Senior High School

Creative Writing
Module 8
Exploring Various Staging Modalities
in Relation with the Drama Script

AIRs - LM
LU_CreativeWriting_Module8
CREATIVE WRITING
Module 8: Exploring Various Staging Modalities in Relation with the Drama Script
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Lucito F. Ferrer

Content Reviewer: Jenilyn B. Ferrer
Language Reviewer: Jenilyn B. Ferrer
Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr.
Design and Layout: Jackielyn G. Calderon

Management Team:
Atty. Donato D. Balderas Jr.
Schools Division Superintendent
Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
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Belen C. Aquino, PhD, EPS in Charge of English
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Department of Education – SDO La Union

Office Address: Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City, La Union
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LU_CreativeWriting_Module8
 Senior High school

Creative Writing
Module 8:
Exploring Various Staging
Modalities in Relation with the
Drama Script

LU_CreativeWriting_Module8
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 Target

In the last module, you were made to conceptualize important elements in

drama like the characters, setting, and the plot. In the module, sets of activities
ignited your creativity and critical thinking in coming up with believable characters
and setting as well as in the crafting of potentially effective plots to hook your
audiences.
Now with those knowledge and skills you acquired, it’s high time for you to
take drama production into a deeper experience: the staging of your drama script!
In this module which you are about to tackle, you will be given the opportunity
to explore staging modalities of the drama.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. explore different staging modalities in relation to the drama script
(HUMSS_CW/MPIj-IIc-18);

2. write at least one scene for one-act play applying the various elements, techniques,
and literary devices (HUMSS_CW/MPIj-IIc-20);
3. identify different stage types for drama productions;
4. differentiate various stage types and distinguish acting areas used in drama
productions;
5. write stage instructions on a script based on acting areas within the stage.

Note to the Teacher

This SLM is strategically designed for independent learning.
However, as the teacher or facilitator of learning, you are highly
encouraged to engage with your learners as they go along. Some learners
may find the activities difficult and would require you to explain
instructions and lesson contents for them to be able to understand and
successfully finish the module.
Your support in the success of teaching-learning is very important.

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 Lesson
Exploring Various Staging Modalities
8 in Relation with the Drama Script

In the previous module, you were asked to conceptualize characters, stetting,

and plot for a drama, specifically for one-act play.
In this module, you will learn more about drama and the different staging
modalities that you can use in the production and presentation of your drama
scripts.
To jumpstart the lesson, do the following activities. Have fun and good luck!

Jumpstart

Activity 1: 3…2…1…Curtains!
Directions: Read each item carefully and then choose the letter of the correct
answer. Place your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What do you call a raised floor or platform, typically in a theater, on which

actors, entertainers, or speakers perform?
A. Elevation B. Juncture C. Podium D. Stage
2. Into how any parts or sections is the acting area divided?
A. six B. eight C. seven D. nine
3. In a conventional stage setup, what do call the section nearest to the audience?
A. upstage B. center stage C. downstage D. forward stage
4. What do you call the position of the acting area in relation to the audience?
A. staging B. center stage C. acting setup D. forward stage
5. What do you call the very exact middle of the acting area?
A. upstage B. center stage
C. downstage D. forward stage
6. Which among the three conventional stage styles has an architectural frame,
hence the call “picture frame stage”?
A. thrust B. proscenium C. arena D. end stage
7. Which among the three conventional stage styles has an area that protrudes
forward and the audience is on the three sides?
A. thrust B. proscenium C. arena D. end stage
8. What do you call the process of selecting, designing, adapting to, or modifying the
performance space for a play or film?
A. acting B. production C. staging D. rehearsal
9. What do you call the non-conventional stage model wherein the audience sits on
two sides of the acting area?
A. avenue B. proscenium C. arena D. end stage
10. What term is used to refer to the decisions about where actors enter, exit and
stand on the stage?
A. acting B. blocking C. staging D. rehearsal

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 Were you able to answer them all correctly?

What you have just worked on is all about stage modalities and all other
important things to consider during the staging of a drama or play.

Now let us take the activity farther. Answer the next activity.

Activity 2: Stage Parade

Directions: Match the names of the different types of stage from their corresponding
illustrations. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

_________ 1. Proscenium Stage _________ 2. Thrust Stage

_________ 3. Theaters in-the-Round _________ 4. Promenade Theater
_________ 5. Avenue
A B C

D E

How many correct answers did you get this time? If you got them all correctly,
congratulations!
You’ve got a great sense of mental picture on what are the various staging
modalities we have in drama production and theater arts.
Now let’s proceed to your lesson.
Let’s proceed to the lesson proper. Come on! Let’s do this!

Discover

By now, you already have a slight idea on what are the various staging
modalities in drama. In this part, you are going to read more about these staging
modalities.
Also, you will learn more on other technical and production stuff of drama
production. Good luck!

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 STAGING MODALITIES
The drama script comes to life in the performance phase. This is now a critical
phase since all elements of drama are now intertwined: literary elements, technical
elements and the performance elements. The success of the drama depends on these
interconnections.
Choices which are made by concerned people on particular scenes in the
drama is called interpretation. Such process may sound simple yet it becomes
tedious when it is put into the stage. Considerable time and efforts are put into the
interpretation in order to come up with a successful staging.
Staging refers to the position of the acting area in relation to the audience.
But more than this, staging covers everything that performers do on stage (and even
technical crew and production staff at the backstage) to bring the drama to life and
give justice to the story. Staging then becomes a process of designing, adapting,
selecting, or even modifying the performance space for the play.
As part of the staging, directors (because there are several of them working
together: acting, lights, sound, effects, props, stage, stunt, etc.) usually brainstorm
regarding the acting area. This area refers to the available spaces to be occupied by
the set and to be used by the actors and actresses when performing. With this, the
stage becomes a battle ground to all the people of the drama production but most
especially to the performers.

THE STAGE
The stage, in simple definition, is the area designated for a performance. It
serves as space for the actresses and actors for the audience to watch them perform.
Taking the stage into consideration is very important. The stage spells out the
relationship to be made between the actors and actresses and the audiences. Always
remember that the inclusion of the audience is fundamental to the success of a
drama performance. Going back to basics: no audience, no drama.
Relative to the stage, the acting area is divided into nine sections: upstage
right (USR), upstage center (USC), upstage left (USL), center stage right (CSR), center
stage or the exact middle (CS), center stage left (CSL), downstage right (DSR),
downstage center (DSC), and the downstage left (DSL).
An illustration on the next page gives a more detailed explanation for you to
understand where these sections are located in relation to the position of the
audience.

Source: www.theatre.uciem.com
The Nine Acting Areas
The downstage sections are the nearest to the audience while the upstage
sections are the farthest.

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 These sections in the acting area help the performers and other production
staff identify the different parts of the acting space. With it, they are able to place
with appropriateness the set and the props as well as the lights.
The blocking decisions for the actors and actresses also become clearer
through the use of these acting areas. The performers are able to identify where to
enter, to exit and where to stand while on the stage. In addition, the space on stage
can be used well and the director could give the best space for the performer and
best viewing experience for the audience.

TYPES OF STAGE FOR DRAMA PRODUCTIONS

The choice of staging modality of a drama depends on what kind of experience
you want your audience to experience. From the point of view of a writer and as a
part of the drama production team, do you want the audience to get a feel of the
drama and in the midst of the action or you simply want them settled from a distance
and observing the actions unfolding on stage? Wherever the audience may be placed
or seated, it is important that performers and the audiences keep an eye contact with
one another. This creates a sense of shared experience all throughout the play.
This brings you to the selection of appropriate staging modality. Below are the
common staging modalities in drama production.

A. PROSCENIUM STAGE
This type of stage has a built-in architectural frame called “proscenium arch”
(although it does not look curved in shape and does not even serve the purpose of
curved structural support). This proscenium arch makes the stage look like a ‘picture
frame’ hence the other call picture-frame stage.
This type of stage is deep and sometimes raked (gently sloped and rising away
from the audience). Modern proscenium stages nowadays have extended portion
outside the proscenium arch leading to the auditorium area. This part is called apron
or forestage. What makes proscenium stage fascinating is the availability of areas
for the live orchestra called orchestra pit and also fly towers for movements of lights
and sceneries. The illustration below gives you a better picture on how the
proscenium stage looks like.

Source: www.knowitall.org

An illustration of a Proscenium Stage

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B. THRUST STAGE
This type of stage has its stage protruding to the auditorium giving the
audience sitting areas on three sides. The thrust stage area itself is not always square
or rectangular. The stage may semi-circular or half a polygon with any number of
sides. The purpose of the thrust stage is to increase level of closeness between the
performers and the audience.

Source: Image courtesy of: www.pinterest.com

An illustration of a Thrust Stage

C. THEATERS IN THE ROUND
In this style, the stage is an area enclosed by the audience on all sides. Though
it is called ‘round’, the seating arrangement of audience is rarely round. Common
seating arrangements usually come in a square or polygonal formation.
Since there are no wing sides which serve as entrance and exit of performers
like in the proscenium and the thrust styles, performers enter through the aisles or
vomitories between the seating. Also, there is minimal use of sceneries and these are
usually positioned in a manner that does not hinder the view of the audience.

Source: www.pinterest.com
An illustration of a Theater in the Round Stage

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D. BLACK-BOX or STUDIO THEATER
This is a non-conventional stage style. It is a flexible performance space
usually a single room painted in black. The floor of the stage is at the same level as
the first audience row. The rest of the rows at the back are gradually elevated in a
tiered position.

Source: www.theatrestrust.org.uk

An illustration of a Black Box Theater

E. PROMENADE THEATER
There is no fixed stage setting. The performers move from place to place and
the audience follow. The ‘promenade’ could be made inside the different parts of the
theater itself or even outside in the streets (so long as there is permit and enough
security to handle the crowd).
The Filipino Cenakulo, when played on the streets, is an example of this type.
The Cenakulo performers move from one block of the street to another performing
different scenes. The audience follow the performers until they reach the crucifixion
part and the death of Christ scene.

Source: www.theatrestrust.org.uk

An illustration of a Promenade Theater

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F. AVENUE STAGE
In this type of stage, the audience is made to sit on two sides of the acting
area. This makes it look like watching a fashion show but instead of models, you
have drama performers on stage.

Source: www.theatrestrust.org.uk

An illustration of an Avenue Stage

THE SCRIPT
A drama is written in a format called a script. It is the text version of the
dialogues in the drama. When you look at a script, it is not written in the manner
like novels and short stories do. Though it is not written in paragraph from, the
content of the script still follows the standards of storytelling, that is, the parts of the
plot are still observed.
The script consists of two main parts: the dialogues or the lines that
characters say and the stage directions or the instructions given to the actors and
actresses (as well as prompts on lights and sounds, special effects and others).
Aside from the two main parts, there are also other elements of significant
importance like title of the drama, the cast of characters and the scenery which
gives a description of the setting in every act. In the case of a one-act play, the scenery
will be written only once.
Here are some technical pointers to remember when writing the script.
1. The title is written at the topmost center of the paper (though other writers write
this flushed to the left).
2. The cast of characters follow right after the title. The names of the characters are
written then followed by a short description of their physical attributes and their
role in the drama.
3. The scene follows after the cast of characters. In this part, the setting is described.
The playwright has to use the acting area and place the set and props where they
are supposed to be before the act starts. It also indicates points of entrance and
who are the characters on-stage already even before the curtain opens. It also
indicates special effects (if needed) like smoke effect, lights or even the sounds.
4. The dialogues of characters will then follow. This indicates that the story has
officially started. The name of the character is written first then followed by a colon
to separate it from the dialogue. When another character is to tell his or her lines,
you start another line in the script.
5. Embedded into the dialogues are stage directions. These lines are usually written
in italics and are set-off by parentheses. This makes it easy to separate the
dialogues with the directions.

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6. At the end of the script playwrights write “Close Curtains” which signifies the end
of the drama.
For your reference, study the sample script.
Sample Script:

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 Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and
strengthen the concepts you have learned from this lesson.
Enrichment Activity 1: Word Pool
Directions: Fill in the blanks to complete the idea in every statement. Look for your
answers in the Word Pool provided below. Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answers.

Stage Script Acting Area Audience

Interpretation Staging Apron Stage Direction

Orchestra Pit Blocking Thrust Picture Frame Stage

1. The _________________________ serves as space for the actresses and actors for the
audience to watch them perform.
2. Choices which are made by concerned people on particular scenes in the drama
is called _________________________.
3. What makes proscenium stage fascinating is the availability of areas for a live
orchestra called _________________________.
4. A drama is written in a format called _________________________.
5. The process of designing, adapting, selecting, or even modifying the performance
space for the play is called _________________________.
6. The process of identifying where performers enter, exit, and stand on the stage is
called _________________________.
7. The _________________________ refers to the available spaces to be occupied by the
set and the performers when performing on stage.
8. The proscenium stage is also called _________________________.
9. The extended portion of a proscenium stage is called _________________________.
10. In an avenue stage, the _________________________ is made to sit on two sides of
the acting area.

Enrichment Activity 2: Direct me, please?!

Directions: The diagram below represents the different sections in an acting area for
stage directions. Identify the section referred to by the numbers in every item. Write
the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

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1. What is the correct stage direction for No.3?
A. Center stage B. Downstage Right
C. Upstage Left D. Center stage Left
2. What is the correct stage direction for No.8?
A. Upstage Left B. Downstage Right
C. Upstage Right D. Center stage Left
3. What is the correct stage direction for No.1?
A. Upstage Left B. Upstage Right
C. Upstage Center D. Center stage Left
4. What is the correct stage direction for No.9?
A. Upstage Left B. Downstage Right
C. Upstage Right D. Center stage Left
5. What is the correct stage direction for No.2?
A. Upstage Left B. Downstage Center
C. Upstage Right D. Center stage Left
6. What is the correct stage direction for No.7?
A. Upstage Left B. Downstage Right
C. Upstage Right D. Center stage Left
7. What is the correct stage direction for No.5?
A. Downstage Left B. Downstage Right
C. Upstage Right D. Center stage Left
8. What is the correct stage direction for No.4?
A. Upstage Left B. Downstage Right
C. Upstage Right D. Center stage Left
9. What is the correct stage direction for No.6?
A. Upstage Left B. Downstage Right
C. Upstage Right D. Center stage Right

Enrichment Activity 3: Let’s See the Difference!

Directions: Complete the table below by pointing out the differences of the stage
types presented in every item. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Proscenium Stage: Thrust Stage:

Theaters-In-The-Round: Black box Theater:

Promenade Theater: Avenue Theater:

Deepen

At this point, you are now ready to apply the new knowledge, concepts, and
skills which you have learned in this module. The succeeding activities would require
your creative and critical thinking. Further, you shall put into application the
concepts and skills you have learned.

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Enrichment Activity 4. Where to go, Direk?
Directions: On the next page is a part of a script of drama about a husband and wife
and their struggle to survive poverty. The stage directions have been deleted. Your
task is to place appropriate stage directions and actions inside the parentheses. Be
guided by all the concepts you have learned. Your score will be based on the rubrics
provided. The first part is done for you. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
The Script:
Leandra: (____________________________________) Look at yourself, Anton!
(____________________________________) You come home reeking off alcohol
and then ask for food to eat? Maybe you would like to ask me first: Hello
darling! Have you eaten dinner already? I guess that is a more appropriate
arrival greetings? (____________________________________)

Anton: (____________________________________) Will you please shut up? The

neighbors! They can hear your loud mouth up until five block of the street!
(____________________________________)

Leandra: (____________________________________) I don’t care! This family is miserable

anyway! (____________________________________) You are jobless and good-
for-nothing drunkard! How I wish I could turn back time and married
Ricardo instead!

Anton: Oh?! Really? So you want that bigtime cockpit arena operator Ricardo, eh?!
(____________________________________) One more mention of Ricardo from
your mouth about the Ricardo and I’m going to end up smashing your jaw
into pieces! (________________________________)

Leandra: Get your hands off me, you devil! (____________________________________) I

guess what they say about love is true! Love is indeed blind and how could
I be so blind to the truth that it was Ricardo who loved me truly!
(____________________________________) and you? You are one big piece of a
bad decision in my life! (____________________________________)

Anton: Take this! (____________________________________) You ugly wench! You call me

a bad decision? Huh! (____________________________________)

Leandra: Stop it, Anton! (____________________________________) Stop please! You’re

hurting me! Stop it please! (____________________________________)

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Rubric:

Criteria 5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point

Learner has Learner has Learner has Learner has Learner has Learner has
written written very written written written written
appropriate highly highly satisfactoril fairly poorly
stage appropriate appropriate y appropriate appropriate
directions stage stage appropriate stage stage
observing directions directions stage directions directions
the acting observing observing directions observing observing
area, the acting the acting observing the acting the acting
blocking area, area, the acting area, area,
and staging blocking blocking area, blocking blocking
and staging and staging blocking and staging and staging
and staging
Observance Observed Observed Observed Grammar Grammar
of grammar grammar grammar grammar and and
and and and and mechanics mechanics
mechanics mechanics mechanics mechanics of writing is of writing is
in writing of writing of writing of writing flawed and totally
with no with with some needs recall flawed and
errors at all minimal minor of basic needs
faults faults rules remediation
on basic
rules
Enrichment Activity 5. Let’s write script!
Directions: You are given teasers of dramas below. Your work is to create a script of
a scene for a one-act play. Choose one only from the three drama teasers given. Do
not forget to observe the needed elements in writing the script relative to the stage
style where you would like to stage the drama. Place you script on a separate sheet
of paper. You shall be given score based on the rubrics provided on the next page.
Rubric:
Criteria 5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point
Learner has Learner has Learner has Learner has Learner has Learner has
written written a written a written a written a written a
appropriate very highly highly satisfactoril fairly poor
scenery appropriate appropriate y appropriate scenery
observing scenery scenery appropriate scenery though
the the observing observing scenery observing observing
needed the needed the needed observing the needed the needed
elements. elements elements the needed elements elements
elements
Observance Observed Observed Observed Grammar Grammar
of grammar grammar grammar grammar and and
and and and and mechanics mechanics
mechanics mechanics mechanics mechanics of writing is of writing is
in writing of writing of writing of writing flawed and totally
with no with with some needs recall flawed and
errors at all minimal minor of basic needs
faults faults rules remediation
on basic
rules

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Teaser 1:
Three friends go on a wacky journey when national hero Jose Rizal suddenly
came back to life and found himself in their midst after a blinding light appeared
from the sky. How will these teens handle a guy more a thousand years older than
them and how will our hero react to the modern day Philippines he fought for a
thousand years ago? It’s yours to find out in the musical “Si Rizal sa Gitna ng
Millennials”!

Teaser 2:
Be careful with what you wish for, so they say! A young lady finds herself
entangled into mess and comic misadventures after discovering a magical lamp with
a genie who could grant all her wishes in life. Will it be a whole new world or a whole
new mess? Give yourself a whole new experience as you watch on stage “Ely and the
Magic Lamp”!

Teaser 3:
What’s the extent of friendship when love and betrayal gets on the way? Two
friends come into a heart-breaking drama as they try to win the heart of a man they
have long been waiting for. Will they lose their man or their friendship? Do not lose
the chance of watching this live on stage! “My Friend and Her Lover”!

Gauge

At last, you now come to the part where you shall now measure your acquired
knowledge and understanding of the topic presented in this SLM. Do your best in
answering the assessment! Good luck!
Direction: Read and understand carefully the statements in every item and then
choose the letter of your choice. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. What do you call the extended part of the proscenium stage?

A. apron B. home C. wings D. couch
2. Which of the following best describes a proscenium stage?
A. It is where audience sits on three sides.
B. It is usually rectangular, more like a sports arena, with tiered
seating.
C. It has a central performance area enclosed by the audience in all
sides.
D. It is deep and sometimes raked, meaning the stage is gently sloped
rising away from the audience.
3. How would you describe a thrust stage?
A. It is usually rectangular, more like a sports arena, with tiered
seating.
B. It has a central performance area enclosed by the audience in all
sides
C. It usually consist of raised rectangular platform at one end of a room.
D. It projects into the auditorium with the audience sitting on the three
sides.

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4. Which of the following statements is TRUE about promenade theater?
A. It has a central circular arena surrounded by concentric tiered
seating.
B. It involves the audience moving from place to place following the
performances.
C. It does not have a roof, although sometimes parts of the stage or audience
seating will be covered.
D. It is usually performed in a non-traditional theatre space such as pub,
home or warehouse.
5. What is the theater facility where the audience surrounds all the stage
on all the sides?
A. thrust stage B. arena stage
C. proscenium stage D. baseball stage
6. What do you call the backstage area on either side of the stage, where the actors
and actresses cannot be seen?
A. apron B. home
C. wings D. center stage
7. What do you call the middle portion of the stage?
A. proscenium B. stage left
C. stage right D. center stage
8. What type of stage has an audience on three sides?
A. thrust stage B. arena stage
C. proscenium stage D. black-box stage
9. What type of stage has NO backstage area?
A. thrust stage B. avenue stage
C. proscenium stage D. black-box stage
10. Which theater type is similar to a studio?
A. thrust stage B. arena stage
C. proscenium stage D. black-box stage
11. What could be a potential problem for a promenade theater?
A. ugly set B. noisy audience
C. no back stage D. slight line issues
12. Which of the following is considered the DISADVANTAGE of a black-
box theater?
A. huge audiences
B. the lights get too hot
C. the audience is too close
D. cannot accommodate big audiences
13. What do you call the process of designing, adapting, selecting, or even modifying
the performance space for a drama?
A. blocking B. staging C. interpreting D. acting
14. In what writing format is a drama written?
A. script B. calligraphy C. narrative D. none of these
15. What part of the stage is farthest from the audience?
A. upstage B. center stage C. downstage D. none of these

Great job! You are now ready to take the next module!

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16
JUMPSTART
ACTIVITY 1
1. D
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. B
ACTIVITY 2
1. A
2. B
3. C DEEPEN
4. E ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 4
5. D Answers may vary
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 5
EXPLORE Answers may vary
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 1
1. Stage
2. Interpretation
3. Orchestra Pit GAUGE
4. Script 1. A
5. Staging 2. D
6. Blocking 3. D
7. Staging 4. B
8. Picture Frame Stage 5. B
9. Apron 6. C
10. Audience 7. D
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 2 8. A
1. A 6. C 9. D
2. B 7. A 10. D
3. C 8. A 11. B
4. D 9. D 12. D
5. B 13. B
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 3 14. A
Answers may vary 15. A
Answer Key
References

Web Sources:
What are the types of theatre stages and auditoria? (n.d.) Retreived July 27, 2020
from http://www.theatrestrust.org.uk/discover-theatres/theatre-faqs/170-
what-are-the-types-of-theatre-stages-and-auditoria
Brandon Snyder. Types of Stage. Sept 29, 2011. Retreived July 29, 2020 from
https://www.slideshare.net/brandonjsnyder/types-of-stages-9475001
Drama Production. (n.d.) retreived July 28, 2020 from
http://artsalive.ca/en/eth/design/
Interpreting and Staging a Scene. (n.d.) Retrieved from
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zygqsbk/revision/5
Stage Directions. (n.d.) Retrieved July 29, 2020 from
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5817ad81189d6d936e49d23f/stage-
directions

Images:
www.theatre.uciem.com>>Nine Acting Areas
www.knowitall.org>> Proscenium Stage
www.pinterest.com>> Thrust Stage, Theater-in-the-Round
www.Theatretrust.org.uk>> Black Box Theater, Promenade Theater, Avenue Stage

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