IMPACT OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN ON STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OKO.

ABSTRACT

This study entitled “Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown on student academic performance in Nigeria: a study
of federal Polytechnic Oko. This global pandemic, which has forced everyone into unprepared self-
isolation, has had a negative impact on students academic performance and their ability to work and get
prepared for their examination. This study evaluate the impact of Covid 19 pandemic on academic
performance of students in Nigeria. This study was carried out as a desk review. The result will based on
previous review. However, the study discovered four major impact of covid-19 lockdown on student
academic performance in Nigeria tertiary institutions; poor academic achievement; closure school;
inadequate and uneven access to education opportunities. Based on the above findings/. The study
posited among other posited among others that government should immediately embark on the
intergeneration of all tertiary school into online education. Federal Polytechnic,Oko unlike other schools
in witnessed the bad waterloo of covid-19 which lead to the shutting down of school for over 8months
without no education or academic activities going on in the street. Many students loosed interest on
education while others became more dull towards there academics and abandon school. This study
recommends that Federal Polytechnic of Oko should come up with academic plans that will help the
students to cover the academic vacuum Covid-19 created. Management of Federal Polytechnic Oko
should expand its ICT Facilities in order embrace online education as an alternative to conventional
education in case of unprecedented occurrence. To avoid learning and teaching disruptions, the state's
government and other educational stakeholders should provide sufficient capital, learning materials,
and human resources to various tertiary institutions in the state. These resources should be distributed
to schools in a timely manner, based on each school's student population.

Introduction

At some point in 2019, a viral disease (Coronavirus: COVID-19) broke out in Wuhan, China. This virus has
lately mutated into a terrible pandemic, posing a huge threat to global public health and forcing major
cities around the world, including Nigeria, to go into lockdown (Lin et al., 2020). Schools have been
ordered to close early due to the fear of getting infected by this awful virus, and individuals have been
told to keep their distance and keep their distance (Sintema,2020). Through a news briefing by Nigeria's
Minister of Health, all institutions, including primary, secondary, and post- secondary, universities, were
told to end the current academic session by the end of March 2020, on the 27th to be exact. In Nigerian
schools, summative assessments are the most popular method of evaluation, in which teachers
educate ;students and then conduct exams and examinations to determine what they have learnt
(Oyinloye & Imenda, 2019). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), corona viruses are a
family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more serious problems such as
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Humans are
infected with several corona viruses that have not yet infected people. The word corona comes from the
Latin word corona, which means crown or halo. Under an electron microscope, the seems to be
enveloped by a solar corona. The novel corona virus, discovered on January 7 by Chinese authorities and
named SARSCoV-2 since then, is a new strain that has never been observed in humans. Despite the fact
that human-to-human transmission has been proven, nothing is known about it (Ajazeera, 2020).
According to the WHO, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties are all signs of
infection. In more serious cases, it can lead to pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and even death. The
incubation period, or the interval between infection and symptom emergence, is currently considered to
be between one and fourteen days. The majority of infected patients exhibit symptoms within five to six
days. Patients who are infected, on the other hand, can be asymptomatic, meaning they have no
symptoms while the virus is there (Ajazeera, 2020). The government has taken a variety of initiatives to
reduce the risk of disease spreading. These measures include travel restrictions, forced travel
quarantines, social distance, public gathering bans, school and university closures, business closures,
self-isolation, ordering people to work from home, curfews, and lockdown (Bedford et al., 2020; Gostin
and Wiley, 2020). As a precaution against the virus's rapid spread, authorities in a number of countries
have instituted a lockdown or curfew (Paital, Das and Parida, 2020). These policies have a negative
influence on international trade, education, health, and tourism (Pragholapati, 2020). The majority of
Nigerian schools have just completed their second continuous assessment test, and due to the spread of
COVID-19, they would be unable to write their second term examination before the obligatory closure.
Few research on the influence of COVID-19 on students' educational success in Nigeria have been
undertaken until yet. Although there is data in the literature directly related to medical sciences and
practices. Unfortunately, COVID-19 will have a large impact on education, and the disease's impact
should be included in educational studies so that governments at all levels can make appropriate
accommodations for students and instructors all across the world (Sintema, 2020). The government's
decision to close schools is a welcome gesture to protect students all over the country from the virus,
which is on the rise due to the daily increase in the number of confirmed cases across the country. The
pandemic in Nigeria's tertiary institution, on the other hand, is wreaking havoc on the economies of
several low- and middle-income countries. Because of the COVID-19 crisis, Nigerian schools were under
lock and key at the time. Another study by Badmus and Omosewo (2018) found that students have
been performing poorly in national tests in recent years, particularly in science courses (Biology,
Chemistry and Physics). Because many colleges and institutions have suspended classroom education, a
transition to online instruction for undergraduate and graduate students has become effective
[reviewed in (Sahu, 2020; Yamin, 2020). This type of instruction allows you to reduce or eliminate
student-to-student or student to-lecturer interaction (Pragholapati, 2020). However, due to the
economic and digital divide, many students are unable to attend online education due to a lack of
resources or technology (UNESCO 2020). As a result, little has been spoken concerning COVID-19's
potential impact on Nigeria's educational sector, notably on students' performance. The current
situation demands rapid intervention because these are important topics required for admission to
tertiary institutions. Covid-19 Lockdown that lasted roughly 8months has made students of federal
polytechnic to loose focus in their academics. The lockdown instigated laziness which reduce the
studying zeal in them because they are out of school. After covid-19 lockdown, a lot of students has
forgotten their school reg no and name of courses they offered. The student’s academic performance
after the covid-19 lockdown were massively poor. Covid-19 Lockdown that hit the country in 2020 gave
room for online learning which were not invoke in some schools due to the total lockdown. It equally
give students the room to engage in some menial jobs and skill during the period of covid19-lockdown.
The covid-19 lockdown has caused more harm than good in our educational sector and has resulted to
massive failure and poor performances of Nigeria students in their academics. This study therefore,
evaluate the “Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown on student academic performance in Nigeria using Federal
Polytechnic Oko as study area.

BODY OF THE WORK

Overview of Covid-19

The name corona virus comes from the Latin word corona, meaning crown or halo. Under an electron
microscope, the looks like it is surrounded by a solar corona. The novel corona virus, identified by
Chinese authorities on January 7 and since named SARS-CoV-2, is a new strain that had not been
previously identified in humans. (WHO 2020) Little is known about it, although human-to-human
transmission has been confirmed. Chinese health authorities are still trying to determine the origin of
the virus, which they say likely, came from a seafood market in Wuhan, China where wildlife was also
traded illegally. On February 7, Chinese researchers said the virus could have spread from an infected
animal species to humans through illegally-trafficked pangolins, which are prized in Asia for food and
medicine ( https://www.afro.who.int/regional- director/speeches-messages/opening-statement-Covid-
19- press-conference-7-may-2020) . Scientists have pointed to either bats or snakes as possible sources
of the virus. According to the WHO, signs of infection include fever, cough, and shortness of breath and
breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, it can lead to pneumonia, multiple organ failure and even
death. Current estimates of the incubation period - the time between infection and the onset of
symptoms - range from one to 14 days. Most infected people show symptoms within five to six days.
However, infected patients can also be asymptomatic, meaning they do not display any symptoms
despite having the virus in their systems.

Covid-19 in Nigeria.

On 27 February, Nigeria confirmed its first case in Lagos State, an Italian citizen who works in Nigeria had
returned on 25 February from Milan, Italy through the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, fell ill
on 26 February and was transferred to Lagos State Biosecurity Facilities for isolation and testing.
( https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1061322) Presently, Nigeria is having 159,967 Covid-19
cases, 1,393 death and 135,831 recovered. In order to contain the spread of the virus in Nigeria, the
Federal Ministry of Education directed all educational institutions in Nigeria to shut down and allow
students to go home as cases of reported COVID- 19 increased.

Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on Student’s Academic Performance.

Ground-glass opacity and bilateral patchy shadows were the most common patterns found on chest
computed tomography (CT) (Guan et al, 2020). A quarter to a third of hospitalized patients in Wuhan
had serious complications such acute respiratory distress syndrome, arrhythmia, or shock, and were
transferred to the intensive care unit (Chen et al 2020). The prevalence of underlying co-morbidities
(such as diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease) was linked to a poorer overall result (Wang
et al, 2020).

Poor academic performance.

Since e-learning has been evaluated as a very bad form of teaching for Nigerian primary and secondary
school students (Oboh, Ighiwiyisi, & Oboh, 2020), it is likely that most pupils will not use it effectively.
Those who use online learning, on the other hand, rarely believe that they have acquired everything
they need to know because the continuous assessment is ineffective (Oboh, Ighiwiyisi & Oboh, 2020).
This issue has brought to light a number of flaws and inequities in our educational institutions, ranging
from the lack of access to broadband and computers essential for online learning to the lack of
supportive environments required for concentration.

Closure of Schools.

The shutdown of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to Burzynska and Contreras (2020),
will widen the gender gap by allowing girls to be abused and neglected. Furthermore, Francis and Pegg
(2020) stated that school closures have resulted in the halting of school nutritional programs in some
Nigerian communities. COVID-19, according to Van Lancker and Parolin (2020), is a social problem that
has resulted in school closures, a condition that affects the education of nearly 80% of school-age
children internationally.

Inadequate technology for E-learning.

Despite the government's praise for the use of technology such as phones, television, and radio for
online learning during the school closure period, the participants in this study highlighted the lack of or
unavailability of supporting technologies for learners in primary and secondary schools and their
parents. Furthermore, the majority of households with school-aged children cannot afford this
technology.

Uneven access to education opportunities.

During COVID-19, poor/unequal access to educational opportunities was also acknowledged as a serious
impediment to education and learning. Education was unavailable owing to a lack of infrastructure,
including technical devices, electricity, and network troubles, which are all too common in
Nigeria.During the epidemic, the majority of pupils was poorly connected or had limited access to
learning opportunities, according to these findings. Students from rich households who are encouraged
to learn by their parents may be able to find alternate learning opportunities through closed school
doors. When schools closed, students from low-income households were disproportionately affected.

Effect of Covid-19 school lock-down on student academic performance.

The researcher Observes that the outbreak of pandemic Covid-19 all over the world has disturbed the
academic, political, social, economic, religious and financial structures of the whole world. World’s
topmost economies such as the US, China, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Japan and many others are at the
verge of collapse Besides, Stock Markets around the world have been pounded and oil prices have fallen
off a cliff. In just a week 3.3 million Americans applied for unemployment and a week later another 6.6
million people started searching for jobs. Also, many experts on economic and financial matters have
warned about the worsening condition of global economic and financial structure. Such as Kristalina
Georgieva, Managing Director of International Monitory Fund (IMF), explained that “a recession at least
as bad as during the Global Financial Crisis or worse”. Moreover, Covid-19 is harming the global
economy because the world has been experiencing the most difficult economic situation since World
War-II. When it comes to the human cost of the Coronavirus pandemic it is immeasurable therefore all
countries need to work together with cooperation and coordination to protect the human beings as well
as limit the economic damages. For instance, the lockdown has restricted various businesses such as
travelling to contain the virus consequently this business is coming to an abrupt halt globally. Submits
that the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic that has swept across the globe in the last few weeks and
months has not only had a significant impact on public health, education, society, and the economy as a
whole, (.https://loudounnow.com/2020/03/26/virginia-covid-19-cases-reach-460-28-in- loudoun/) it has
also wreaked havoc to the sporting calendar . In a bid to stem the spread of the virus, many professional
and amateur leagues across all continents and sports took the unprecedented step to postpone or
suspend their seasons on the advice of the CDC to avoid gatherings of large amounts of people. The
researcher Observes that the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures put in place to contain its diffusion
are taking a heavy toll on the tourism sector . According to the United Nations World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO), the COVID-19 pandemic will result in a contraction of the tourism sector by 20%
to 30% in 2020. Observes that No matter where in the world or in which sector, the crisis is having a
dramatic impact on the world’s workforce”, (ILO) said in its latest report. “Policy responses need to
focus on providing immediate relief to workers and enterprises in order to protect livelihoods and
economically viable businesses, particularly in hard-hit sectors and developing countries ” An additional
concern is the fact that in low and middle-income countries, the worst-hit industries and services have a
high proportion of low-wage workers in informal employment, with limited access to health services and
State welfare safety nets. “Without appropriate policy measures, workers face a high risk of falling into
poverty and will experience greater challenges in regaining their livelihoods during the recovery period”,
ILO said in its latest report on the situation. It underscored that around two billion people work
informally, most of them in emerging and developing countries, and that “tens of millions” of informal
workers have already been affected by COVID-19.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design

The research design adopted for the study is the survey research design. Survey research design
according to Ben (2005) is a plan structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain
answers to research question and to control variance. This design was appropriate for this study
because the research made use of data collected from the respondent to assess the impact of COVID-19
on student academic performance in Federal polytechnic Oko.

Population of the study

The targeted population for this study comprises all undergraduate students of Federal Polytechnic
Oko. It includes all the department and schools. According to school record , Federal polytechnic Oko,
comprised of 8 schools and 30 department and 37,000 undergraduate students for 2022/2023 academic
session. (https://federalpolyoko. edu. ng/school portal).

Sample size and sampling procedure

A sample size comprised of 600 Student's drawn from the school of federal polytechnic Oko.
Proportional sampling techniques was used to select the sample size

Instrument

The research instrument for this study is questionnaire, titled "Effect of COVID-19 on student Academic
Performance in Federal Polytechnic Oko ". Section A required the respondent o provide their bio- data,
while section B items on the questionnaire pattered on modified likert scale of four points aggregate of
strongly Agreed (4), Agreed (3), Disagreed (2), and Strongly Disagreed (1).

Method of Data Analysis

The data collected from the respondent through the aid of the research instrument will be analyzed
statistically using simple percentage for Biodata, mean and standard deviation for analysis of
questionnaire using Microsoft Excel Data Tools Analysis.

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Answer to Research Question Research Question One: What are the Impact of COVID-19 school
lockdown on student academic performance in Federal polytechnic Oko.

Table 1: Effect of COVID-19 school lockdown on student academic performance in Federal polytechnic
Oko.

S/NO. ITEM. X- SD. Decision

1. COVID-19 affected the semester exam. 3.20. 2.79. ACCEPTED

final year Student's

3. COVID-19 affected admission of new 3.30. 2.88. ACCEPTED

student into the polytechnic

4. COVID-19 adjusticate the polytechnic 3.40. 2.96. ACCEPTED

academic calendar

5. COVID-19 disrupted teaching 3.60. 2.99. ACCEPTED

and learning

Result in Table 1 shows the mean and standard deviation of respondent on the effect of COVID-19
school lock down on student academic performance in Federal polytechnic Oko. The mean values of the
above items were above 2.50 criterion value. This implies are the effect of COVID-19 school lockdown on
student academic performance in Federal polytechnic Oko.

Research Question Two : What are the Non- Pharmaceutical measures management of federal
polytechnic Oko adopts to curtail the spread of COVID-19 among Student's?

Table 2 : Non- Pharmaceutical measures management of federal polytechnic Oko adopts to curtail the
spread of COVID-19 among Student's.

S/NO. Statement. X- SD. DC

1. The university maintained adequate 3.15. 2.77. ACCEPTED social distance

2. The polytechnic maintained 3.05. 2.67. ACCEPTED

use of Face marks

3. The polytechnic shut down. 3.44. 2.97. ACCEPTED

school activities

4. The polytechnic maintained the 3.52. 3.06. ACCEPTED

use of hand sanitizer

5. The University encourage Student to 2.91. 2.57. ACCEPTED

maintained adequate personal hygiene

Result in Table 2 shows the mean and standard deviations of respondents on the Non-
pharmaceutical measures the polytechnic management adopted to curtail the spread of Covid-19
among students. The mean values of the above items were above 2.50 criterion value. This implies that
all items are the non -pharmaceutical measures management of Federal polytechnic Oko adopted to
curtail the spread of Covid-19 among students.

Research Question Three: Does the Management of university of Abuja adopts online

teaching as alternative to conventional teaching?

Table 3. Online teaching as alternative to conventional teaching in Federal polytechnic Oko

S/No. Item. X- SD. DC

1. School authority adopts online teaching 1.70. 1.38. REJECTED

as an alternative to classroom teaching

2. School authority use webinar. 1.70. 1.37. REJECTED

as an alternative to classroom teaching

3. School authority organized zoom 1.61. 1.17. REJECTED

classes as alternative to classroom teaching

4. School authority organized virtual 1.55. 1.104. REJECTED

examination as an alternative to

classroom examination

5. Federal polytechnic Oko has ICT. 3.20. 2.86. ACCEPTED

facilities to encourage online study

Result in Table 3 shows the mean and standard deviations of respondents on Online teaching as an
alternative to conventional teaching in Federal Polytechnic Oko,The mean values of items1,2,3,4 were
below 2.50 criterion value. This implies that Federal polytechnic Oko did not adopt any online teaching
during Covid-19 school lock-down, although item 5 mean value is above 2.50 criterion value, it implies
that Federal polytechnic Oko has ICT Facilities.

Conclusion

The study assessed the Impact of Covid-19 school lock-down on student academic performance in
Federal polytechnic Oko. Based on the findingof the study , the main objective stated,had been
achieved, considering the fact that reasonable number of the respondents accepted that covid-19
school lock down really impacted on student academic performance as the mean score was above
criteria value of 2.50. Covid-19, particularly affected semester examination, admission of new students,
graduation of final year students, also it adjusted academic calendar of Federal polytechnic Oko.

Recommendations

From the result of the findings, the following recommendations were made:

i. Federal Polytechnic Oko should come up with academic plans that will help the students to

cover the academic vacuum Covid-19 created.

ii. Management of Federal polytechnic Oko should expand its ICT Facilities in order embrace

online education as an alternative to conventional educationin case of unprecedented occurrence .

iii. Other institutions in Nigeria should collaborate with Federal polytechnic Oko to research

on vaccine for Covid19 which will be generally accepted by all Nigerians .

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