻨ ﺎﺳ ﺐ و ذ ات اﻟ‬
data and a set of programs to access that data. It is software that is helpful
in maintaining and utilizing a database.
A DBMS consists of:
(Database) ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
– A collection of interrelated and persistent data. This part of DBMS is
‫ﻮﺻ ﻮل‬referred
‫ﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟ‬to
‫ وا‬،as
‫ﻌﻨﻰ‬database
‫(ﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ذات ﻣ‬DB).
‫ﻗ ﺎﻋ ﺪ ة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻋ ﺒﺎر ة ﻋ ﻦ ﻣ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮ ﻋ ﺔ ﺟ ﯿﺪ ة اﻟﺘﻨﻈ ﯿﻢ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤ ﺮ ﺗﺒﻄ ﺔ ﺑ‬
– A set of application programs used to access, .update, ‫ﻄﻘﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬and ‫ﺎت ﻣﻨ‬manage
‫ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﯿ‬data.
‫إﻟﯿﮭ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬
This part constitutes data management system (MS).
‫ﺒﯿﺎﻧ–ﺎت‬A
‫ﻦ اﻟ‬DBMS
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣ‬is‫ﻣﻦ‬general-purpose
(Database management software
systemi.e., not application
(DBMS) ) ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬specific.
‫ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة‬The
‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬same
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟ‬DBMS
‫(ﻲ ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ‬e.g.,
‫ ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ﻓ‬Oracle,
‫ھﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬Sybase,
‫ و‬.‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬etc.)
‫ﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ‬can
‫ﻮل إﻟ‬be‫ﻮﺻ‬used‫ﺮاﻣﺞ ﻟﻠ‬in‫اﻟﺒ‬railway
‫ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬reservation
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ وﻣﺠ‬
system, library management, university, etc. .‫واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‬
– A DBMS takes care of storing and accessing data, leaving only application
specific:‫ﻣﻦ‬tasks to application
(Database Management programs.
System (DBMS)) ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ وﯾﺸﺎر إﻟﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬.‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬-
DBMS is a complex system that allows a user to do many things to data
.(DB) ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
as shown in Fig. 1.2. From this figure, it is evident that DBMS allows user to
‫ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء‬.‫– ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺜﮭﺎ وإدارﺗﮭﺎ‬
input data, share the data, edit the data, manipulate the data, and display
.(MS) ‫ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
the data in the database. Because a DBMS allows more than one user to share
the data; the
ً complexity extends to its design and implementation.
‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫ أي أﻧﮫ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎ ﻣﺤﺪدًا‬،‫( ھﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻸﻏﺮاض اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬DBMS) ‫ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ‬،Sybase ،Oracle ،SQL Server ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
1.4.1 Structure of .‫ذﻟﻚ‬DBMS
‫ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ‬،‫ واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬،‫ وإدارة اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت‬،‫ذﻟﻚ( ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﺠﺰ اﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪﯾﺔ‬

‫ت‬An
‫ﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎ‬overview
‫ﻦ اﻷﺷﯿﺎء ﺑﺎﻟ‬of
‫ﯾﺪ ﻣ‬the
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪ‬structure
‫ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻘﯿﺎم‬of
‫ﺢ ﻟﻠ‬database
‫ﻈﺎًﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻘﺪًا ﯾﺘﯿ‬management
‫( ﻧ‬DBMS) ‫ﺎت‬system ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ‬is‫رة‬shown
‫ ﻧﻈﺎم إدا‬in
‫ﯾﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺢ‬Fig.
‫ ﯾﺴﻤ‬1.3.
(DBMS A DBMS
) ‫ﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬is‫ﺪ ا‬a‫اﻋ‬software
‫ﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮ‬package,
‫ﯾﺘﻀﺢ أن ﻧ‬which
،‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬translates
‫ ﻣﻦ ھﺬا‬.1.2data‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬from
‫ﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ‬ its‫ﻣﻮ‬logical
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ‬
‫ﻲ‬representation
‫ وﻋﺮض اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓ‬to ،‫ت‬its
‫ﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎ‬physical
‫ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ا‬،representation
‫ وﺗﺤﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬،‫ت‬and ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎ‬back.
‫ وﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت؛ ﯾﻤﺘﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﯿﺪ إﻟﻰ‬description
The DBMS uses an application specific database ‫ن ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮ‬to‫ ﻷ‬.define
‫ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬this
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬
translation. The database description is generated by a database .‫ﻨﻔﯿﺬه‬designer
‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻤﮫ وﺗ‬

UPDATE
EDIT

INPUT DBMS SELECT

DISPLAY
SHARE MANIPULATE

Fig. 1.2.‫ت‬Capabilities
‫رة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎ‬of
‫إدا‬database
‫ﺪرات ﻧﻈﺎم‬management
‫ ﻗ‬.1.2 ‫ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬system

1
 ‫أھ ﺪ اف ﻧ ﻈ ﺎم إد ار ة ﻗ ﻮ اﻋ ﺪ اﻟ ﺒ ﯿ ﺎ ﻧ ﺎ ت‬
‫اﻷ ھ ﺪ اف اﻟﺮ ﺋﯿﺴ ﯿﺔ ﻟﻨﻈ ﺎم إد ار ة ﻗ ﻮ اﻋ ﺪ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ھ ﻲ ﺗﻮ ﻓ ﺮ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪ ،‬و ﺳ ﻼ ﻣ ﺔ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪ ،‬و أﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪ ،‬و اﺳ ﺘﻘﻼ ل‬
‫اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Data Availability‬‬

‫ﯾﺸ ﯿﺮ ﺗﻮ ﻓ ﺮ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺣ ﻘ ﯿﻘ ﺔ أن اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﯾﺠ ﺐ ان ﺗﻜ ﻮ ن ﻣ ﺘﺎﺣ ﺔ ﻟﻤ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮ ﻋ ﺔ و اﺳ ﻌ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺘﺨ ﺪ ﻣ ﯿﻦ ﺑﺘﻨﺴ ﯿﻖ ﻣ ﻔ ﯿﺪ‬
‫و ﺑ ﺘﻜ ﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻣ ﻌ ﻘ ﻮ ﻟﺔ ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﯾ ﺘﻤ ﻜ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺘﺨ ﺪ ﻣ ﻮ ن ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻮ ﺻ ﻮ ل ﺑﺴ ﮭ ﻮ ﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒ ﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Data Integrity‬‬

‫ﺗﺸ ﯿﺮ ﺳ ﻼ ﻣ ﺔ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺻ ﺤ ﺔ ا ﻟﺒ ﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻤ ﻮ ﺟ ﻮ د ة ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﺎﻋ ﺪ ة اﻟﺒ ﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪ .‬ﺑ ﻤ ﻌ ﻨ ﻰ آﺧ ﺮ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺒ ﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻤ ﺘ ﻮ ﻓ ﺮ ة ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﺎﻋ ﺪ ة‬
‫اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﯾﺠ ﺐ ان ﺗﻜ ﻮ ن ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣ ﻮ ﺛﻮ ﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Data Security‬‬

‫ﯾﺸ ﯿﺮ أﻣ ﺎن اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺣ ﻘ ﯿﻘ ﺔ أن اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺘﺨ ﺪ ﻣ ﯿﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺼ ﺮ ح ﻟﮭ ﻢ ﻓ ﻘ ﻂ ھ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﯾﻤ ﻜ ﻨﮭ ﻢ اﻟﻮ ﺻ ﻮ ل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪ .‬ﯾﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﻓ ﺮ ض‬
‫أﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﻋ ﻦ ط ﺮ ﯾﻖ ﻛ ﻠﻤ ﺎت اﻟﻤ ﺮ و ر ‪ .‬إذ ا ﻛ ﺎن ﻣ ﺴ ﺘﺨ ﺪ ﻣ ﺎن ﻣ ﻨﻔ ﺼ ﻼ ن ﯾﺼ ﻼ ن إﻟﻰ ﺑﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﻣ ﻌ ﯿﻨﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻔ ﺲ اﻟﻮ ﻗ ﺖ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓ ﯿﺠ ﺐ أﻻ ﯾﺴ ﻤ ﺢ ﻧﻈ ﺎم إد ار ة ﻗ ﻮ اﻋ ﺪ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﻟﮭ ﻤ ﺎ ﺑ ﺈﺟ ﺮ اء ﺗﻐ ﯿﯿﺮ ات ﻣ ﺘﻀ ﺎر ﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Data Independence‬‬

‫اﺳ ﺘﻘ ﻼ ل اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﯾﻌ ﻨ ﻲ أن اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺪ اﺧ ﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻘ ﺎﻋ ﺪ ة اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﯾﺠ ﺐ أﻻ ﺗ ﺘ ﺄﺛﺮ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺘﻐ ﯿ ﯿﺮ ات اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻄ ﺮ أ ﻋ ﻠﻰ اﻟﺠ ﻮ اﻧ ﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻤ ﺎد ﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨ ﺰ ﯾﻦ ‪ .‬ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ اﺳ ﺘﻘﻼ ﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪ ،‬ﯾﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺆ و ل ﻗ ﺎﻋ ﺪ ة اﻟﺒﯿ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﺑﻨﺎء ﻗ ﺎﻋ ﺪ ة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت د و ن اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋ ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺘﺨ ﺪ ﻣ ﯿﻦ ﻣ ﻊ ﻗ ﺎﻋ ﺪ ة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت )‪(File-Based System‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪ ،(DBMS‬ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺬي ﯾﻮﻓﺮه ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﯿﻦ‪ .‬ﯾﺤﺪد ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وﯾﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮫ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﯿﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ وأﻋﻀﺎء‬
‫ھﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺲ وﻗﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﺪورات اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ وﻣﺪة اﻟﺪورة وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬
‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.1.4‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﮭﺘﻤﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺪورات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﮭﺘﻤﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ وﯾﺘﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Group 1 of‬‬ ‫‪Application 1‬‬ ‫‪Files of‬‬

‫‪users‬‬ ‫‪Application 1‬‬

‫‪Group 2 of‬‬ ‫‪Files of‬‬

‫‪users‬‬ ‫‪Application 2‬‬
‫‪Application 2‬‬

‫‪Group n of‬‬ ‫‪Files of‬‬

‫‪users‬‬ ‫‪Application n‬‬
‫‪Application n‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 8.1‬ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﻋ ﯿﻮ ب اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎم اﻟﻘ ﺎﺋﻢ ﻋ ﻠﻰ اﻟﻤ ﻠﻔ ﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﯿﻮد اﻟﻨﮭﺞ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻓﻲ ازدواﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ ،‬واﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﺴﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﻋﺰﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Data Redundancy‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮة‪ .‬ﯾﻌﺪ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﮭﺞ اﻟﻼﻣﺮﻛﺰي‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﯿﻮب اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ھﻲ‪- :‬‬

‫– ﯾﺆدي ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ إھﺪار ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‪ .‬إذا ﺗﻢ إھﺪار ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎن اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﺗﺰﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫– ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺆدي ازدواﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﺪان ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت؛ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ‪ .‬اﻓﺘﺮض أن‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻮظﻒ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ‪ .‬اﻵن ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﻮظﻒ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﻮان‬
‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﮫ‪ .‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ وﺣﺪه وﻟﯿﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ‪ .‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ إرﺳﺎل ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﮫ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﺛﻢ ﺳﯿﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﺪان ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ .‬وﯾﺮﺟﻊ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻧﮭﺞ ﻻﻣﺮﻛﺰي‪.‬‬
‫‪1.9.2‬‬

‫اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Data Dependence‬‬

‫اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ .‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ إﺟﺮاء ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﺠﺐ إﻋﺎدة ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ‪.‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾُﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﺳﻢ اﺳﺘﻘﻼل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ .‬ﯾُﻔﻀﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻷﻧﮭﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ھﻨﺎك اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺴﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ )‪(Incompatible File Formats‬‬

‫ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﯾﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺑﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎؤه ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ C#‬ﻋﻦ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎؤه ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ . PYTHON‬وﻋﺪم ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻌًﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ وﻋﺰل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Separation and Isolation of Data‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ .‬ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﺰاﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﯿﻦ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺰداد ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﯿﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﻢ إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(DBMS‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪ ،(DBMS‬ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ وﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ .‬ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺞ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫)‪ (DBMS‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.1.5‬‬

‫‪Group 1 of users‬‬ ‫‪Application 1‬‬ ‫‪DBMS‬‬

‫‪DB‬‬
‫‪Group 2 of users‬‬ ‫‪Application 2‬‬
‫‪raw‬‬
‫‪data‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪data‬‬
‫‪Group n of users‬‬ ‫‪Application n‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .1.5‬اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻣ ﺰ ا ﯾ ﺎ ﻧ ﻈ ﺎ م إد ار ة ﻗ ﻮ اﻋ ﺪ ا ﻟ ﺒ ﯿ ﺎ ﻧ ﺎ ت‬
‫ھﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰاﯾﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ .‬ﺳﯿﺘﻢ ﺳﺮد ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺰاﯾﺎ ﻻﺣﻘًﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬إدارة ﻣﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Centralized data management‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Data Independence‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Data Integrity‬‬

‫إدارة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪ ،(DBMS‬ﯾﺘﻢ دﻣﺞ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار‬
‫وﯾﺠﻌﻞ إدارة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءة‪.‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﺨﺰﯾﻨﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ﯾﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮاﺟﮭﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﺔ واﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ .‬وﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬
‫ﻓﺄن اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﺄن ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﺨﺰﯾﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﯿًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫)‪(DBMS‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪ (DBMS‬ﯾﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻨﺴﺦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪،‬‬
‫ﺼﺎ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ ﻓﺮوع اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﯿﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮض ﺷﺨ ً‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ‪ .‬إذا ﻗﺎم ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻤﻌﯿﻦ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﮫ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﻨﻌﻜﺲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﯾﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮوع اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺑﻌض اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧظﺎم إدارة ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت )‪ (DBMS‬ھﻲ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﻛ ر ار اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪ ß‬اﻧﺧ ﻔ ﺎض ﻓ ﻲ ﻧظ ﺎم إد ار ة ﻗ و اﻋ د اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪.‬‬
‫• اﺳ ﺗﻘﻼ ل اﻟﺑﯾ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪ ß‬ﺗ م ﺗ ﻔ ﻌ ﯾ ﻠﮫ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧ ظ ﺎم إد ار ة ﻗ و اﻋ د اﻟﺑ ﯾ ﺎ ﻧ ﺎ ت‬
‫• ﻋ د م ﺗﻧﺎﺳ ق اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪ ß‬ﺗم ﺗﺟ ﻧﺑﮫ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧظ ﺎم إد ار ة ﻗ و اﻋ د اﻟﺑﯾ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣ ر ﻛ ز ﯾ ﺔ اﻟﺑ ﯾ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪ ß‬ﺗم ﺗﺣ ﻘﯾﻘﮭ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧظ ﺎم إد ار ة ﻗ و اﻋ د اﻟﺑﯾ ﺎﻧ ﺎت‬
‫• ﺳ ﻼ ﻣ ﺔ اﻟﺑ ﯾ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪ ß‬ﺿ ر و ر ﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻠﺔ اﻟﻔ ﻌ ﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ ﻜ ﻮ ﻧ ﺎ ت ﻧ ﻈ ﺎ م إد ار ة ﻗ ﻮ ا ﻋ ﺪ ا ﻟ ﺒ ﯿ ﺎ ﻧ ﺎ ت‬
‫ﯾﻘﺴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﻗﺴﺎم‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدﯾﺔ )‪(Hardware‬‬

‫وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻷﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻤﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‪ ،‬اﻷﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎت وﻛﺬﻟﻚ أﺟﮭﺰة‬
‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ ...‬اﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت )‪(Software‬‬
‫وھﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻗﺴﺎم‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ وھﻲ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺈدارة اﻷﺟﮭﺰة وﺗﮭﯿﺌﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ وﺗﻤﻜﯿﻦ ﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪… Linux, Unix, Windows‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وھﻮ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻮﻟﻰ إدارة ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ‪،SQL Server‬‬
‫‪... Sybase, DB2 ،Oracle‬اﻟﺦ‬
‫‪ (3‬اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﺔ وھﻲ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة‪ :‬اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع واﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن )‪:(Users‬‬
‫وھﻢ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وھﻢ‪:‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‪ :‬وھﻮ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ إدارة ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬
‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺑﺈدارة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ وﻣﻨﺢ اﻟﺼﻼﺣﯿﺎت ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‪.‬‬
‫• إدارة أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ واﻷﺟﮭﺰة اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‪.‬‬

‫ب( ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ :‬وھﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ إدارة ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﺸﻤﻞ واﺟﺒﺎﺗﮫ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ وﺗﺠﮭﯿﺰات‬
‫• ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻷﻣﻦ واﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫• ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ آﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ اﻵﺧﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺟـ( ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ :‬وھﻮ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ )اﻷﺷﺨﺎص( اﻟﺬي ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫وﺗﺸﻤﻞ واﺟﺒﺎﺗﮫ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫• ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﯿﺐ ﻟﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺧﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ طﺮق اﻟﻮﺻﻮل واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺎت‬
‫• واﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻮﺛﯿﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ وطﺮق اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪.‬‬

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 ‫د( اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﻮن وﻣﺤﻠﻠﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‪ :‬وھﻢ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ وﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫واﺟﺒﺎﺗﮭﻢ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت وﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ )ﻟﻐﺎت( ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺮرة‬
‫• ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ واﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺼﯿﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‪.‬‬

‫ھـ( اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‪ :‬وھﻮ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﯿﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﺤﺪد ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻞ اﻟﺤﺬف ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ ‪ ...‬اﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫اﻹﺟﺮاءات واﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت )‪(Procedures‬‬

‫وھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ وﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واﺿﺢ وﻣﺤﺪد‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Data‬‬
‫وھﻲ أھﻢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺿﺮورﯾًﺎ‬

‫ﻀﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻠﺰم ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪:‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري أﯾ ً‬
‫• إذا ﻛﺎن ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪي ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﯿﺪ‪،‬‬
‫• إذا ﻛﺎن ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎل واﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪،‬‬
‫• إذا ﻛﺎن ﺷﺨﺺ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﯾﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺎھًﺮا ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﯾﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪ (DBMS‬ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮب ﻓﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺑﺴﯿ ً‬
‫ﻄﺎ وﻣﺤﺪدًا ﺟﯿﺪًا وﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮه‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪ (DBMS‬ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎل واﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻻ ﯾﺸﺘﺮط اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ ﺎ ﺋ ﻌ ﻮ ﻧ ﻈ ﻢ إد ار ة ﻗ ﻮ اﻋ ﺪ ا ﻟ ﺒ ﯿ ﺎ ﻧ ﺎ ت و ﻣ ﻨ ﺘ ﺠ ﺎ ﺗ ﮭ ﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺒﯿﻦ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﺋﻌﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﮭﻮرﯾﻦ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﮭﻢ‬

‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫‪Microsoft‬‬ ‫‪–Access‬‬
‫‪–SQL Server‬‬
‫)‪–Desktop Edition (MSDE‬‬
‫‪Oracle‬‬ ‫‪–Oracle DBMS‬‬
‫‪–RDB‬‬

‫‪IBM‬‬ ‫‪–DB2/MVS‬‬
‫‪–DB2/UDB‬‬
‫‪–DB2/400‬‬
‫)‪–Informix Dynamic Server (IDS‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
Open Source –MySQL
–PostgreSQL
Sybase –Adaptive Server Enterprise (ASE)
–Adaptive Server Anywhere (ASA)
–Watcom