Personality

Development
Aruna Dewapriya Pieris
(BA (Hons) in Psychology)
Department of Psychology and Counseling
Faculty of Health Sciences
Open University of Sri Lanka
Email - [email protected]
Content
– Introduction to Personality
– Different Approaches to Personality
– Definition of Personality
– Factors Affecting Personality
– Traits & Characteristics of Personality
– Personality Development
– Personality Development Theories
– Personality Development Strategies
– Benefits of Personality Development
– Conclusion
– References
–According to you,
how do you differ
from others?
Introduction to Personality
– Personality is derived from the Latin
word “Persona”.
– Persona Means a dress or mask.
– Personality means the power to
influence others.
– There are different views on
personality.
– Philosophical
– Sociological
– Psychoanalytical
Definition of Personality
– Personality is the integration of those systems of habits that
represent one individual’s adjustment to his environment.
(Kemph)
– Personality is the relatively stable organization of a person’s
motivational dispositions arising from the interaction
between biological, social, and physical environment.
(Eysenck)
– Personality describes the unique patterns of thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors that distinguish a person from
others.
Personality development is influenced by a
combination of factors, including:
– Genetics
– Environment
– Socialization
– Culture
– Life experience
– Biological factors
– Personal Choices & Behaviors
– Life stage & development process
Traits and Characteristics of Personality

– Personality Traits
– Traits are enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors that distinguish one person from
another.
– Traits can be categorized into different
dimensions, often referred to as the Big Five
Personality Traits.
– Openness
– Conscientiousness
– Extraversion
– Agreeableness
– Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
Personality Traits (Conti . ;)

– Eager-to-please: Accommodating,
passive, and conforming
Characteristics
– Characteristics are specific qualities or attributes
that contribute to an individual’s overall personality.
– Characteristics may vary in intensity and may be
more or less prominent in different individuals.
– Communication skills
– Leadership Qualities
– Resilience
– Emotional Intelligence
– Consistency
– Both psychological and physiological
– Affects behaviors and actions
– Multiple expressions
Personality Development

Personality development
There are several theories
refers to the process by which
about personality, and
the organized thought and
different schools of thought in
behavior patterns that make
psychology influence many of
up a person's unique
these theories.
personality emerge over time.
Personality Types
– Type theories suggest that there are a limited number of
personality types that are related to biological influences.
– One theory suggests there are four types of personality. They
are:
– Type A: Perfectionist, impatient, competitive, work-obsessed,
achievement-oriented, aggressive, stressed
– Type B: Low stress, even-tempered, flexible, creative, adaptable to
change, patient, tendency to procrastinate
– Type C: Highly conscientious, perfectionist, struggles to reveal
emotions (positive and negative)
– Type D: Worrying, sad, irritable, pessimistic, negative self-talk,
avoidance of social situations, lack of self-confidence, fear of
rejection, appears gloomy, hopeless
Personality Types (Conti. :)
– There are other popular theories of personality types such as the
Myers-Briggs theory.
– After taking a Myers-Briggs personality test, you are assigned one of
16 personality types. Examples of these personality types are:
– ISTJ: Introverted, sensing, thinking, and judging. People with this personality
type are logical and organized; they also tend to be judgmental.
– INFJ: Introverted, intuitive, feeling, and perceiving. They tend to be idealists
and sensitive to their feelings.
– ESTJ: Extroverted, sensing, thinking, and judging. They tend to be assertive
and concerned with following the rules.
– ENFJ: Extroverted, intuitive, feeling, and judging. They are known as "givers"
for being warm and loyal; they may also be overprotective.
Personality Development Theories
– Psychodynamic Theories
– Psychodynamic theories of personality are heavily influenced
by the work of Sigmund Freud and emphasize the influence
of the unconscious mind on personality.
– Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
– In his well-known stage theory of psychosexual
development, Sigmund Freud suggested that personality
develops in stages that are related to specific erogenous
zones. These stages are:
– Stage 1: Oral stage (birth to 1 year)
– Stage 2: Anal stage (1 to 3 years)
– Stage 3: Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)
– Stage 4: Latent period (age 6 to puberty)
– Stage 5: Genital stage (puberty to death)
Freud's Structural Model of Personality
– Three Components that make up personality.
– The id is the aspect of personality present at birth. It is the most
primal part of the personality and drives people to fulfill their
most basic needs and urges.
– The ego is the aspect of personality charged with controlling the
urges of the id and forcing it to behave in realistic ways.
– The superego is the final aspect of personality to develop and
contains all of the ideals, morals, and values imbued by our
parents and culture.
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

– Erik Erikson’s eight-stage theory of human development is another well-

known theory in psychology.
– The theory also extends beyond childhood to look at development
across the entire lifespan.
– Erikson's eight stages are:
– Stage 1: Trust versus mistrust (birth to 1 year)
– Stage 2: Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 to 2 years)
– Stage 3: Initiative versus guilt (3 to 5 years)
– Stage 4: Industry versus inferiority (6 to 11 years)
– Stage 5: Identity versus role confusion (12 to 18 years)
– Stage 6: Intimacy versus isolation (19 to 40 years)
– Stage 7: Generativity versus stagnation (41 to 64 years)
– Stage 8: Integrity versus despair (65 years to death)
 Behavioral Theories
– Behavioral theories suggest that
personality is a result of interaction
between the individual and the
environment. Behavioral theorists study
observable and measurable behaviors,
often ignoring the role of internal
thoughts and feelings. Behavioral
theorists include B.F. Skinner and John B.
Watson.
Humanistic Theories
– Humanist theories emphasize the importance of
free will and individual experience in
developing ​a personality. Humanist theorists
include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

– According to Piaget, children progress through a

series of four stages that are marked by
distinctive changes in how they think.
– Piaget's four stages are
– Stage 1: Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
– Stage 2: Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)
– Stage 3: Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years)
– Stage 4: Formal operational stage (12 years and up)
 – Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory of
personality development that focused on
Kohlberg’s the growth of moral thought.
– Building on a two-stage process proposed
Stages of Moral by Piaget, Kohlberg expanded the theory
to include six different stages:
Development – Stage 1: Obedience and punishment
– Stage 2: Individualism and exchange
– Stage 3: Developing good interpersonal
relationships
– Stage 4: Maintaining social order
– Stage 5: Social contract and individual
rights
– Stage 6: Universal principle
Personality Development Tips

– Identify Your Current Traits

– Identify Your Values
– Set a Daily Personal
Development Goal
– Keep a Positive Mindset
– Be Confident
 – Improved self-confidence
– Better relationship
– Enhanced Leadership Skills
Benefits of – Increase Adaptability
Personality – Greater career success

Development – Better Mental health

– Personal fulfillment
– Improved decision making
– Enhanced communication skills
– Positive impact on Society
Conclusion
In conclusion, personality development offers a multitude of benefits that
positively impact various aspects of life.

By enhancing self-confidence, improving relationships, fostering leadership

skills, and promoting adaptability, individuals can achieve greater success and
fulfillment.
Moreover, personality development contributes to better mental health,
improved decision-making, and positive societal impact.

Embracing continuous self-improvement and personal growth leads to a more

fulfilling and satisfying life journey, characterized by self-awareness, resilience,
and meaningful connections with others.
Ultimately, investing in personality development is an investment in one's
overall well-being and success in both personal and professional realms.
References

– Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Normal personality assessment in

clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological
Assessment, 4(1), 5–13.
– McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2008). The five-factor theory of
personality. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook
of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 159–181). Guilford
Press.
– Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of
personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of
longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 3–25.
ANY QUESTIONS? THANK YOU!!!