Physics (Module I)
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THE
PHYSICS
VECTORS
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IIT–JEE SYLLABUS
Scalars and vectors, vector addition and Subtraction, Zero vector, Scalar and vector products, Unit
vector, Resolution of a Vector.
CONTENTS
No. Section Page
1. THEORY 1 – 16
2. EXERCISE # I 17 – 18
3. EXERCISE # II 19 – 20
4. EXERCISE # III 20 – 20
5. EXERCISE # IV 21 – 22
6. ANSWER KEY 23 – 23
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INTRODUCTION
Scalar Quantity:
A physical quantity which can be described completely by its magnitude only and does not require
a direction is known as a scalar quantity. It obeys the ordinary rules of algebra.
eg: distance, mass, time, speed, density, volume, temperature, current etc.
Vector Quantity:
A physical quantity which requires magnitude and a particular direction, when it is expressed is
known as vector quantity
eg: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force etc.
A vector is represented by a line headed with an arrow. Its length is
Q
proportional to its magnitude, with respect to a suitably chosen scale.
A
A is a vector and A=PQ
Magnitude of A =|A|or A
P
Modulus of a vector:
The modulus of a vector means the length of the vector. It is always positive and has no direction.
Modulus of vector A is represented as |A| or A.
Note: 1. Scalar quantity may be negative e.g. charge, electric current, potential energy, work etc.
2. Scalar quantity are direction independent e.g pressure, electric current, surface tension etc.
3. Vector quantities are direction dependent e.g. force, velocity and displacement.
Axial vector:
A vector which has rotational effect and acts along axis of rotation is called axial vector. Example:
angular velocity, torque, angular momentum, angular acceleration etc.
Axial vector
Anti clockwise rotation clockwise rotation
Axial vector
Zero vector or null vector
A vector whose magnitude is zero and has any arbitrary direction is called zero vector. It is represented
by 0 . The need of a zero arises in the situations:
(i) If A B, then A B 0 (ii) If , then A 0
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Unit vector: j
A vector whose magnitude is one unit is called unit vector. A unit
vector in the direction of vector A is represented by  , and
i
A
is given by
A
k
Any vector can be expressed as A AA ˆ.
ˆi, ˆj and kˆ are unit vectors along x, y and z-axes.
Equal vectors:
Two vectors are said to be equal if they have same magnitude and same direction.
A
B AB
Negative of a vector:
The negative of a vector is defined as vector having same magnitude as that of the vector but has
opposite direction.
A
1
A
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar :
When a vector is multiplied by a scalar , we get a new vector which is times the vector A i.e.
A. The direction of resulting vector is that of A .
If has negative value, then we get a vector whose direction is opposite of A . The unit of resulting
vector is the multiplied units of and A . For example, when mass is multiplied with velocity,,
we get momentum. The unit of momentum isobtained by multiplying units of mass and velocity.
A A
2A 2 2A 2
A
Similarly, we can have vector A divided by a scalar . The resulting vector becomes .
1
The magnitude of the new vector becomes that of A and direction is same as that of A .
A A / 2 2
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Collinear or parallel vectors :
The vectors which act along the same line or along a parallel line are called collinear vectors.
A
B A B
a Like or parallel vectors.
A
B A
B
b Unlike or antiparallel vectors.
Note: If A and B be two collinear vectors, then there exists a scalar k such that B kA , the absolute
value of k being the ratio of t he lengt h of the two collinear vectors.
B
Coplanar and concurrent vectors :
Vectors originating from same point are known as concurrent vectors.
Vector lying in same plane are called coplanar vectors. In figure,
A, B and C are coplanar and concurrent vectors.
A
VECTOR OPERATIONS
C
The possible vector operations are:
(i) Addition or subtraction of vectors (ii) Multiplication of vectors
1
Note: Division of vector by a vector is not defined.
The addition or subtraction of vectors can be done by following two methods:
(i) Analytical method (ii) Geometrical method
ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS
Geometrical method
(a) Triangle law of vector addition : If two non-zero vectors can be represented by the two sides of
a triangle taken in same order, then their resultant is represented by third side of the triangle taken in
the opposite order. Consider two vectors A and B and let angle between them be .
Finding A B: First draw vector A OP in the given direction. Then draw vector B
starting from the head of the vector A. Then close the triangle. R OQ will be their resultant
Q
B
R AB
B
O
A A P
(a) (b)
(b) Parallelogram law of vector addition: If two non-zero vectors can be represented by the two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their resultant is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram
passing though the point of intersection of the vectors. Suppose two vectors A and B are as shown
in figure
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B
A
Finding A B : Draw vectors A OP and B OQ starting from a common point O in the given
direction. The diagonal OS of the parallelogram OQSP will represent their resultant.
Q
S
+B
B R=
A
O P
A
Analytical method: Finding A B:
R Bsin
B
O
A P S
A B cos
It is clear from the geometry of the figure that resultant of A and B is equal to the resultant of
A B cos and Bsin . By Pythagoras theorem, we have
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
R A B cos B sin A B cos 2AB cos B sin
or R A 2 B2 2AB cos
If is the angle which resultant R makes with A , then:
Bsin
tan
A Bcos
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Special cases :
(i) For 00; Rmax A2 B2 2AB A B
(ii) For 1800 ; R min A 2 B2 2AB A B
Thus, A B R A B
(iii) If A B, R A 2 A 2 2AA cos
= 2A 2 1 cos = 2A 2 2 cos2 / 2
= 2A cos / 2 and
2
Illustration 1: Find A B in the diagram shown. Given A = 4 units and B = 3 units and angle
between them is 60 degrees.
Solution: R = A 2 B2 2ABcos B
R AB
= 16 9 2.4.3.cos 600
= 37
Bsin 3sin600
tan A
A+Bcos 4+3cos 600
0.472
tan 1 (0.472) 25.30
Thus, the magnitude of resultant of A and B is 37 units at angle 25.3º from A in the direction
shown in figure.
Illustration2 : Two forces of equal magnitude are acting at a point. The magnitude of their
resultant is equal to magnitude of either. Find the angle between the force
vectors.
Solution: Given R =A =B. ; Using R 2 A 2 B2 2AB cos
1
A 2 A 2 A 2 2AA cos ; cos 120o
2
SUBTRACTION OF TWO VECTORS
The subtraction of B PQ from A OP means addition of -B PQ to A
A B = A B
First draw vector A OP in the given direction. Then draw vector B PQ starting from head of
the vector A . Then close the triangle. R OQ will be equal to A - B . The angle between A and
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o
B will be equal to (180 ) .
Therefore, the resultant will be given by:
Q
R A2 B2 2ABcos1800 2 2
A B 2ABcos
B
Bsin 1800 Bsin
and tan P
A Bcos 180 0
A B cos O
A
is the angle made by R with A (180o )
R
=
B
A
0
Note: For 90 , A B A B
B
ADDITION OF MORE THAN TWO VECTORS Q'
To find the resultant R A B C , the polygon law of addition is used.
Polygon law of vector addition :
If a number of vectors are represented by the sides of an open polygon taken in the same order, then
their resultant is represented by the closing side of the polygon taken in opposite order. Here in the
figure, R (closing side of polygon) represents the resultant of vectors A, B and C
C
2 nˆ
B
1
A
C
1 2
2
C
2
R ABC
B
B
1 A 1
A b
a
D C
Note: If n number of vectors makes a closed polygon, their resultant will
be zero. Here vectors A, B, C, D and E make closed polygon.
E B
A B C D E 0
A
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Inchapter Exercise
1. At what angle should the two force vectors 2F and 2F act so that the resultant force is 10F ?
2. Two forces while acting on a particle in opposite directions, have the resultant of 10N. If they
act at right angles to each other, the resultant is found to be 50 N. Find the two forces.
Answer key
1. 450 2. 30 N, 40 N
RESOLUTION OF VECTORS INTO RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
When a vector is split into components which are at right angle to each other then the components are
called rectangular or orthogonal components of that vectors.
(i) Let vector a OA in X - Y plane, make angle with X-axis. Draw perpendiculars AB and AC
from A on the X-axis and Y-axis respectively.
(ii) The length OB is called projection of OA on X-axis or component of OA along X-axis and is
represented by a x . Similarly OC is the projection of OA on Y-axis and is represented by a y .
According to law of vector addition a OA OB OC
Y (iˆ)
Thus a has been resolved into two parts, one along OX and
the other OY, which are mutually perpendicular.
C A
OB
In OAB, cos OB OA cos a x a cos
OA a sin
a
AB
sin AB OA sin OC a y a sin (iˆ)
OA
O a cos
B X
If î and ĵ denote unit vectors along OX and OY respectively then
OB a cos ˆi and OC a sin ˆj
So according to rule of vector addition OA OB OC a a x iˆ a y ˆj a a cos ˆi a sin ˆj
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR IN THREE DIMENSIONS
1. Consider a vector a represented by OA , as shown in figure. Consider O as origin and draw a
rectangular parallelopiped with its three edges along the X, Y and Z axes.
2. Vector a is the diagonal of the parallelopiped whose projections on x, y and z axis are a x ,a y and a z
respectively.
These are the three rectangular components of A . Y
C
Using triangle law of vector addition, OA OE EA
ay
Using parallelogram law of vector addition, OE (OB OD) A
OA (OB OD) EA a
O
ax B
X
EA OC OA OB OD OC
D az
E
Now, ˆ
OA a,OB a x i,OC a y ˆj and OD a z K
ˆ Z
a a x ˆi a y ˆj a z kˆ Also (OA) 2 (OE)2 (EA) 2
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but (OE) 2 (OB) 2 (OD) 2
and EA = OC (OA)2 (OB) 2 (OD)2 (OC)2
or a 2 a 2x a 2y a 2z a a 2x a 2y a 2z
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS IN COMPONENT FORM
Let A A x i A y j A z k and B B x i B y j Bz k be two vectors whose addition (or
subtraction) has to be done. Then the components in the same direction will be added and new
vector will be obtained. For example, in this case,
A B (A x B x )i (A y B y )j (A z Bz ) k
Illustration 3: Resolve horizontally and vertically a force F 8N which makes an angle of 45º
with the horizontal.
FV
Solution: Horizontal component of F is
1
FH = F cos 45º = 8
2 F
= 4 2N
45º
and vertical component of F is FV = F sin 45º FH
1
= (8) = 4 2N
2
Illustration 4: Resolve a weight of 10 N in two directions which are parallel and perpendicular
to a slope inclined at 30º to the horizontal.
Solution: Component perpendicular to the plane
W Wcos300 W||
30 º
3 W
= (10)
2 30 º W 10 N
= 5 3N
and component parallel to the plane
1
W|| = W sin 30º = (10) = 5 N
2
Illustration 5: Obtain the magnitude of 2A 3B if A ˆi ˆj 2kˆ and B 2iˆ ˆj kˆ .
Solution: 2A 3B 2(iˆ ˆj 2k)
ˆ 3(2iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ 4iˆ 5jˆ 7kˆ
Magnitude of 2A 3B (4) 2 (5) 2 (7) 2
= 16 25 49 90
Illustration 6: The magnitude of a vector A is 10 units and it makes an angle of 300 with the
X- axis. Find the components of the vector if it lies in the X-Y plane.
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Solution: Components of vector A lying in the X-Y plane are A x A cos , A y A sin , A z 0
10 3
Thus, A x 10 cos 30 0 8.66 units ; A y 10 sin 30 o 10 x 1/ 2 = 5
2
Az 0
Illustration 7: Two forces F1 1N and F2 2N act along the lines x = 0 and y = 0 respectively..
Then, find the resultant force.
Solution: x = 0 means y – axis; y = 0 means x – axis; 1N is acting along y – axis and 2N is acting along
x – axis; So, the force F 2iˆ ˆj
Illustration 8: What vector must be added to the summation of vectors ˆi 3jˆ 2kˆ and
3iˆ 6j 7k so that the resultant vector is a unit vector along the y-axis.
Solution: ˆi 3jˆ 2kˆ 3iˆ 6ˆj 7kˆ 4iˆ 3jˆ 5kˆ
Now, (4 x)iˆ (3 y)ˆj ( 5 z)kˆ ˆj So, x = – 4, y = – 2, z = 5
and hence the vector is 4i 2j 5kˆ
Inchapter Exercise
1. Let AB be a vector in two dimensional plane with magnitude 4 units, and making an angle of 600 with
x-axis and lying in first quadrant. Find the components of AB along x axis and y axis.Hence represent
AB in terms of unit vectors ˆi and ˆj .
2. A 1000 N block is placed on an inclined plane with angle of 300. Find the components of the weight
(i) parallel (ii) perpendicular to the inclined plane.
3. Let A 2iˆ ˆj, B 3jˆ kˆ , find 2 A -3B .
Answer Key
1. Component on x-axis = 2 ; Component along y-axis = 2 3
Hence AB 2iˆ 2 3jˆ
2. (i) 500 N (ii) 866 N
3. 2A 3B 4i 7j 3k
POSITION VECTOR AND DISPLACEMENT VECTOR :
A vector which gives the position of an object with reference
to some specified point in a system is called position vector.
Displacement vector refers to the change of position vectors.
Thus displacement vector
= final position vector - initial position vector or r r2 r1
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Illustration 9: A body is displaced from position vector r1 (2iˆ 3jˆ k)
ˆ m to the position vector
r2 (iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ m.. Find the displacement vector..
Solution : The body is displaced from r1 to r2 . Therefore, displacement of the body is
S r2 r1 (iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ (2iˆ 3jˆ k)
ˆ ( iˆ 2ˆj)m
PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS
There are two ways in which vectors can be multiplied. They are termed as dot product and cross
product.
1. SCALAR PRODUCT OR DOT PRODUCT
Dot product of two vectors is defined as the product of magnitude of one of the two vectors & the
magnitude of the rectangular component of the second vector in the direction of the first vector.The
dot product of two vectors A and B is the product of the magnitudes of A and B and cosine of the
angle between them. Thus A.B ABcos . As A, B and cos all are scalars, so their product is a
scalar quantity. Dot product is also called scalar product.
Geometrical interpretation of scalar product :
We have, A.B AB cos = A Bcos or A cos B
B
B A co s
O O
B cos A A
(a) A .B A B co s (b) A.B A cos B
= ABcos = ABcos
Properties of scalar product :
(i) The scalar product is commutative i.e A.B B.A
(ii) The scalar product is distributive over addition i.e A. B C A.B A.C
(iii) If A and B are perpendicular to each other, then A.B AB cos 900 0
(iv) If A and B are parallel having same direction, then A.B ABcos 00 AB
(v) If A and B are antiparallel, then A.B = A B cos1800 AB .
(vi) The scalar product of two identical vectors A.A AA cos 00 A2
(vii) If i , j and k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then ˆi.iˆ 11 cos 0 0 1
ˆi.iˆ ˆj.jˆ k.k
ˆ ˆ 1
ˆi.jˆ 11 cos 90 0 0 ˆi.jˆ ˆj.kˆ k.i
ˆˆ0
(viii) If A A1iˆ A 2ˆj A 3kˆ and B B1ˆi B2ˆj B3k, ˆ then A.B A B A B A B .
1 1 2 2 3 3
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Applications of scalar product :
(i) W or k done: If a force F causes displacement s, then work done w F.s Fs cos
(ii) Angle between the vectors : For two vectors A and B , we have A .B AB cos
A.B
cos or, If A A1ˆi A 2ˆj A3kˆ and B B1ˆi B2ˆj B3kˆ
AB
A1B1 A 2 B2 A 3 B3
then cos
A12 A 22 A32 B12 B22 B32
(iii) Component or projection of one vector along other vector:
B
(a) Component of vector A along vector B is given by
A co s
ˆ AB cos B
A cos B ˆ A.B
= B B̂
B
A
(b) Component of vector B along vector A is given by
B
ˆ AB cos A
Bcos A ˆ
A
A.B
= A Â
B co s A
Illustration 10: Work done by a force F on a body is W F . S , wheree S is the displacement of
body. Given that under a force F (2iˆ 3jˆ 4k)N
ˆ a body is displaced from
position vector r1 (2iˆ 3jˆ k)m
ˆ to the position vector r2 (iˆ ˆj k)m
ˆ , find
the work done by this force.
Solution: The body is displaced from r1 to r2 . Therefore, displacement of the body is
S r2 r1 ( î ĵ k̂) (2 î 3 ĵ k̂) = ( î 2 ĵ) m
Now, work done by the force is W = F S (2 î 3 ĵ 4k̂) ( î 2 ĵ)
= (2)(-1) + (3)(- 2) = - 8J
Illustration 11: Prove that the vectors A 2iˆ 3jˆ kˆ and B ˆi ˆj kˆ are mutually
perpendicular.
Solution: A B (2 î 3 ĵ k̂) ( î ĵ k̂) = (2)(1) + (-3)(1) + (1)(1) = 0 = AB cos
cos = 0 or = 90º
or the vectors A and B are mutually perpendicular..
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Illustration 12: Let for two vectors A and B , their sum (A B) is perpendicular to the difference
(A B) . Find the ratio of their magnitudes (A/B).
Solution: It is given that (A B) is perpendicular to (A B) . Thus,
(A B) . (A B) = 0 or (A) 2 B A A B (B) 2 0
Because of commutative property of dot product
2 2
A.B B.A A – B = 0 or A = B
Thus A/B = 1 i.e. the ratio of magnitudes is 1.
Illustration 13: Find the angle between the vectors 3iˆ 2jˆ 1kˆ and 5iˆ 2jˆ 3kˆ
2 2 2
Solution: A 32 22 12 14 B 5 2 3 38
A B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz = 3 x 5 + 2(-2) + (1) (-3) = 8
A.B 8
cos 0.35 cos1 (0.35)
| A || B | 14 38
Inchapter Exercise
1. Find the angle between two vectors A 2 î ĵ k̂ and B î k̂ .
2. If the vectors 4iˆ ˆj 3kˆ and 2miˆ 6mjˆ kˆ are mutually perpendicular, find the value of m.
3. What is the angle between ˆi ˆj kˆ and î
4. Find the magnitude of component of 3iˆ 2ˆj kˆ along the vector 12iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ
1
Answer Key: 1. = 30º 2. m 3/14 3. θ cos 1 4. 2
3
2. VECTOR PRODUCT OR CROSS PRODUCT
The vector product of two vectors is defined as the vector whose magnitude is equal to the
product of the magnitudes of two vectors and sine of angle between them and whose direction is
perpendicular to the plane of two vectors and is given by right hand thumb rule. Mathematically, if
is the angle between A and B , then A B AB sin nˆ where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular
to the plane of vector A and B .The direction of unit vector n̂ is given by the right hand thumb rule.
The fingers of right hand should be oriented along the direction of A such that they curl towards B .
The direction of outstretched thumb gives direction of n̂
n̂
AB n̂
AB
B
A
B
A
BA
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Geometrical interpretation of vector product :
S Q T R
B
Bsin
O A P
Suppose two vectors A and B are represented by the sides OP and OQ of a parallelogram, as
shown in figure. The magnitude of vector product A B is | A B | = AB sin
= A (B sin )
= area of rectangle OPTS
= area of parallelogram OPRQ
Thus the magnitude of the vector product of two vectors is equal to the area of the parallelogram
(OPRQ) formed by the two vectors as its adjacent sides.
= 2 area of triangle OPQ.
1
Area of triangle OPQ = (area of parallelogram OPRQ).
2
1
| A B |.
=
2
Properties of vector product:
(i) Vector product is not commutative. It is anticommutative i.e.,
A B = (B A) .
(ii) Vector product is distributive over addition i.e.,
A (B C) A B A C .
(iii) Vector product of two parallel or antiparallel vectorsis zero.
0
AB sin 0 0 nˆ 0
B
A
A B ABsin180 nˆ 0
(iv) Vector product of two identical vectors is also zero.
A A AA sin 0o nˆ 0 .
(v) The magnitude of vector product of two mutually perpendicular vectors is equal to the product of
their magnitude.
| A B | ABsin 90 o = AB.
(vi) For unit vectors ˆi, ˆj and kˆ
ˆi ˆi (1)(1)sin 0o nˆ 0
ˆi ˆi ˆj ˆj kˆ kˆ 0
and ˆi ˆj (1)(1) sin 90o kˆ = k̂
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Similarly ˆj kˆ ˆi
and kˆ ˆi ˆj
ˆj ˆi k,
ˆ kˆ ˆj ˆi, ˆi kˆ ˆj
(vii) Cross product can be used to find angle between two vectors.
According to definition of vector product of two vectors A B ABsin nˆ
AB
So, A B ABsin i.e. sin 1
A B
However, dot product method is more convenient to find angle between vectors.
Note: To find the cross product of two vectors, the following methods can be used:
Cross Product Method 1:
A B (A x ˆi A y ˆj A z k)
ˆ (B ˆi B ˆj B k)
x y z
ˆ
A x B x (iˆ ˆi) A y Bx (ˆj i)
ˆ A B (kˆ ˆi)
z x
A x B y (iˆ ˆj) A y B y (ˆj ˆj) A z B y (kˆ ˆj)
A x Bz (iˆ k)
ˆ A B (ˆj k)
y z
ˆ A B (kˆ k)
z z
ˆ
[As ˆi ˆi 0, ˆj ˆj 0, kˆ kˆ 0 and iˆ ˆj k,
ˆ ˆj ˆi k,k
ˆ ˆ ˆi ˆj, ˆi kˆ ˆj, kˆ ˆj ˆi]
ˆ A B ˆj A B kˆ A B (ˆi) A B (ˆj) A B (i)
So, we have A B A y Bx ( k) ˆ
z x x y z y x z y z
(A y Bz A z By )iˆ (A x Bz A z Bx )jˆ (A x B y A y Bx )kˆ
Cross Product Method 2:
Cross product of two vectors A and B can be obtained easily by using the determinant method.
A B (A x ˆi A y ˆj A z k)
ˆ (B iˆ B ˆj B k)
x y z
ˆ
iˆ ĵ kˆ
ˆi ˆj kˆ Ax Ay Az
Ax Ay Az
B x B y Bz
Bx By Bz
Here, we will use ˆi, ˆj,kˆ one by one. When î is chosen, its corresponding row and column become
bound and remaining elements are subtracted after cross multiplication.
So, (A y Bz By A z ), is the component along î .
Similarly, in the case of ĵ , the row and column in which it is present become bound and remaining
elements are subtracted after cross multiplication.
So, ˆi(A y Bz By A z ) ˆj(A x Bz Bx A z ) is the component along î and ĵ
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iˆ ĵ k̂
Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
Same argument will follow for k̂ as is for î and ĵ
A B ˆi(A y Bz By A z ) ˆj(A x Bz Bx A z ) k̂(A x By Bx A y )
iˆ ĵ k̂
Az
Ax Ay
Bx By Bz
Illustration: 14: If A 3iˆ ˆj 2kˆ and B 2iˆ 2jˆ 4kˆ
(i) Find the magnitude of A B
(ii) Find a unit vector perpendicular to both A and B
(iii) Find the cosine and sine of the angle between the vectors A and B
ˆi ˆj kˆ
Solution: (i) A B 3 1 2 8iˆ 8jˆ 8kˆ
2 2 4
Magnitude of A B | A B | (8) 2 ( 8) 2 ( 8) 2 8 3
A B 8iˆ 8jˆ 8kˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(ii) n̂ (i j k)
|AB| 8 3 3
1
There are two unit vectors perpendicular to both A and B , they are n̂ (iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ
3
cos
A.B
3
AB 8 3 2 AB 7
(iii) sin
AB 14 24 7
Illustration15: Let a force F be acting on a body free to rotate about a point O and let r be the
position vector of any point P on the line of action of the force. Then torque of
this force about point O is defined as : r F
Given, F (2iˆ 3jˆ k)N
ˆ and r (iˆ ˆj 6k)m
ˆ ,find the torque of this force.
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ˆi ˆj kˆ
Solution: r F 1 1 6 ˆi(1 18) ˆj(1 12) k(3
ˆ 2)
2 3 1
17iˆ 11jˆ 5kˆ
Illustration 16: Two vectors, A 2iˆ 2jˆ pkˆ and B ˆi ˆj kˆ are given. Find the value of p if
(i) the two vectors are perpendicular (ii) the two vectors are parallel.
Solution: (i) A and B will be perpendicular if A B = 0
Now A B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz = 2 x 1 + 2 x 1 + p x 1 = 4 + p
For A.B = 0, we must have 0 = 4 + p or p = –4
^ ^ ^
i j k
(ii) A and B will be parallel if A B = 0 ; Now A B = 2 2 p
1 1 1
= ˆi(2 p) ˆj(p 2) k(2
ˆ 2) = ˆi(2 p) ˆj(p 2)
For A B = 0, we must have each component to be zero. That is 0 = 2 – p, and 0 = p – 2
(both conditions are similar). Thus p = 2
Inchapter exercise
1. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both A 2iˆ ˆj and B ˆi 2ˆj
2. The torque of a force F 3iˆ ˆj 5kˆ acting at the point r 7iˆ 3jˆ kˆ is:
(A) 14iˆ 38jˆ 16kˆ (B) 4iˆ 4ˆj 6kˆ
(C) 21iˆ 4ˆj 4kˆ (D) 14iˆ 34ˆj 16kˆ
3. The magnitude of the vector porduct of two vectors is 3 times their scalar porduct. What is the
angle between the two vectors?
4. The linear velocity of a rotating body is given by v = × r .
If = ˆi - 2ˆj + 2 kˆ a n d r = 4 ˆj -3 kˆ , then what is the magnitude of v ?
Answer key
1. k̂ or - k̂ 2.(A) 3. θ = 6 0 o 4. 29 units
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OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS WITH ONE CORRECT ANSWER
1. The sum of magnitudes of two forces acting at a point is 16 N. If their resultant is normal to the
smaller force and has a magnitude of 8 N, the forces are :
(A) 6N, 10N (B) 8N, 8N (C) 4N, 12N (D) 2N, 14N
2. The component of a vector is :
(A) always less than its magnitude (B) always greater than its magnitude
(C) always equal to its magnitude (D) none of these
3. A displacement vector, at an angle of 30º with y-axis has a x-component of 10 units. The magnitude
of the vector is :
(A) 5.0 (B) 10 (C) 11.5 (D) 20
4. A displacement vector r has a magnitude of 25m and makes an angle of 210º with the x-axis. Its
y-component is : ( ˆi and ˆj are unit vectors along x & y axes)
(A) 21.7 î (B) –21.7 ˆj (C) 12.5 ˆj (D) –12.5 ˆj
5. Resultant of which of the following may be equal to zero?
(A) 10N; 10N; 30N (B) 10N; 20N; 30N; 40N
(B) 5N; 10N; 20N; 40N (D) none of these
6. The resultant of three vectors of magnitudes 1, 2 and 3 units and whose directions are along the
sides of an equilateral triangle taken in the same order is :
(A) 1unit (B) 6 units (C) 3 units (D) 14 units
7. In the above equation the resultant vector makes an angle of :
(A) 210º with the first vector (B) 30º with the first vector
(C) 60º with the first vector (D) 120º with the second vector
8. A body is constrained to move only in Y-direction under the action of a force F 2iˆ 15ˆj 6kˆ
N. If the body moves a distance of 10m then the work done is :
(A) 150J (B) 190J (C) 163J (D) 185J
9. If A i j & B i j , then a vector C perpendicular to both A & B and having a magnitude
equal to 3 is :
(A) 3kˆ
(B) 3 ˆi ˆj
(C) 3 ˆi 2kˆ (D) 3 ˆi ˆj
10. A vector A points vertically downward & B points towards east, then the vector product A B
is :
(A) along west (B) along east (C) along north (D) along south
11. A particle is moving eastward with a velocity of 5m/s. In 10 seconds the velocity changes to
v
5m/s northwards. The average acceleration in this time is :
t
(a) Zero (b) 1 / 2m / s2 towards north - west
(c) 1 / 2m / s2 towards north - east (d) 1 / 2m / s2 towards north
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12. Five equal forces of 10N each are applied at one point and all are lying in one plane. If the angles
between any two adjacent forces are equal, the resultant of these forces will be :
(a) zero (b) 10N (c) 20N (d) 10 2 N
13. At t=0, a particle at (1,0,0) starts moving towards (4,4,12) with a constant speed of 65 m/s. The
position of the particle is measured in metres and time in secs. Assuming constant velocity, the
position of the particle at t=2 sec is :
(a) 13 i 120 j 40 k m
(b) 40 i 31 j 120 k m
(c) 13 i 40 j 12 k m
(d) 31 i 40 j 120 k m
14. Forces proportional to AB, BC and 2CA act along the sides of triangle ABC in order. Their
resultant represented in magnitude and direction as :
(a) CA (b) AC (c) BC (d) CB
15. The magnitude of resultant of two forces of magnitudes 3P and 2P is R. If the first force is doubled,
the magnitude of the resultant is also doubled. The angle between the two forces is :
o o o o
(a) 30 (b) 60 (c) 120 (d) 150
16. Three forces P , Q and R are acting at a point in the plane, the angle between P and Q & Q and
o o
R are 150 and 120 respectively. then for equilibrium forces P , Q and R are in the ratio :
(a) 1:2:3 (b) 1:2: 3 (c) 3:2:1 (d) 3 : 2:1
17. The resultant of two vectors u and v is perpendicular to the vector u and its magnitude is equal
to half of the magnitude of vector v , The angle between u and v in degrees is
(a) 120 (b) 60 (c) 90 (d) 150
18. Choose the wrong statement
(a) Three vectors of different magnitudes may be combined to give zero resultant.
(b) Two vectors of different magnitudes can be combined to give a zero resultant.
(c) The product of a scalar and a vector is a vector quantity.
(d) All of the above statements are wrong.
19. A force of 6 N and another of 8 N can be applied to produce the effect of a single force equal to
(a) 1 N (b) 10 N (c) 16 N (d) 0 N
20. Out of the following pairs of forces, the resultant of which cannot be 4 newton
(a) 2 newton and 2 newton (b) 2 newton and 4 newton
(c) 2 newton and 6 newton (d) 2 newton and 8 newton
21. If a ˆi 2ˆj 2kˆ and b 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ . Find the projection vector of b on a .
8 ˆ ˆ 8 ˆ ˆ
(a)
9
i 2 j 2kˆ (b)
9
2i j 2kˆ
9 ˆ ˆ ˆ 9 ˆ ˆ
(c)
8
i 2j k (d)
8
2i j 2kˆ
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OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS WITH MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS
1. Given two vectors A=3i+4j ˆ ˆ and B=i+j.
ˆ ˆ θ is the angle between A and B . Which of the
following statements is/are correct?
ˆi+jˆ
(a) A cosθ is the component of A along B .
2
ˆi-jˆ
(b) A sinθ is the component of A perpendicular to B .
2
ˆi-jˆ
(c) A cosθ is the component of A along B .
2
ˆj-iˆ
(d) A sinθ is the component of A perpendicular to B .
2
2. ˆ ˆ ˆ and B=i+j+k
If A=2i+j+k ˆ ˆ ˆ are two vectors, then the unit vector
ˆj kˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2i+j+k
(a) perpendicular to A is 2 (b) parallel to A is
6
ˆj kˆ ˆi ˆj kˆ
(c) perpendicular to B is 2 (d) parallel to A is
3
3. If (v1 v 2 ) is perpendicular to (v1 v 2 ) , then
(a) v1 is perpendicular to v 2 (b) v1 v 2
(c) v1 is null vector (d) the angle between v1 and v2 can have any value
4. Two vectors A and B lie in one plane. Vector C lies in a different plane. Then, A B C
(a) cannot be zero
(b) can be zero
(c) lies in the plane of A and B
(d) lies in a plane different from that of any of the three vectors.
5. Which of the following expressions are meaningful?
(a) u.(v w) (b) (u.v).w (c) (u.v)w (d) u (v.w)
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6. The magnitude of scalar product of two vectors is 8 and of vector product is 8 3 . The angle
between them can be :
(a) 30o (b) 60o (c) 120o (d) 150o
7. A situation may be described by using different sets of coordinate axes having different orientations.
Which of the following do not depend on the orientation of the axes?
(a) The value of a scalar (b) component of a vector
(c) a vector (d) the magnitude of a vector
8. The x-component of the resultant of several vectors
(a) is equal to the sum of the x-components of the vectors
(b) may be smaller than the sum of the magnitudes of the vector
(c) may be greater than the sum of the magnitudes of the vector
(d) may be equal to the sum of the magnitudes of the vector
9. The magnitude of the vector product of two vectors A and B may be
(a) greater than AB (b) equal to AB
(c) less than AB (d) equal to zero
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
1. A 4iˆ 4ˆj , B 4iˆ 4ˆj .Then,
Column A Column B
i. AB (a) 8
ii. AB (b) 4
iii. A.B (c) 32
iv. AB (d) 0
2. A 1, B 2, Angle between A and B is 900 .
Column A Column B
i. A.B (a) 2
ii. AB (b) 4
iii. AB (c) 5
iv. AB (d) 0
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SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
1. Which of the following are correct (meaningful) vector expressions? What is wrong with any
incorrect expression?
(a) A . B .C ; (b) A x B . C ; (c) A . B x C ; (d) A x B x C ;
(e) A B .C ; (f) A B x C ; (g) 5 A; (h) 5 B . C
2. Suppose that a vector F is given by F q(V B) , where q is a number and V and B are
vectors. What are the directions of F in the below three situations, if q is (i) a positive quantity (ii)
a negative quantity?
y y y
B v B
v
x x x
B v
z z z
(1) (2) (3)
3. (a) In unit-vector notation, what is
r a b c if a 5iˆ 4ˆj 6k,
ˆ b 2iˆ 2ˆj 3k,
ˆ and c 4iˆ 3jˆ 2kˆ
(b) Calculate the angle between r and the positive z axis.
(c) What is the magnitude of component of a along the direction of b ?
4. Two vectors are given by a 3iˆ 5jˆ and b 2iˆ 4ˆj . Find :
(a) a b (b) a.b
(c) a+b .b (d) the magnitude of component of a along the direction of b .
5. Three vectors are given a 3iˆ 3jˆ 2k,
ˆ b 1iˆ 4ˆj 2kˆ and c 2iˆ 2jˆ 1kˆ . Find
(a) a . b c , (b) a . b c , and (c) a (b c) .
6. A vector with a magnitude of 8m, is added to a vector A , which lies along an x-axis. The sum of
these two vectors is a third vector that lies along the y-axis and has a magnitude that is twice the
magnitude of A . What is the magnitude of A ?
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7. A ship standing at point O sets out to sail to a point A 120 km due north of O. An unexpected
storm blows the ship to a point B 100 km due east of O. East directon is along î and north
direction is along ˆj . Find vector BA
8. If a-b=2c, a+b=4c, c=3i+4j ˆ ˆ , solve for a and b ?
9. Let A and B be the two vectors of magnitude 10 units each. If they are inclined to the x-axis at
angles 30º and 60º respectively, find the resultant of A & B in the form piˆ qjˆ
10. A particle whose speed is 50 m/s moves along the line from A (2, 1) to B (9, 25) . Find its
velocity vector in the form of p ˆi q ˆj .
11. Two vectors acting in the opposite directions have a resultant of 17 units. If they act at right
angles to each other, then the resultant is 25 units. Calculate the magnitude of two vectors .
12. Answer the following :
(a) Should a quantity having a magnitude & direction be necessarily a vector ?
(b) Can two similar vectors of different magnitude yield a zero resultant ?Can three yield ?
(c) R A B, Is it possible that | R || A | & | R || B | are both true?
(d) If a b c & a b c , what further information you can have about these vectors ?
(e) If a & b are two non zero vectors such that a b a b ,then what is the angle
between a & b ?
(f) Time has magnitude as well as direction. Is it a vector ?
(g) When will a x b a . b ? ( a & b are two non - zero vectors )
(h) Do unit vectors ˆi , ˆj& kˆ have units ?
13. Two vectors have magnitude 2m and 3m. The angle between them in degrees is 60. Find
(a) the scalar product of the two vectors.
(b) the magnitude of their vector product.
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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1 (OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS WITH ONE CORRECT ANSWER)
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (B)
6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (D)
11. (B) 12. (A) 13. (D) 14. (A) 15. (C)
16. (D) 17. (D) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20. (D)
21. (A)
EXERCISE-2 (OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS WITH MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS)
1. (A,D) 2. (ABC) 3. (BD) 4.(AD) 5. (AC) 6. (BC)
7. (ACD) 8. (ABD) 9. (BCD)
EXERCISE-3 (MATCH THE FOLLOWING)
1. (i) a (ii) a (iii) d (iv) c 2. (i) d (ii) a (iii) c (iv) c
EXERCISE-4 (SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS)
1. (A) Wrong (B) Wrong (C) Right (D) Right (E) Wrong
(F) Right (G) Wrong (H) Right
2. (i) (1) – k̂ (2) zero (3) î (ii) (1) k̂ (2) zero (3) î
7 20
3. (A) 11 î + 5 ĵ – 7 k̂ (B) cos-1
(C)
195 17
13
4. (A) 2 k̂ (B) 26 (C) 46 (D)
5
5. (A) –21 (B) –9 (C) 5 î – 11
1 ĵ – 9 k̂ 6. m 7. 100iˆ 120ˆj
5
8. a = 9 î + 12 ĵ b = 3 î + 4 ĵ 9. 5
3 1 iˆ ˆj
10. 14iˆ 48ˆj 11. 24, 7
12 (a) no (b) no, yes (c) yes (d) vectors are collinear
(e) 90o (f) no (g) never (h) no
13. (A) 3 (B) 3 3
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CALCULAS
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CONTENTS
No. Section Page
1. THEORY 25 – 38
2. EXERCISE # I 39 – 39
3. EXERCISE # II 40 – 42
4. EXERCISE # III 43 – 43
5. EXERCISE # IV 43 – 44
6. ANSWER KEY 45 – 46
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DIFFERENTIATION
The purpose of differential calculus is to study the nature (i.e., increase or decrease) and the amount of
variation in a quantity when another quantity (on which first quantity depends) varies independently.
Quantity: Anything which can be measured is called a quantity.
Constant: A quantity, whose value remains unchanged during mathematical operations, is called a
constant quantity. The integers, numbers like ,e, etc are all constants.
Variable: A quantity which can have any numerical value between certain specified limit is called as
variable.
Function: A quantity y is called a function of a variable x, if corresponding to any given value of x, there
exists a single definite value of y. The phrase ‘y is function of x’ is represented as y f (x )
For example, consider that y is a function of the variable x which is given by
y 3x 2 7 x 2
If x = 1, then y 3(1) 2 7(1) 2 12
and when x 2, y 3(2)2 7(2) 2 28
Therefore, when the value of variable x is changed, the value of the function y also changes. But
corresponding to each value of x, we get a single definite value of y. Hence, y 3x 2 7x 2 represents
a function of x.
Meaning of Limit
A 1m B
M
Rabbit A wants to reach rabbit B, which sits stationary. A jumps half the distance remaining
between them every second. How soon does the rabbit A reach its goal ?
Never! (Assuming both rabbits to be point objects)
The gap remaining between them becomes infinitesimal ( i.e. very very small ) after a long time.
It is not a number, that can be expressed. It is smaller than the smallest positive number, that you
can think of. The gap x 0 or it is dx. (dx denotes a very very small change in x.) and is
represented as lim
x 0
(read as limit of delta x tends to zero)
Rabbit A tends to rabbit B.
Rabbit A’s limit is rabbit B.
INCHAPTER EXERCISE
1. When x tends to y, is x equal to y ? What is ( x-y ) equal to ?
2. Which is smaller, infinitesimal or 10-10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ?
3. What is 100000000000 x (infinitesimal)?
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4. What is (1/infinity) ?
Answer Key : 1) No , dx 2) infinitesimal 3) infinitesimal 4) 0
Slope of secant
y+ y Q
y
y
x
P X
x x+ x
Consider a curve where the variation of a function y = f(x) is plotted with respect to variable x. Let
P and Q be two points on the curve. The segment PQ is called as secant.
y
The slope of the secant: slope tan
x
(Slope is defined as tan of angle between line and positive x -axis taken counter - clockwise )
Geometric meaning of derivative
Let P go closer to Q. When the gap between P and Q becomes infinitesimal (very very small),
the secant can be approximated as tangent
Y
dy y
lim
dx x 0 x
Q f ( x x ) f ( x )
P f ( x ) lim
x 0 x
dy
Hence, (or f '(x) ) at any point represents the rate of change of y (or f (x) ) with respect to x at
dx
that point and is also known as derivative of y w.r.t. x.
dy
Physical meaning of
dx
1. The ratio of change in the function y to change in variable x is called the average rate of change of y
w.r.t.x. For example, if a body covers a distance Δs in time Δt , then average velocity of the body,,
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s
v av Also, if the velocity of a body changes by an amount Δv in small time Δt , then average
t
v
acceleration of the body, a av
t
2. The differentiation of a function w.r.t. a variable implies the instantaneous rate of change of the function
w.r.t. that variable.
s ds
Thus, instantaneous velocity of the body, v lim
t 0 t dt
v dv
and instantaneous acceleration of the body, a lim
t 0 t dt
dy
Illustration 1: Find where y = x 2
dx
dy (x x) 2 x 2
Solution: lim (By definition)
dx x 0 x
x 2 2x x (x)2 x 2
lim ; Here (Δx) 2 can be neglected as Δx itself is very small
x 0 x
lim
2 x x d(x 2 )
= 2x so, 2x
x 0 x dx
dy
of functions and their properties
dx
We have found the derivative of x 2 with respect to x. Like wise we can also find derivatives of other
functions.Some standard derivatives are as given in the table
y dy
dx
xn nxn-1
sinx cosx
cosx -sinx
tanx sec2x
cotx -cosec2x
secx secx.tanx
cosecx -cosecx.cotx
ex ex
ax ax . lna
lnx 1
x
Note : In the above table , n and a are constant.
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Mathematical operations for derivatives :
dK
(I) 0 ,
dx
d Ku du
(II) K
dx dx
d(u v) du dv
(III)
dx dx dx
d(uv) dv du
(IV) u v
dx dx dx
u
d v du u dv
(V) v dx dx
dx v2
(Here, K is a constant and u and v are functions of x.)
5 dy
Illustration 2 : If y x , then find .
dx
5
Solution: Given y x
dx n dy d 5
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, using nx n 1 ; [x ] 5x 51 5x 4
dx dx dx
2 3/ 2 2 dy
Illustration 3: If y x 5x , then find .
x dx
Solution: Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,
dy d 2 3/2 2 d 2 d[x 3/2 ] d 1
x 5x [x ] 5 2
dx dx x dx dx dx x
3
2x 5 x1/ 2 2(1)x 2
2
15 2
2x x1/ 2 2
2 x
x dy
Illustration 4: If y e ln x, then find .
dx
Solution: Using product rule,
Here, u e x , v ln x. Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy d x d d
[e ln x] e x [ln x] ln x [e x ]
dx dx dx dx
1 ex
e ln xe x
x
e x ln x
x x
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(x 2 2x) dy
Illustration 5 : If y , then find .
(3x 4) dx
Solution: u x 2 2x, v 3x 4.
d(x 2 2x) d(3x 4)
(3x 4) (x 2 2x)
Using quotient rule, dy dx dx
2
dx (3x 4)
(3x 4)(2x 2) (x 2 2x)3
(3x 4)2
3x 2 8x 8
(3x 4) 2
INCHAPTER EXERCISE
Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x
1. x 2
2 x x 2. x2 cos x 3. (4x 2 7x 5).sec x
x 1 x ln x
4. x 4 (5sin x 3cos x) 5. 6.
x 1 ex
Answer Key
2
1. 3 x x 2. 2x cos x x 2 sin x
3. (8x 7) sec x (4x 2 7x 5) sec x.tan x 4. x 4 (5cos x 3sin x) 4x 3 (5sin x 3cos x)
1
5. 6. 1 ln x x ln x
2 x
x ( x 1) e
Chain Rule
Suppose we have a function given by y g(h(x)) . Then its derivative w.r.t. x is given by
dy d(g(h(x))) d(h(x))
dx d(h(x)) dx
Illustration 6: Find the derivative of y ln(sin 2 x )
Sol. Here f(x) = ln(x) g(x) sin 2 x h(x) = sinx
dy d log(sin 2 x) d(sin x) 2 d sin x 1
2
= 2 sin x cos x = 2 cot x.
dx d(sin x) d(sin x) dx sin 2 x
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2
Illustration 7 : Find the derivative of y sin (ln x) .
2
dy d sin ln x d sin ln x d ln x
Solution dx
d sin ln x d ln x dx
1
2sin ln x .cos ln x .
x
Illustration 8 : The rate of change of radius of a sphere with respect to time is given as 4cm/s. Find the rate
of change of volume when the radius is 50cm.
dr 4 3 dV
Solution Given rate of change of radius w.r.t. time, = 4cm/s, V r and we have to find .
dt 3 dt
4
d r 3
From chain rule, dV dV . dr 3 . dr 4r 2 . dr
dt dr dt dr dt dt
dV dr
4r 2 . 4.502.4 40000 cm 3 / s
dt dt
Illustration 9 : The radius of a cone is increasing at a rate of 2 cm/s. If the apex angle does not change, find
the rate of change in height when R = 5 cm, H = 8 cm
Solution If the apex angle does not change, for any R and H,
we have R = H tan
dR dH
tan
dt dt
dH 5 dH 16
2 cm / s
dt 8 dt 5 H 8cm
16
Rate of change of height is
cm/s.
5
Increasing and decreasing functions R 5cm
Y Y
X X
Increasing function Decreasing function
dy dy
0 tan 0 0 hence tan 0 0
2 dx 2 dx
Slope of tangent 0 Slope of tangent < 0
Rate of change of y w.r.t. x is Rate of change of y w.r.t. x is
positive, therefore the curve is negative, therefore the curve
increasing is decreasing
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Note: A function may not be continuously increasing or decreasing during the entire range (e.g. sin x, cos x).
dy dy
Then we say function is increasing in the range where 0 and decreasing where 0.
dx dx
Local maxima and local minima
Y
Function is increasing for xa,bx c,x d
Function is decreasing for axb, c x d
Peaks(local maxima) at x = a , c
Valleys(local mi nima) at x = b , d
a b c d X
For local maxima or minima, slope of the curve where it lies must be zero.
dy
So, 0 , at the points of local maxima or local minima
dx
Criterion for local maxima and local minima
dy
0
dx
Local maxima
dy dy
0 0
dx dx
dy
dy 0 Local minima
0 dx
dx dy
0
dx
Condition for local maxima Condition for local minima
Slope changes from +ve to -ve
Slope changes from -ve to +ve
Rate of change of slope w.r.t. x is -ve
Rate of change of slope w.r.t. x is +ve
dy/dx is decreasing with x
dy/dx is increasing with x
dy
d dy
dx d
0 dx
dx 0
dx
d2y d2y
0 0
dx 2
dx 2
Note 1: When we talk of local maxima / minima, we are talking of x; while when we say local
maximum value or local minimum value, we are talking of value of y corresponding to that
particular local maxima or minima
Note 2: Local maxima/minima does not mean that the function has the highest / lowest value at that
point. It only means that the function was increasing before and decreasing after that point in
case of local maxima and vice-versa in case of minima.
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INCHAPTER EXERCISE
1. Find the points of local maxima or local minima for the following:
x3
(i) y x (ii) y 4x 3 21x 2 18x 5
3
(iii) y sin x, (for values of 0 x 2)
2. Find the local maximum and local minimum value for the following:
x2 1
(i) y x 3 3x 10 (ii) y
2 x
1 3
Answer key : 1. (i) x 1 (ii) x ,3 (iii) x ,
2 2 2
2. (i) Local minima at x = 1, value = 8
Local maxima at x = -1, value = 12
(ii) Local minima at x = 1 , value = 3/2
INTEGRATION
In integral calculus, the differential coefficient of a function is given. We are required to find the
function. Thus, integration is the reverse of differentiation.
' 'sign is used for integration. If I is integration of f(x) with respect to x then I f (x) dx and it is read as
integration of f(x) w.r.t. x is I
d n 1
For example, let us proceed to obtain intergral of x n w.r.t. x. We already know that (x ) (n 1)x n
dx
Since the process of integration is the reverse process of differentiation,
n n 1 n x n 1
(n 1)x dx x or x dx n 1
The above formula holds for all values of n, except n = -1.
1 d 1 1
It is because, for n = -1,
n
x dx x
1
dx dx (log e x) dx log e x
x dx x x
Similarly, the formula for integration of some other functions can be obtained if we know the differential
coefficients of various functions
Basic Integration Formulas
n x n 1
1. f (x) g(x) dx f (x)dx g(x)dx 2. x dx C, n 1
n 1
dx x
3. ln | x | C 4. e dx e x C
x
5. sin xdx cos x C 6. cos xdx sin x C
7. tan xdx ln | sec x | C 8. cot xdx ln | sin x | C
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9. sec xdx ln | sec x tan x | C 10. cos ecdx ln | cos ecx cot x | C
2
11. sec xdx tan x C 12. cos ec 2 xdx cot x C
13. sec x tan xdx sec x C 14. cos ecx cot xdx cos ecx C
Illustration 10: Find the following integrals:
x 5
1. 6.e dx 2. x dx
3. 3cos xdx 4. [x 3 2x 2 3x 4]dx
Solutions:
1. 6.e x dx 6 e x dx 6e x c
5 1
2. x dx 5. x dx 5.ln | x | c
3. 3cos xdx 3 cos xdx 3sin x c
4. [x 3 2x 2 3x 4]dx = x 3dx 2x 2 dx 3xdx 4dx
3 2 x4 2x 3 x2
= x dx 2 x dx 3 xdx 4 dx = c1 c2 3 c3 4x c 4
4 3 2
x 4 2x 3 3x 2
= 4x c
4 3 2
INCHAPTER EXERCISE
Find the following integrals :
5 2 1 4
1. x 2
1 0 d x
x x x
x 9
2. 7 e 4 s in x 3
e d x
x
x6 2
Answer Key : (i) ln x 8 x 10x c
6 x
9
(ii) 7e x 4 cos x ex c
2x 2
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Integration by Substitution:
Suppose we represent an integral by f u du F u c (i.e., F(u) is the integral of f(u) w.r.t. u ).
d(g(x))
Now suppose u is a function of x given by u = g(x) , then du g '(x)dx (where g '(x) is )
dx
and the above integral can be written as f (g(x)).g ' (x)dx F(g(x)) c .
Thus if we have to find the integral given in the form of a function along with its derivative, we can use the
above formula to find the integral.
F(ax b)
An important result: If f (x)dx F(x) c, then f (ax b)dx a
c
2
Illustration 11: Find x x 3 1dx
2
Solution: x x 3 +1dx
u=x 3 +1
du=3x 2 dx
2 1 3
x x 3 +1dx= x +1.3x 2dx
3
1
= x 3 +1.3x 2dx
3
1
= u du
3
1 1
= u 2 du
3
3
1 u2
= +C
3 3
2
.
2 32
= u +C
9
3
2
= (x 3 +1) 2 +C
9
2
= (x 3 +1)3 + C
9
INCHAPTER EXERCISE
Find the following integrals :
2x
1. x sin(1 x 2 ) dx 2. dx
1 x2
Answer Key :
cos(1 x 2 )
1. C 2. ln|1 x 2 | C
2
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Definite Integral
Consider the curve as shown. The area under the curve (the area bounded by the curve and the x-axis)
can be found by dividing this area into infinitesimal areas and adding them up.
yi
a x b
Consider this area to be divided into n parts, where each part can be assumed as a rectangle if n is very
large. The length of each such part at x x i will be equal to yi f (x i ) while the breadth will be equal to
ba
x where x
n
Area of each rectangle = Ai yi .x
The total area will be the sum of all these areas and will be given by
in
A yi x
i 1
x b x b
If x 0 , the same area is represented by y dx or f (x) dx
x a x a
This integral is known as definite integral of the curve y = f(x) between x = a to x = b, where a and b are
known as the lower and upper limits of the integral respectively.
Fundamental theorem of integral calculus:
b
If f (x)dx F(x) C ,then f ( x )d x [ F ( x ) ] ba F ( b ) F ( a )
a
/ 2
Illustration 12 : Integrate (sin x cos x)dx
0
/ 2 / 2 /2
Solution: (sin x cos x)dx sin xdx cos xdx
0 0 0
/2 /2
cos x 0 sin x 0 0 1 1 0
11 2
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1
3/ 2 x
Illustration 13 : Integrate (x 2e )dx
0
1
3 1
1 1 1 x2 1
3/ 2 x 3/ 2 x 2e x
Solution: (x 2e )dx
0
= x dx 2 e dx
0 0
3
1
0
2 0
1
x5 / 2 x 1 1 2 8
2e 0 0 2e1 2e o 2e 2 2e
5 / 2 0 5/ 2 5 5
INCHAPTER EXERCISE
Find the following integrals:
5 2
1. (3 2t) dt 2. (2 sin x cos x) dx
1
4
3
Answer key : 1. 36 2. 1
2
APPLICATION OF CALCULUS IN KINEMATICS
The problems in kinematics can be solved using the differential and integral calculus, in addition to the
already known equations which are given as under
dx
v ;
dt
dv dv dx dv dv d dx d 2 x
a v ; a
dt dx dt dx dt dt dt dt 2
( Where ‘x’ is displacement, ‘v’ is velocity and ‘a’ is acceleration at time t )
Similarly, for circular motion
d
dt
d d d d d d d d 2
or
dt d dt d dt dt dt dt 2
( Where ‘ ’ is angular displacement, ‘ ’ is angular velocity and ‘ ’ is angular acceleration at time t)
Also by the definition of integral,
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x vdt v adt
dt dt
dx
Note: is called as instantaneous velocity, it is the velocity in small time dt. Average velocity over
dt
x
a period of time t can be given as Vavg .
t
Illustration 14 : The speed of a particle is given by V (3t 2 t 2)m / s . Find the (a) distance covered by it
in first two seconds, (b) acceleration at time t = 1s.
Solution. (a) for calculating distance,
V 3t 2 t 2
ds ds
Also we have V 3t 2 t 2 ds 3t 2 t 2 dt
dt dt
s s t 2
Integrating both the sides, we have ds (3t 2 t 2)dt
s 0 t 0
2
s 3 t2
Limits are put s = 0 to s = s and t = 0 to t = 2 0 t 2t
s
2 0
s 0 8 2 4 0 0 0
s = 14 m Distance covered in first two seconds is 14 m.
(b) For calculating acceleration, V 3t 2 t 2
dv d(3t 2 t 2)
Also we have a = a= = 6t + 1
dt dt
at t = 1s, acceleration = 6(1) + 1 = 7 m/s2
INCHAPTER EXERCISE
1. If s = (2t + 4t2)m , find the values of ‘v’ and ‘a’ at t = 0s , 2s and 10s.
2. If v = 3t2 m/s , find the values of ‘s’ and ‘a’ at t = 0s , 2s , & 10s.(assume all quantities to
be zero at the start)
3. If v = u + at , derive s = ut + 0.5at2. (where a is a constant)
dv ds
4. Use a , to prove v2 = u2 + 2as . (where a is a constant)
ds dt
Answer Key : 1. v = 2m/s, 18m/s, 82m/s
a = 8m/s2 , 8m/s2, 8m/s2
2. s = 0m, 8m, 1000m
a = 0m/s2, 12m/s2, 60m/s2
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EXERCISE # I
SECTION - I
In Problems 1 to 9 differentiate the given functions with respect to x .
(a, b, c are to be treated as constants)
1. y = (x2 – 3x + 3) (x2 + 2x – 1);
x 1 x ax b
2. y 3. y 2 4. y
x 1 x 1 cx d
x2 1 1 x3 2
5. z
x 2 1 1 x 6. y . 7. y .
2
3 x 1 1 x3 3
x 1
x2 x 1 1 x3
8. y 9. y .
a3 3
SECTION - II
Trigonometric functions :
In problems 10 to 23 differentiate the given functions with respect to x .
x tan x
10. y = sin x + cosx 11. y . 12. y .
1 cos x x
sin x x sin x
13. y = x sinx + cos x 14. y 15. y
x sin x 1 cos x
x x sin x
16. y . 17. y . 18. y cos2 x.
sin x cos x 1 tan x
1 1
19. y tan 4 x. 20. y cos x cos 3 x. 21. y 3sin 2 x sin 3 x.
4 3
1
22. y tan 3 x tan x x. 23. y x sec 2 x tan x.
3
SECTION - III
Logarithmic functions : (In Problems 24 to 27 differentiate the given functions.)
2
24. y x ln x 25. y ln 2 x. 26. y ln x
27. y ln x.
SECTION - IV
In Problems 28 to 32,find the integrals by using the basic table of integrals and simple rules of integration.
dx
28 x dx 29. m x n dx. 30. 2
x
dx
31. . 32. 1 2u du.
2 x
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EXERCISE # II
For problems 1 to 5, differentiate the following w.r.t. x
1
1.
x
3 1 3/ 2 1 1 12
(A) x 2 (B) x (C) (D) x
2 x 2
1
2.
(ax b) 2
(A) –2a (ax + b )-3 (B) –2a(ax + b)–1 (C) a(ax + b)–1 (D) (ax + b)–1
1
3. x3 8
x3
2 2 3
(A) 3x 8 (B) 3x 3x (C) 3x2 – 3x-4 (D) 3 x 2 3 x 2
4. sin x3
3 3 2
(A) 3.cos x 3 (B) cos x (C) cos x.3 x (D) cosx3. 3x2
5. 4x3 5
1 1
2 2
(A) (4 x 5) 2 (B) 4x 5 3 (C) 6x (4 x 5) 2 (D) 6x2 (4x3 – 5)-1/2
d
6. sin n x :
dx
cos ln x
(A) cos ( l n x ) (B) l n (cos x ) (C) x cos ( l n x) (D)
x
d
7. 2x 2 1
dx
(A) 2x ( 2x2 + 1)1/2 (B) 2x ( 2x2 + 1)-1/2 (C) (2x2 + 1 )1/2 (D) (2x2 + 1)-1/2
d 2x
8. e
dx
2x
e 1 / 2
(A) (B) 2x e 2x (C) e 2x (D) 2(2x)
2x
d 4
9. ( x 2 sin x 3 cos x )
dx
(A) 4x3 – 2 cos x + 3 sin x (B) 3x2 + 2cos x + 3 sin x
(C) 4x3 + 2 cos x – 3 sin x (D) 4x3 – 2 cos x – 3 sin x
d 2
10.
dx
x sin x n x
(A) 2x sin x nx + x2 cos x nx + x sin x (B) x2 sin x . n x + 2x cos x n x + x sin x
(C) 2x. sinx n x + x2 cosx n x + sin x (D) None of these
x2 1
d
11. x 1
dx
x 2 2x 1 x 2 2x 1 x 2 2x 1 x 2 2x 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
x 12 x 12 x 1 x 12
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4 3 dV
12. If V r , find
3 dr
4 2 2
(A) r (B) 4 r
3
(C) 4 r (D) 4 r
3
dy
13. xy = c2, then
dx
x y x y
(A) (B) (C) – (D) –
y x y x
1
14. y , find dy
2x 1 dx
1 1 1 1
(A) 3/2 (B) 3/ 2 (C) (D
2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1
dy
15. x = at2 ; y = 2at , then =
dx
(A) t (B)
1 (C) 1 (D) None of these
t
5
16. x dx
5 6/5 6 2 6 3
(A) x C (B) x C (C) x C (D) None of these
6 5 3
1
17. (ax b) 2 dx
1 1
(A) (ax b)1 (B) (ax b)3 (C) C (D) None of these
a ax b
18. sinx.cosx dx
cos 2 x sin 2 x
(A) C (B) C (C) cos 2x C (D) None of these
4 4
x
19. dx
x a2
2
1
1
(A) ( x 2 a 2 ) 2 + C (B) log e ( x 2 a 2 ) C
2
(C) log e ( x 2 a 2 ) (D) None of these
/2
20. cos x dx
/ 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these
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/2
21. 1 cos x dx
0
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) None of these
22. (1 x) x dx :
2 3/2 2 5/2 2 3/2 2 5/2
(A) x x C (B) - x x C
3 5 3 5
2 3/2 2 5/2 2 3/2 2 5/2
(C) - x x C (D) x x C
3 5 3 5
1
23. sin 2
dx
x. cos 2 x
(A) cot x + tan x + C (B) tan x – cot x + C
(C) - tan x + cot x + C (D) - tan x – cot x + C
1
24. 1 e x
dx
(A) ln( 1+ ex ) + C (B) tan x – cot x + C
(C) - tan x + cot x + C (D) - tan x – cot x + C
cos ec 2 x
25. 1 cot x .dx :
(A) - ln | 1 + cot x| + C (B) ln| 1 + cot x | + C
(C) ln |1 + tan x | + C (D) - ln | 1 + tan x | + C
ln x
26. .dx
x
2
(A) lnx + C (B)
ln x C
2
2
(C)
ln x C (D) – ln x + C
2
/2
27. (sin x cos x)dx
0
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 4
x
28. e
0
dx
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) (D) None of these
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EXERCISE # III
1. A circular disc of radius 3 cm is being heated. Due to expansion, its radius increases at the rate of 0.05 cm/s.
Find the rate at which its area is increasing when radius is 3.2 cm.
2. An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 3 cm/s. How fast is the volume of the cube
increasing when the edge is 10 cm long?
3. A balloon, which always remains spherical on inflation, is being inflated by pumping in 900 cubic centimetres
of gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon increases when the radius is 15 cm.
4. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground, away
from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the
ladder is 4 m away from the wall?
5. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3 /s. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground in such
a way that the height of the cone is always one - sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of
the sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm?
6. A man of height 2 metres walks at a uniform speed of 5 km/hr away from a lamp post which is 6 metres
high. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow increases.
7. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and the sum of whose squares is minimum.
8. A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to be made into a box without top, by cutting a square from each
corner and folding up the flaps to form the box. Find the size of the square that should be cut off so that
the volume of the box is maximum possible.
9. Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a circle of fixed radius, the square has the maximum area.
10. A body is thrown from earth's surface vertically upwards with velocity v, which varies with time as
v = (29.4 - 9.8t) m/s. Find the maximum height reached by the body .
EXERCISE # IV
Application of calculus in kinematics :
1. A point moves in a straight line such that its distance s from the start in time t is equal to
1 4
s= t - 4 t 3 + 16 t 2 .
4
(a) At what times was the point at its starting position ?
(b) At what times is its velocity equal to zero ?
2. A body whose mass is 3 kg performs rectilinear motion according to the formula s = 1 + t + t2 ,
1
where s is measured in centimeters & t in seconds. Determine the kinetic energy mv2 of the body
2
5 seconds after its start.
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3. A body moves in a straight line according to the equation s = t3 - 4t2 - 3t. Find its acceleration when its
velocity is zero.
4. The displacement x of a particle moving in one dimension, under the action of a constant force is related
to the time t by the equation t = x + 3, where x is in metres & t is in seconds . Find the displacement of
the particle when its velocity is zero .
5. The velocity of a moving point changes according to the equation v = (3t2 + 2t + 1) m/s . Find the distance
covered by the point in 10 seconds from the start.
6. A point moves with velocity v = (9t2 - 8t) m/s . Find the distance covered by the point during the fourth
second from the start.
7. A point moves with velocity v = (6t2 + 4) m/s . Find the distance covered by the point during
5 seconds from the beginning of motion .
ds
8. Given s = s0 + v0 t + 1 gt2 where s0, v0 and g are constants. Find .
2 dt
9. The motion of a particle in a straight line is defined by the relation x = t4 - 12t2 - 40 where x is in metres
and t is in sec. Determine the position x, velocity v and acceleration a of the particle at t = 2 sec.
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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # I
SECTION - I
1. 4 x3 3x 2 8 x 9
2 1 x2 ad bc 4x
2
2
1 2 x 3x2
2. 2 3. 1 x 2 4. cx d 2 5.
x 1
3 x 12
6x2 6x2 2x 1 3x 2
6. 2
7. 2
8. 3 9.
x 3
1 x 3
1 a 3
SECTION - II
1 cos x x sin x x sec2 x tan x
10. cos x sin x 11. 2 12.
1 cos x x2
1 1
13. x cos x 14. x cos x sin x 2
2 15.
1
x sin x 1 cos x
sin x cos x x sin x cos x 1 tan x sin x x cos x x sin x sec 2 x
16. 17. 2
1 sin 2 x 1 tan x
18. sin 2 x 19. tan 3 x sec 2 x 20. sin 3 x
21. 6sin x cos x 3sin 2 x cos 22. tan 4 x 23. 2 x sec 2 x tan x
SECTION - III
2ln x 2 1
24. 1 ln x 25. 26. 27.
x x 2 x ln x
SECTION - IV
n
1
2 3 mx m 1
28. x c 29. c 30. c 31. x c
3 nm x
32. u u2 c
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EXERCISE # II
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5.D 6. D 7. B
8. A 9. D 10. A 11. A 12. D 13. D 14. B
15. B 16. A 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. C 21. A
22. D 23. B 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. A
EXERCISE # III
1
1. 0.320 cm 2 / s 2. 900 cm3 /s 3. cm / s
8 1 5
4. cm / s 5. cm / s 6. km / h
3 48 2
15 15
7. , 8. 3 cm 10. 44.1 m
2 2
EXERCISE # IV
1. (a) 0, 8 sec (b) 0, 4, 8 sec 2. 0.01815 joules
3. 10m/s2 4. 0m
5. 1110 m 6. 83 m
7. 270 m 8. v = v0 + gt
9. x = - 72 m , v = -16 m/s , a = 24 m/s2
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Kinematics-I
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THE
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IIT–JEE SYLLABUS
Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line: Position – time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non –
uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity – time,
position – time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion. Relative velocity, Motion in a plane,
Projectile motion, Uniform circular Motion.
CONTENTS
No. Section Page
1. THEORY 48 – 81
2. EXERCISE # I 82 – 87
3. EXERCISE # II 87 – 89
4. EXERCISE # III 89 – 90
5. EXERCISE # IV 90 – 94
6. ANSWER KEY 95 – 96
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KIN EM ATICS
1. Kinematics
Kinematics is the study of motion of physical bodies without going into the cause of the motion.
Kinematics deals with physical quantities like distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration
etc.
1.1 Motion and Rest
Motion is a combined property of the object under study and observer.
If the position of the object under study changes with time, as seen by the observer, the object is said
to be in motion from the frame of reference of the observer.
If position of the object does not change with time, as seen by observer, object is said to be at rest
from the frame of reference of the observer.
Rest and motion of an object under study depend on the frame of reference of the observer. For eg. A
book kept on a table may be at rest for all students sitting in the class. But the same book will be in
motion, as seen by an observer on a moving bus. Thus absolute rest and absolute motion are
meaningless.
In most cases, if attributes of motion of an object are given without specifying the frame of the
observer, it is to be assumed that the object under consideration is being observed by an observer
who is at rest with respect to the earth.
1.2 Position
For a particle moving along a straight line, position of the particle can be specified with only one
coordinate. A coordinate system is chosen by choosing some reference point as the origin. The origin
is assigned the number zero. Most situations can be analysed by setting up an appropriate coordinate
system. In order to do so, following are the essential requirements:
Choice of origin
Choice of coordinate axis
Choice of positive direction of axis. All these parameters constitute a reference frame. In any physics
problem, the reference frame must be specified.
In the figure below, point O is the chosen origin, X – axis is the chosen coordinate axis and
rightward direction is chosen as the positive direction.
- ve + ve
x2 origin x1
x2 0 x1 0
Similarly, if the motion of a particle is 2 – dimensional or 3 – dimensional, the coordinate axes will
comprise of x, y and z axes and position will include x, y, and z coordinates.
1.3 Displacement and distance :
Displacement is a vector quantity. It is the change in position vector. Distance is the total length of
the actual path covered. Distance is a scalar quantity.
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Suppose a particle travels from point A to point B as shown in the fig below along a zig – zag path,
in a finite time interval.
y - axis
x1 , y1
A
x 2 , y2
B
x - axis
Coordinates of A are 1, 1
x y and that of B are x 2 , y 2 . Position vector of A is rA x1i y1 j ,
position vector of B is rB x 2 i y2 j . Distance will be equal to the total length of the actual path
covered by the particle. Displacement will be S = rB – rA = x 2 – x1 i + y 2 – y1 j
The distance covered will always be greater than or equal to the magnitude of the displacement.
Displacement and distance are equal in magnitude in case the particle is travelling along a straight
line without change in direction.
SI unit of distance and displacement is meters.
In simple language, displacement can be said to be the shortest line joining the initial and final
positions of a body in motion, irrespective of path followed and it is directed from initial position to
final position.
Change in position vector is displacement and change in displacement vector is also displacement.
1.4 Average speed
Total Distance travelled
Average speed = , We define average speed of a particle as the ratio of the
Total time taken
total distance travelled to the total time taken.
SI units of speed is m / s
1.5 Instantaneous speed
Speed of a particle at a particular instant is called instantaneous speed.
The speedometer of a vehicle indicates the instantaneous speed. The speedometer reading on a
crowded city road continuously changes, indicating instantaneous speed is continuously changing.
1.6 Velocity
Velocity is defined as rate of change of displacement with time. Velocity is a vector quantity. SI
unit of velocity is m/s.
Total Displacement
Average velocity = , Average velocity is defined as the ratio of the total
Total time
displacement covered to the total time taken.
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Just as distance is always greater than or equal to the magnitude of displacement, average speed is
greater than or equal to the magnitude of average velocity. Average speed and the magnitude of
average velocity are equal when particle is travelling in a straight line without change in direction.
1.7 Instantaneous velocity
(x, t) x x, t t
origin
Suppose a particle moves from position x at time t to position x x at time t t . Then, the
x
average velocity of the particle over time interval t is .
t
x
Making t infinitely small, gives the velocity of the particle at instant t and can be written as
t
x dx
v lim , where v is the instantaneous velocity of the particle at time instant t.
t 0 t dt
The magnitudes of instantaneous velocity and instantaneous speed are always equal.
1.8 Uniform motion
Motion of a body in a straight line with uniform velocity is called uniform motion.
ds
v , but v is constant in uniform motion.
dt
ds v dt v dt vt
s = vt, where s is the displacement, t is the time interval, v is uniform velocity.
Uniform motion can also be said to be motion in which equal displacements are covered in equal
intervals of time, however small the time intervals may be.
SO LVED EXAM PLES (Based on uniform M otion)
Illustration 1.A particle travels from point A to B in a straight line with uniform speed of 60 km/hr.
It immediately returns back from B to A with uniform speed of 40 km/hr. Find
average velocity and average speed of particle over the whole journey.
Solution:
60 km/hr
A B
40 km/hr
Let AB = x
Total Displacement
Displacement = 0. Average velocity =
Total time
Average velocity = 0
Total distance = 2 x
x x
t AB , t BA , Total time = t AB + t BA
60 40
x x
Total time
60 40
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Total distance 2x
Average speed =
Total time x x
60 40
Average speed = 48 km/hr.
Illustration 2. As shown in fig, a particle moves along a circular path of radius r. It starts from
point A and moves anticlockwise. Find the magnitude of displacement and distance
travelled by the particle as it
(i) moves from A to B (ii) moves from A to C (iii) moves from A to D
(iv) completes one revolution
Solution:
1
(i) From A to B. Distance covered 2r
4
r
2
Displacement AB OA 2 OB 2 r 2
1
(ii) From A to C Distance covered 2 r
2
r
Displacement AC 2 r
3 3 r
(iii) From A to D, Distance covered = 2 r
4 2
Displacement AD r 2
(iv) From A to A, distance covered = 2 r
Displacement = 0, because the initial position coincides with final position.
Illustration 3. An athlete runs 150 m in 15 seconds, then turns around and jogs 50 m back towards
starting point in 25 s. What is his average speed and average velocity for total time?
Assume he travels along the same straight line always.
Solution:
O B A
O is the origin and OA = 150 m, AB = 50 m
Total distance travelled = OA + AB = 150 + 50 = 200 m
Total time taken = 40 s.
200m
Average speed = 5m / s
40s
Total displacement = 100 m (OB)
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100 m
Average velocity = 2.5m / s
40s
Illustration 4. A body covers one – third of its journey with speed Vo . The remaining portion of the
distance was covered with velocity V1 , for half the remaining time and with velocity
V2 for the other half of the remaining time. Assuming the body always travels in a
straight line, find the average velocity of body over the whole journey.
x
Solution: Let x be the total distance and T be the total time. We require average velocity
T
x
Now time required to cover 1/3rd of total distance
3 Vo
As per data
2x 1 x 1 x
= × T – × V1 + × T – × V2
3 2 3 Vo 2 3Vo
2 V1 V2 V V
x × + + = T × 1 + 2
3 6 Vo 6 Vo 2 2
x 3Vo V1 V2
Average velocity =
T V1 V2 4Vo
Illustration 5. A steamer going downstream overcomes a wooden log at point P. 1 hour later, the
steamer turns backs and after some time passes the wooden log at a distance 6 km
from point P. Find speed of river.
Solution:
P
S
M Q
L
6 km
Let Vs be speed of steamer in still water.
Let Vr be speed of river.
Let steamer meet the log in a time t further after it has turned.
PQ = Vs + Vr × 1 (Motion of steamer downstream) … Eq. (I)
QM = Vs – Vr × t (Motion of steamer upstream) … Eq. (II)
PM = Vr × t + 1 (Motion of log) … Eq. (III)
PQ = PM + QM
Vs + Vr = Vs t – Vr t + Vr + Vr t t = 1 hour
Substitute in Eq. III
6 = Vr 2 Vr 3km / hr
In chapter Exercise (Based on uniform motion)
1. A car travels first half distance between two places with uniform speed of 60 km / hr. What should
be its uniform speed for the second half of the distance so that its average speed over the entire
journey becomes 90 km / hr.
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2. A body covers one – third of its journey with speed u, next third with speed v and the last third with
speed w. Calculate the average speed of the body over the entire journey.
3. A 10 hour trip is made at an average speed of 40 km / hr. If during the first half of the distance,
average speed of the bus was 30 km / hr, what was the average speed for the second half of trip?
4. A body, moving in a straight line, covers a certain distance in the following four separate and
independent ways.
(a) half the time is covered with speed V1 and the other half of the time with speed V2 .
(b) half the distance is covered with speed V1 and next half distance is covered with speed V2 .
(c) 1/3rd of the distance is covered with speed V1 and for the remaining distance, the first 1/4th of the
remaining time is covered with speed V2 and 3/4th of the remaining time is covered with speed V3 .
(d) 1/5th of the time is covered with speed V1 and in the remaining time, 3/4th of remaining distance
is covered with speed V2 and 1/4th of the remaining distance is covered with speed V3 .
In each of the above four cases find average speed over the entire journey.
5. A steamer travelling in a river, moves from P to Q (downstream) in 2.5 hours and from Q to P
(upstream) in 5 hours. If due to monsoon, speed of the river flow gets doubled, find the new time
taken by the same steamer to go from
(a) P to Q (downstream) (b) Q to P (upstream)
ANSWER KEY
3uvw
1. Ans. 180 km / hr 2. Ans.
uv+vw+uw
3. Ans. 60 km / hr
V1 V2 2V1 V2 3 V1 V2 + 9 V1 V3 16 V2 V3 + 3 V1 V3 + V1 V2
4. Ans:(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 V1 + V2 8 V1 + V2 + 3 V3 15 V3 + 5 V2
5. Ans. (a) 2 hours (b) 10 hours
1.9 Acceleration
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with time.
Acceleration is a vector quantity.
SI unit of acceleration is m / s 2 .
1.10 Average acceleration
Average acceleration is defined as the ratio of change in velocity over a time interval to the time
interval.
If a particle moving along a straight line has velocity V1 at an instant t1 and velocity V2 at instant
t 2 t 2 t1 , then average acceleration during time interval t 2 t1 is given by
v V2 V1
a av
t t 2 t1
1.11 Summary of equations for uniformly accelerated motion.
v=u+at … Eq. I
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1
s ut at 2 … Eq. II
2
1
x x 0 ut at 2 … Eq. III
2
2 2
v u 2as … Eq. IV
2 2
v u 2a x x0 … Eq. V
s
u v t
…Eq. VI
2
1
Sn th u a n … Eq. VII
2
Where
u – Initial velocity or instantaneous velocity at time t = 0
v – Instantaneous velocity at time instant t
a – uniform acceleration
s – Displacement at time t
t – Time instant
x 0 – Initial position or position at t = 0.
x – Position at time t
Sn - Displacement in n th second
th
Equations for uniformly accelerated motion in vector form.
v u at
1
; s u t a t2 ;
v. v u .u 2 a .s ;
s
uvt
2 2
SOLVED EXAMPLES ( Uniformly accelerated motion)
Illustration 6. An automobile manufacturer claims that his sports car will accelerate from rest to a
speed of 42 m/s in 8 seconds. Assuming that acceleration is constant.
(a)Determine acceleration of car
(b)Distance travelled by car in 8 s.
(c)Distance travelled by car in 8th second.
Solution:
v u 42 0
(a) v = u + at a 5.25 m / s 2
t 8
1
(b) Distance travelled in 8 s s = 0 t + × 5.25 × 82 = 168 m
2
1 1
(c) Sn th u a n 0 5.25 8 = 39.375 m
2 2
Illustration 7.A particle starts form rest and under uniform acceleration covers a distance x in t sec.
Find the distance it will cover in the next t sec.
1
Solution: s ut at 2
2
1
x at 2 … (I)
2
Now if it travels additional distance y in next t sec, total distance travelled in 2t s will be
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x y 2 at 2 …(II)
Dividing Eq. II by Eq. I
xy
4 y = 3x
x
Illustration 8. In a car race, car A takes time t less than car B and passes the finishing point with
velocity v more than car B. Both cars start from rest and travel with uniform
v
accelerations a A and a B respectively. Show that a A a B .
t
Solution: Let s be distance covered by each car. Let times taken by the 2 cars to complete journey be
t1 & t 2 , and velocities at finishing point be v1 & v 2 .
v1 v2 v , t 2 t1 t
v v v2 2a As 2a Bs v
= 1 = a Aa B
t t 2 t1 2s 2s t
aB aA
Illustration 9. Two particles P and Q starts simultaneously from point A with velocities 15 m/s and
20 m/s respectively. They move in the same direction with different uniform
accelerations. When P overtakes Q at B, velocity of P is 30 m/s. Find velocity of Q at
B.
15 30
Solution: For P s t … (I)
2
20 v
For Q s t … (II).
2
Equating Eq. I and Eq. II
V = 25 m/s
Illustration 10. A particle moves along a straight path ABC with uniform acceleration of 0.5 m / s 2 .
It crosses A with 5 m/s velocity. It reaches C with a velocity of 40 m/s, 30 seconds
after it has crossed B in its path. Find AB.
Solution:
u = 5 m/s v = 40 m/s
A B C
t=0 t t1 t t1 30
Consider AC, u = 5 m/s
v = 40 m/s
a = 0.5 m / s 2
v u 40 5
t 70 s
a 0.5
For AB, u = 5 m/s, a 0.5m / s2
t = 70 – 30 = 40 s
1 1
AB s ut at 2 5 40 0.5 40 2
2 2
= 600 m
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Illustration 11. A particle moving with uniform acceleration in a straight line covers 3 m in the 8th second
and 5 m in the 16th second of its motion. What is the displacement of the particle from
beginning of 6th second to the end of 15th second?
1
Solution: Sn th u a n
2
1
3 u a 8 … Eq. I
2
1
5 u a 16 … Eq. II
2
1
From Eq. I and Eq. II, a m / s2
4
1
Putting a m / s 2 in Eq. I
4
9
We get u m/s
8
Now, velocity at end of 5 s (velocity at beginning of 6th second), v1 u 5a . Velocity
v v 2u 20a
after 15s v 2 u 15a . S 1 2 t 10 = 36.25 m
2 2
In chapter Exercise
6. A race car accelerates on a straight road from rest to 180 km/hr in 25s. Assuming uniform
acceleration, find the distance covered in this time.
7. A car moving along a straight highway with 126 km/hr speed is brought to rest in 200 m. What is the
uniform retardation of the car and how long does it take for the car to stop.
8. A driver takes 0.2s reaction time to apply brakes after he sees the need for it. If he is driving the car
at a speed of 54 km/hr, and the brakes cause uniform retardation of 6 m / s 2 , find the distance
travelled by the car after he sees the need to apply brakes.
9. A body moving with uniform acceleration, covers 20 m in the 7th second and 24 m in the 9th second
of its motion. Find the distance it will cover in the 15th second of its motion.
10. A body moving with uniform acceleration covers 12 m in the 2nd second and 20 m in the 4th second
of its motion. How much distance will it cover in 4 seconds after the 5th second?
11. An object is moving along the x – axis with uniform acceleration of 4 m / s 2 . At time t = 0, x = 5 m
and v = 3 m/s.
(a) What will be the velocity and the position of the object at time t = 2s.
(b) What will be the position of the object when it has velocity of 5 m/s.
12. On a foggy day, drivers of 2 trains travelling in opposite direction on the same railway track spot
each other when they are 80 m apart travelling at 72 km/hr and 60 km/hr respectively. Both apply
brakes simultaneously retarding their engines at uniform rate of 5 m / s 2 . Determine the distance by
which collision is averted.
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ANSWER KEY
6. 625 m 7. 3.06 m / s 2 , 11.43 s 8.21.75 m 9. 36 m
10.136 m 11. (a) 11 m/s and 19 m (b) 7 m 12. 12.22 m
1.12 Motion under gravity
A body thrown vertically upwards or vertically downwards or dropped from a height will move in
a straight vertical line.
If air resistance is ignored, the body will be subjected to acceleration due to gravitational force
exerted by the earth, which is denoted by g. The value of g on the earth is 9.8m / s 2 in the
downward direction.
For small heights, the value of g is constant, we can use equations of uniformly accelerated motion.
We shall take upward direction as positive & down direction as negative, as our convention.
1.13 Motion of a particle projected vertically upward from the ground.
Consider a particle projected vertically upward from the ground with velocity u.
Taking upward direction positive u = u, a = – g
1
At any time t, velocity v = u – g t and displacement s u t gt 2
2
To find time of ascent t a , apply v = u + at between the point of projection and the highest point.
v = 0, u = u, a = – g.
u
ta
g
1
To find total time of flight (T), apply s ut at 2 between the point of projection and the time
2
instant when the particle is again at point of projection s 0, u u, a g
2u
T
g
u
Time of descent (td ) between the highest point and back to the point of projection is also
g
u
td
g
For maximum height attained (hmax ) apply v2 u 2 2as between the point of projection and the
u2
topmost point, v 0, u u , a g hmax
2g
The particle will return back to the point of projection with same speed as the speed of projection
but in the opposite direction.
Motion under gravity is symmetric
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Consider a particle projected from A. B is a point at height h and C is the topmost point.
In the above case speeds u1 and u 2 are equal, t BC = t CB , t AB =t BA .
1.14 Motion of a particle projected downwards from height h above surface of earth
u
h
Suppose a particle is projected downwards from height h above the surface of the earth with speed u.
To find the time taken by it to strike the surface of the earth, taking upward direction as positive,
1
u u , a g , s h , apply s ut at 2 , solve the quadratic and get the positive value of t.
2
1.15 Motion of a particle projected vertically upwards from height h above surface of earth.
1 2
- h = ut – gt , solve the quadratic and get the positive value of t.
2
1.16 Motion of a particle dropped from a height h above surface of earth.
1
Solve using v 2 u 2 2as and s ut at 2 , taking u = 0,
2
u=0
Velocity with which it strikes the surface will be 2gh and the time it
2h h
will take to strike the surface will be
g
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SOLVED EXAM PLES ( M otion under gravity)
u=10m/s
Illustration 12.A particle is projected upwards from top of a tower of height
40m with a speed of 10m/s. Find time it will take to strike
ground (g = 10 m / s 2 )
1
Solution: Take upward direction positive and apply s ut at 2
2 40m
1
s 40, u 10, a 10 40 10t 10 t 2
2
t 4s or t 2s t 4s
Illustration 13. A particle is projected vertically upwards. Let t1 and t2 be the times at which it is at
height h while ascending and descending respectively. Find h and velocity of projection.
Solution: Take upward direction positive
1 1
h ut1 gt12 h ut2 gt22
2 2
We get on solving for u and h,
1 1
u g (t1 t 2 ) h g t1t 2
2 2
Illustration 14.A parachutist bails out form an aero plane and after dropping through a distance of
40m, be opens parachute and decelerates at 2 m / s 2 . If he reaches ground with speed of
2 m/s, how long is he in air? At what height did he bail out? g 9.8m / s 2
Solution: After falling 40 m, he attains speed v 2 0 2 2 9.8 40 , or v 28m / s
1
Time taken for this 40 0 9.8 t12 t1 2.86s
2
When parachutist decelerates uniformly,
u 28m / s, v 2m / s, a 2m / s2 ,
apply, v 2 u 2 2as we gets = 195 m
For time of this motion
v u at 2 or 28 2 2t 2
t 2 13s
Total time = 15.86s
Height at which parachutist bailed out = 195 + 40 = 235m
Illustration 15.A stone A is dropped from rest from height h above ground. A second stone B is
simultaneously thrown vertically up with velocity v. Find v so that B meets A midway
between their initial positions.
Solution: Time of travel of each stone = t
h
Distance travelled by each stone =
2
h 1 2 h
For stone A, gt t
2 2 , g
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h 1 h
For stone B, vt gt 2 Put t , v gh
2 2 g
9h
Illustration 16.A body is dropped from rest from height h. It covers distance in last second of fall.
25
Find h g 10m / s 2 .
1 2 9 1
Solution: h gt , 1 h g(t 1)2 t 5secs, h 125m
2 25 2
Illustration 17. A stone is dropped from rest form top of a cliff. A 2nd stone is thrown vertically down
form same point with 30 m/s velocity 2s later. At what distance form top of the hill, will
the two meet. g 10m / s 2
Solution: Let the 2 stones meet at a distance S form from top of cliff t seconds after first stone is
dropped.
1
For 1st stone s gt 2 5t 2
2
1 2
For 2nd stone s 30(t 2) 10 t 2
2
t 4s and s 80m .
Illustration 18.A stone falling from top of a vertical tower has descended x m when another is let fall
from a height y m, below the top. If they fall form rest and reach ground together, show
(x y) 2 A
that height of tower is m.
4x
x
2(h y)
Solution: Time of 2nd particle = B
g
y
Velocity of 1st particle at B = 2gx
1 h h-x
Apply s ut at 2 from B to C for the first particle
2
2 h y 1 2(h y) hy
h x 2g x g
g 2 g
yx 2 x hy C
2 2
(y x) (x y)
hy h
4x 4x
Illustration 19.A body projected vertically upwards from the top of a tower reaches the ground in t 1
seconds. If it is projected vertically downwards form the same point with same speed, it
reaches ground in t 2 seconds. If it is just dropped form top, it reaches ground in t
seconds. Prove that t t1t 2
Solution: Let h be height of tower
For 1st body
1
h ut1 gt12 …eq (1)
2
nd
For 2 body
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1
h ut 2 gt 2 2 …eq (2)
2
For 3rd body
1
h gt 2 …eq (3)
2
Form eq 1 and 2, eliminating u,
1
h gt1 t 2 …eq(4)
2
Form eq 3 and eq 4, we get t t1t 2
A
Illustration 20.Water drops fall at regular interval from a tap. At an instant,
when the 4th drop is about to leave tap, find ratio of separation B
between 3 successive drops below tap.
Solution: At the given instant 1st drop is at D having travelled for 3t time, 2nd drop C
is at C having travelled for 2t time, 3rd drop is at B, having travelled for
t time, 4th drop is at A, on verge of falling form tap.
1 D
AB gt 2
2
1 1
AC g(2t) 2 2gt 2 . AD g(3t) 2 4.5gt 2 .
2 2
BC AC AB 1.5t 2 .
CD AD AC 4.5gt 2 2gt 2 CD 2.5gt 2 .
AB : BC : CD 0.5gt 2 :1.5t 2 : 2.5gt 2 = 1: 3:5
Illustration 21.A ball is thrown upwards from ground with initial speed u. Ball is at height of 80 m at
2 time instants, time interval being 6s. Find u. g 10m / s 2 .
2v
Solution: 6s (motion from B to B) v 30m / s
g
302 u 2 2 10 80 (motion from A to B) u 50m / s.
Illustration 22.A balloon starts from ground with 1.25 m / s 2 acceleration. After 8 s, a stone is released
from balloon. Find time in which stone will strike ground. Find distance covered by
stone and its displacement form point from where it was released. Find also height of
balloon when stone strikes ground. g 10m / s 2 .
1 10 m / s
Solution: For balloon, s 0 8 1.5 82 40m
2
v 0 1.25 8 10m / s
1
For stone, - 40 10 t 10 t 2
2
t 2 or 4s t 4s.
40m
2 102
Distance covered by stone 40 50m
2 10
Height of balloon = Displacement of balloon in 12s.
1
s 1.25 12 2 90m
2
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In chapter Exercise
13. A body is thrown vertically upwards from the ground with velocity of 98 m/s. Calculate
(i) The maximum height reached
(ii) time taken to reach the highest point.
(iii) velocity at height of 196m from the point of projection.
(iv) velocity with which it returns to the ground.
(v) Time taken to reach the ground g 9.8m / s 2
14. A ball thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 19.6 m/s from the top of a tower strikes the ground
in 6s. Find the height of the tower. g 9.8m / s 2
15. A ball thrown vertically up is caught by the person who threw the ball after 4s. How high did it go
and with what velocity was it thrown? How far was it below the highest point, 3s after it was
thrown? g 9.8m / s 2
16. A balloon ascending at constant velocity of 9.8m/s is at a height of 39.2m above ground when a food
packet is dropped from the balloon. After how much time and with what velocity does the packet
reach the ground. g 9.8m / s 2
17. Two bodies A and B are thrown simultaneously. A is projected vertically upwards with 20 m/s speed
from the ground and B is projected vertically downwards from a height of 40 m with the same speed
and along the same line of motion. At what point do the 2 bodies collide? g 9.8m / s 2
18. A stone falls form a cliff and travels 24.5 m in the last second of its motion before it reaches the
ground at the foot of a cliff. Find the height of the cliff. g 9.8m / s 2
19. A stone is dropped from the top of a tall tower and after one second another stone is dropped from a
balcony 20m below the top. If both stones reach the ground at the same instant, calculate the height
of the tower. g 10m / s 2
20. A stone is dropped into a well of 45 m depth. Sound of splash due to the stone striking the water
surface in the well is heard after 3.125s. Find the velocity of sound in air g 10m / s 2
th
1
21. Acceleration due to gravity on a planet is that on earth. If it is safe to jump from a height of 2m
5
on earth, what will be corresponding safe height on this planet? (Assume safety depends on the
velocity of reaching ground )
22. A stone is dropped from a point 0.4m above the top of a 0.5m high window. Find the time taken by
the stone to pass the span of the window. g 9.8m / s 2
ANSWER KEY
13. (i) 490 m (ii) 10 s (iii) 75.9 m/s (iv) 98 m/s (v) 20s 14. 58.8m
15. 19.6m, 19.6 m/s , 4.9m 16. 4s, 29.4 m/s
17. 15.1m from ground after 1s 18. 44.1m
19. 31.25m 20. 360m/s
21. 10m 22. 0.14s
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2.1 Basic concept
(I) Any particle which is thrown into space or air such that it moves under the
influence of an external force (e.g. gravity, electric forces etc.) is called a
projectile. The motion of such a particle is referred to as projectile motion.
(II) It is an example of two dimensional motion with constant acceleration.
(III) If the force acting on the projectile is constant, then acceleration is constant.
When the force is in oblique direction with the direction of initial velocity, the
resultant path is parabolic.
V sin
V
Horizontal motion
v cos
Vertical motion
Parabolic motion = vertical motion + horizontal motion
(IV) Projectile motion can be considered to be two simultaneous motions in
mutually perpendicular directions which are completely independent of each
other i.e. horizontal motion and vertical motion.
2.2 Ground to ground projectile
Y u sin gt
Consider a projectile thrown from horizontal ground
v u 2 g 2 t 2 2ugt sin
with a velocity u making an angle with the
horizontal. Take the point of projection as origin O u cos
and the path of the projectile in the first quadrant of
Px, y
xy – plane, as shown in the figure. The initial velocity H
u sin u
u is resolved in the horizontal and vertical directions
i.e.
X
u cos
ux u cos uy u sin
Since gravity is the only force acting on the projectile in vertically downward
direction, (ignoring air resistance)
ax = 0 , ay = - g
Analyzing the motion of the projectile in horizontal and vertical
directions:
Horizontal direction Vertical direction
(a) Initial velocity ux = u cos (a) Initial velocity uy = u sin
(b) Acceleration ax = 0 (b) Acceleration ay= - g
(c) Velocity after time t, vx = u cos (c) Velocity after time t, vy = u sin - gt
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The position vector of the projectile after time t is
1
r xi yj u cos .t i u sin t gt 2 j;
2
Velocity after time vt isv x i v y j u cos ˆi u sin gt ˆj ;
ˆ ˆ
Acceleration is constant, a a i a j g j
x y
Trajectory equation: The path traced by the projectile is called the trajectory of the
projectile.
For displacement in the horizontal direction, x u x .t
x = u cos.t … (1)
1
For displacement in the vertical direction, y = u y .t gt 2
2
1
y = u sin t gt 2 …(2)
2
Substituting the value of t from eqn. (1) into eqn. (2), we get
2
x 1 x
y u sin . g.
u cos 2 u cos
gx 2 x
y x tan 2 2
y x tan 1 (R is the horizontal range covered by the projectile)
2u cos R
The equation of trajectory of the projectile is that of a parabola because the projectile covers a
parabolic path.
Time of flight: The displacement along vertical direction is zero for ground to ground
projectile.
2 u sin
u sin T 1 2 gT 2 0 T
g
Horizontal range: The horizontal displacement of the projectile from the point of
projection to the point it strikes the ground is called the horizontal range of the
projectile.
R u x .T
u 2 sin 2
2 u sin R
R u cos . g
g
Maximum height:
Applying v 2 u 2 2as in the vertical direction between the point of projection
and the topmost point, we get 02 u 2 sin 2 2gH
u 2 sin 2
H
2g
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Resultant velocity, at any instant t:
^ ^ ^ ^
v v x i v y j u cos i u sin gt j
2 u sin gt
v u 2 cos 2 u sin gt & tan v y / v x
u cos
is the angle made by the velocity vector of the projectile with the horizontal at any time instant t.
General result:
u2
(i) For maximum range = 45º R max
g
u 2 sin 2 45 u 2 R
In this situation H max , H max max
2g 4g 4
(ii) We get the same range for two angles of projection and (90 - ).But in
each of the two cases, maximum height attained by the particle is
different.
2
2u 2 sin cos 2u sin 90 cos 90
R
g g
u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 2 2u 2 sin cos u 2 sin 2
(iii) If R = H i.e. ,
g 2g g 2g
tan = 4 ; = tan-1 4
u 2 sin 2 2u sin .u cos 2u x u y
(iv) Range can also be expressed as R
g g g
(v) Change in momentum
^ ^
(i) Initial velocity u i u cos i u sin j
^ ^
(ii) Final velocity u f u cos i u sin j
Change in velocity from the point of projection to the point where the
^
projectile strikes the ground. u u f u i 2u sin j
(iii) Change in momentum from the point of projection to the point where the
^
projectile strikes the ground. P P f Pi m u f u i m 2 u sin j = - 2 mu
sin j
where m is the mass of the projectile
(iv)Velocity at the highest point of the projectile is u cos i . Change in
momentum from the point of projection to the highest point = m u sin j
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Solved examples (ground to ground projectile)
Illustration 23: A body is projected with a velocity of 30 ms-1 at an angle of 30º with
the vertical. Find the maximum height, time of flight and the
horizontal range.
Solution: Here 30 ms 1 , Angle of projection, 900 300 600
u 2 sin 2 30 2 sin 2 60º
Maximum height, H 34.44 m
2g 2x9.8
2u sin 2x30sin 60º
Time of flight, T 5.3s
g 9.8
u 2 sin 2 30 2 sin120º 30 2 sin 60º
Horizontal range, R 79.53 m.
g 9.8 9.8
Illustration 24.Prove that the maximum horizontal range is four times the
maximum height attained by the projectile, when fired at an
inclination so as to have maximum horizontal range.
u2
Solution: For = 45º, the horizontal range is maximum and is given by, R max
g
2 2 0 2
u sin 45 u R
Maximum height attained, H max max or
2g 4g 4
R max 4H max
Illustration 25.Show that a given gun will shoot the bullet three times as high when
elevated at an angle of 60º as when fired at angle of 30º but will
carry the same distance on a horizontal plane.
Solution: The vertical height attained by a projectile is given by,
u 2 sin 2
H
2g
2
u 2 sin 2 600 u 2 3 3u 2
When = 60º, H1
2g 2g 2 8g
2
u 2 sin 2 300 u 2 1 u 2
When = 30º, H2
2g 2g 2 8g
2
3u 8g
H1 : H 2 3 :1
8g u 2
Thus the same gun will shoot three times as high when elevated at an
angle of 60º as when fired at an angle of 30º.
u 2 sin 2
Horizontal range of a projectile, R
g
u 2 sin1200 3u 2
When = 60º, R1
g 2g
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u 2 sin 600 3u 2
When = 30º, R2
g 2g
Thus R 1 R 2 , i.e. the horizontal distance covered will be same in both
cases.
Illustration 26.Show that there are two values of time for which a projectile is at the
same height. Also show that the sum of these two times is equal to the
time of flight.
Solution: For vertically upward motion of a projectile,
1 1 2
y u sin .t gt 2 Or gt u sin .t y 0
2 2
This is a quadratic equation in t. Its roots are
u sin u 2 sin 2 2gy
t1 (Lower value)
g
u sin u 2 sin 2 2gy
t2 (Higher value)
g
These are two values of time for which the vertical height y is same, first
while going up and second while going down.
u sin u 2 sin 2 2gy u sin u 2 sin 2 2gy
Now t1 t 2
g g
2u sin
or t1 t 2 T , the time of flight
g
Illustration 27.Two projectile are thrown with different velocities and at different
angles so as to cover the same maximum height. Show that the sum of the
times taken by each to reach the highest point is equal to the
total time taken by either of the projectiles.
Solution: If the two projectile are thrown with velocities u1 and u2 at angle 1 and
2 with horizontal, then their maximum height will be,
u 12 sin 2 1 u 2 sin 2 2
H1 and H 2 2
2g 2g
But, H1 H 2 ,
u12 sin 2 1 u 22 sin 2 2
2g 2g
or u1 sin 1 u 2 sin 2 … (1)
Times of flight for two projectile are
2u sin 1 2u sin 2
T1 1 and T2 2
g g
Making use of equation (1) we get
2u sin 1 2u 2 sin 2
T1 T2 1
g g
Times taken to reach the highest point in two cases will be,
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u1 sin 1 u sin 2
t1 and t 2 2
g g
u sin u 2 sin 2 2u sin 1 2u 2 sin 2
t1 t 2 1 1 [Using (1)]
g g g g
or t1 t 2 = Time of flight of either projectile
2.3 Projectile thrown horizontally from an elevated point3.3
Consider a projectile thrown from point O at some height h from the ground with a
velocity u, in the horizontal direction.
Analyzing the projectile motion along the horizontal and vertical directions
O u
(+) ve
ux y
h v
uy
(-) ve
x
Horizontal direction Vertical direction
(i) Initial velocity ux = u (i) Initial velocity uy = 0
(ii) Acceleration ax = 0 (ii) Acceleration ay = – g
Trajectory Equation: The path traced by the projectile is called the trajectory.
After time t, x = ut … (1)
1
y gt 2 … (2)
2
From eqn. (1) t = x/u
2
1 x gx 2
Put value of t in eqn. (2) y g , y 2
2 u 2u
This is the equation of trajectory
Velocity at a general point P (x, y) after time t
Here horizontal velocity of the projectile after time t, vx = u
Velocity of projectile in vertical direction after time t
v y 0 gt gt
v v x i v y j ui gt j
Displacement: The displacement of the particle after time t, is expressed by
1 1
S x i y j , where x u t, y g t 2 , s ut i gt 2 j
2 2
Time of flight: Time taken by the projectile to strike the ground, is the time of
flight.
Apply S = ut + ½ at2, along vertical direction
u = 0 in vertical direction, y = – h
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1 22h
h gt t
2 g
Horizontal range: Distance covered by the projectile along the horizontal
direction between the point of projection to the point where it strikes the ground.
2h
R uxt u
g
Solved examples (H orizontally thrown projectile)
Illustration 28. A projectile is fired horizontally with a velocity of 98 O
u 98ms1
X
ms-1 from the top of a 490m high. Find (i) the time taken to
reach the ground (ii) the distance of the target from the
hill and (iii) the velocity with which the projectile hits the ground. y 490 m
Solution: (i) The projectile is fired from the top O of a hill with
x P
vx
velocity A
Ground
u = 98ms-1 along the horizontal. It reaches the target P in vy v
time t. The initial velocity in the downward direction = 0
vertical distance OA = y = 490m.
As, y = ½ gt2
490 = ½ x 9.8 t2 or t 100 10 s
(ii) Distance of the target from the hill is given by,
AP = x = u x t = 98 x 10 = 980m.
(iii) The horizontal and vertical components of velocity v of the projectile at
point P are
vx = u = 98 ms-1 vy = ux + gt = 0 + 9.8 x 10 = 98ms-1(downwards)
V Vx2 Vy2 982 98 2 98 2 138.59ms 1
Now if the resultant velocity v makes angle with the horizontal, then
vy 98
tan 1 = 45º
vx 98
Illustration 29. Two tall buildings face each other and are at a distance of 180m from each
other. With what velocity must a ball be thrown horizontally from a window
55m above the ground in one building, so that it enters a window 10.9m
above the ground in the second building.
Solution: In figure P and Q are two tall buildings
which W1 P Q
are 180m apart. W1 and W2 are the two
windows in P and Q respectively. Vertical 55 m W2
downward distance to be covered by the
ball 10.9 m
180 m
= Height of W1 – Height of W2
= 55 – 10.9 = 44.1 m
Initial vertical velocity of ball, uy = 0
As y = uyt + ½ gt2
44.1 = 0 + ½ x 9.8t2
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44.1 2
or t2 9
9.8
or t = 3sec
Horizontal distance 180 m
Required horizontal velocity = = = 60 ms –1
Time 3s
Illustration 30. Two paper screens A and B are separated by a distance of 100m. A bullet
pierces A and then B. The hole in B in 10cm below the hole in A. If the bullet is
traveling horizontally at the time of hitting the screen A, calculate the
velocity of the bullet when it hits the screen A. Neglect the resistance of paper
and air.
Solution: Assume that the bullet hits the screen with
velocity u and pierces the screen after u Q time t.
P 0.1m
R
Horizontal distance, PQ = ut = 100m
100
or t
u 100 m
A B
vertical distance, QR = ½ gt2 = 0.1
1 10000
g 0.1
2 u2
2
2 9.8 100 2
or u 49 100 or u = 700 ms-1
2 0.1
Illustration 31. A ball rolls off top of a stairway with a horizontal u
velocity h
u m/s. If the steps are h m high and b meters wide, the 1
ball will just hit the edge of the n th step, Find n
b 2
Solution: If the ball hits the nth step, the horizontal and vertical
distances
traversed are nb and nh respectively. Let t be the time
taken by the
nth step
ball for these horizontal and vertical displacement. Then
R
velocity along horizontal direction remains constant =
u
initial vertical velocity is zero.
nb = ut ..... (1)
nh = 0 + (1/2)gt2 ..... (2)
[ From (1) & (2), we get by eliminating t,
2hu 2
nh = (1/2)g(nb/u)2 n
gb 2
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2.4 Projectile fired from the top of a tower in upward inclined direction.
usin y
u
(+) ve
O
ucos
h x
(-) ve
Consider a projectile thrown from point O at height h from the ground with speed u at an angle
with the horizontal in the upward direction.
Horizontal direction Vertical direction
(i) Initial velocity u x = u cos θ (i) Initial velocity u y = u sin θ
(ii) Acceleration a x = 0 (ii) Acceleration ay = g
Equation of trajectory
At any time t
1
y = u sin θ t g t 2 ...(1)
2
x = u cosθ × t ... 2
Eliminating t between (1) & (2)
g x2
y = x tanθ -
2 u 2 cos2 θ
Velocity at any time t
At any time t
Vx = u cos θ Vy = usin θ g t
V = V ˆi + V j= u cos θ ˆi + (u sin θ - g t) j
x y
Displacement at any time t
At any time t
1
y = u sin θ t g t 2 x = u cos θ t
2
1
S = x iˆ + y j = (u cos θ t ) ˆi + (u sin θ t g t 2 ) j
2
Time of flight
1
y = u sin θ t gt 2 (for displacement in vertical direction)
2
1
y h, h u sin t gt 2
2
Solving the above quadratic and accepting the positive value of t, we get the time of flight.
Horizontal range – Distance covered by projectile along horizontal direction between point of
projection and the point where it strikes the ground.
R = u x t = u cosθ×time of flight.
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Solved example
Illustration 32. From top of cliff 75 m high, a body is projected with 20m/s velocity at angle 300
with horizontal in upward inclined direction Determine time of flight, horizontal
range covered & velocity with which it strikes the ground (g = 10m/s2 )
Solution:
y
20
10 300 x
10 3
75 m
For vertical motion
1
–75 =10 t ×10× t 2 t = 5s or t = –3s time of flight = 5s
2
Horizontal range R =10 3 ×5 = 50 3 m
v x = 10 3, v y = 10 10×5
40
Velocity of striking ground = v x ˆi + v y j = 10 3 ˆi 40 j
In chapter Exercise
23. A body is thrown horizontally from the top of a tower & strikes the ground after 3 seconds at angle
of 450 with horizontal. Find the height of tower & the speed with which the body was projected
(g = 9.8 m/s 2 )
24. A bomb is dropped from an aeroplane when it is directly above a target at height of 1000 m. The
aeroplane is moving horizontally with a speed of 500 km/hr . By how much distance will the bomb
miss the target ( g 9.8 m / s 2 )
25. A body is projected horizontally from the top of a cliff with velocity of 9.8 m/s . Find time elapsed
before the magnitudes of horizontal & vertical components of the velocities of the body become
equal. (g = 9.8 m/s 2 )
26. A body is projected from the ground with velocity of 30 m/s , making an angle 300 with the vertical.
Find maximum height attained, time of flight & horizontal range covered by the body. (g = 9.8 m/s 2 )
27. A cricketer can throw a ball to a maximum horizontal distance of 100 m. How high above the ground
can the cricketer throw the same ball, assuming the speed of projection of the ball to be the same in
both the cases. g 10m / s 2
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28. The ceiling of a long hall is 25m high. What is the horizontal distance that a ball thrown from a
point on the ground with a speed of 40 m/s will cover, given that the ball just scraps the ceiling.
(g = 9.8 m/s 2 )
29. A bullet fired from a point on horizontal ground at angle 300 with the horizontal hits the ground
3 km away. By adjusting the angle of projection, can one hope to hit a target 5 km away
30. A projectile fired from horizontal ground has a range of 50 m & reaches a maximum height of 10m.
Calculate the angle with the horizontal, at which the projectile is fired. g 10m / s 2
31. A ball is projected from a point on the horizontal ground at horizontal distance of 39.2 m from the
foot of a building. When it is at the highest point of its trajectory, it passes through a window of the
building, which is at a vertical height of 19.6 m above ground. Calculate the speed of projection
(g =9.8m/s2 )
32. A ball is thrown at angle with the horizontal & another ball is thrown at an angle (90 – ) with
the horizontal from the same point on horizontal ground with the same speed of 39.2 m/s. The
second ball attains a maximum height of 50m more as compared to the maximum height attained by
the first ball. Find the maximum height, attained by each of the ball. (g =9.8m/s2 )
33. Show that there are two angles of projection for which horizontal range is same for a projectile fired
from horizontal ground. Also show that the sum of the maximum heights attained by the projectile
when fired at the two angles is independent of the angle of projection.
34. A ball is kicked from horizontal ground at an angle 300 with vertical. If the horizontal component of
velocity is 19.6 m/s, find the maximum height attained and the horizontal range covered by the ball.
g = 9.8 m/s2
35. A fighter plane flying horizontally at an altitude of 1.5 km with a speed of 720km/hr passes directly
overhead an anti – aircraft gun. The gun fires a shell with muzzle speed of 600 m/s at a certain angle
with the horizontal at the instant the plane is vertically above the gun. If the shell hits the plane, find
angle made by the shell with the horizontal, at the instant it was fired. Find the minimum altitude at
which pilot should fly the plane to avoid being hit, if the shell was fired with the same speed & at the
same angle as before.
36. A bomber, flying upwards at angle 530 with vertical, releases a bomb at 800m altitude. The bomb
strikes the ground 20 s after its release. Find
(i)Velocity of bomber at time of release of bomb
(ii) Maximum height attained by bomb.
(iii) Horizontal distance covered by the bomb before it strikes the ground .
(iv) Velocity of the bomb when it strikes the ground. (g =10 m/s2 )
37. A particle of mass 100g is fired from a point on horizontal ground with a speed of 20m/s making
angle 300 with horizontal. Find the magnitude of change in momentum of the particle between the
highest point of its trajectory and the point of projection.
38. A body of mass m is projected with velocity v at angle of 450 with the horizontal on a horizontal
plane. Find the magnitude of change in momentum between the point of projection and the point
where the body strikes the ground.
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39. In the above problem, find the change in kinetic energy between the point of projection and the point
where the body strikes the ground.
40. For a projectile launched from a point on horizontal ground, the speed when it is at the greatest
2
height is times the speed when it is at half of its greatest height. Determine the angle of
5
projection.
ANSWER KEY
23: 44.1m, 29.4 m/s 24: 1984.13 m 25: 1s
26: 34.44 m, 5.3s, 79.53 m 27: 50 m 28: 150. 7 m
29: No, maximum range is 2 3 km
30: tan -1 (0.8) 31: 19.6 2 m/s . 32: 14.2 m, 64.2 m
1
34: 58.8m, 135.8m 35. cos -1 , 16 km
3
36. (i) 100 m/s (ii) 980m (iii) 1600 m (iv) Vx = 80 m/s, Vy =140 m/s)
37: 1kg.m/s 38. (mv 2 ) 39: 0 40: 600
Relative Velocity
Let two particles A & B be placed at two points as shown in the figure. The position vectors of the
particles with respect to the inertial reference frame are rA & rB respectively. The relative separation
between the particles is given by rBA =rB – rA . Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time, we obtain.
drBA drB drA
= – v BA = v B – v A
dt dt dt
rBA is the position of B with respect to A & vBA is the velocity of B relative to A.
Consider 2 cars A and B moving along same line in the same direction with constant velocity
VA =10 m/s and VB = 4 m/s
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VA = 10m/s VB = 4 m/s
i
A B
Observer on A cannot register motion of A. The observer on A notices Car B to be moving towards
him with speed 10 - 4 6 m / s. This is velocity of B with respect to A
VBA = VB – VA = velocity of B with respect to A
V = V – V = 4 iˆ – 10 ˆi= – 6i (Rightward positive)
BA B A
This means observer on A will register that B is moving with 6 m/s in negative x direction or
towards the left, i.e B is approaching him with 6m/s .
Similarly observer on B cannot register motion of B . Observer on B notices car A to approach
him with 10 4 = 6m/s .This is velocity of A with respect to B .
VAB = VA – VB = 10 ˆi – 4 ˆi = 6 ˆi (Rightward positive)
This means observer on B will register that A is moving with 6m/s in positive x -direction or
towards the right i.e A is approaching B with 6m/s
S o l ve d E x a m p l e s (R e l a t i ve V e l o c i t y i n 1 D )
Illustration 33.An elevator, in which a man is standing, is moving upward with a
constant acceleration of1m / s 2 . At some instant when speed of elevator is
10 m/s, the man drops a coin from a height of 2 m. Find the time
taken by the coin to reach the floor. g 9.8m / s 2
Solution: Analyses the motion of coin with respect to the observer standing in the
elevator. As the coin releases from rest inside elevator, its velocity with
respect to ground is equal to the velocity of elevator, 10 m/s.
V coin.elevator V coin.ground V elevator.ground
or V CE V CG V EG
= 10 - 10 = 0
To find acceleration of coin with respect
to the
observer in the elevator:
a CE a CG a EG g a
Now using second equation for relative
motion
1
s CE u CE t a CE t 2
2
1 1 2 2
2 0 (g a)t 2 or 2 (9.8 1)t 2 or t 0.61s
2 2 10.8
Illustration 34. The engineer of a train moving at a speed v 1 sights a freight train a
distance ‘d’ ahead of him on the same track moving in the same
direction with a slower speed v 2 . He puts on the brakes and gives his
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train a constant deceleration . Find the minimum value of d at
which brakes are applied so as to avoid collision.
Solution: Collision will be avoided if speed of train v 1 become equal to v 2 in
traveling a relative distance d. Therefore final relative speed of trains
become zero. The initial relative speed v12 v1 v2 .By third equation of
motion, we have
2 (v1 v2 ) 2
2 2
v12 u 12 2 a 12s 0 v1 v 2 2 dor d
2
(v1 v2 ) 2
The collision can be avoided if d
2
Illustration 35.Two parallel rail tracks run north south. Train A moves north with a
speed of 54 km/h and train B moves south with a speed of 90
km/h. What is the
(i) relative velocity of B with respect to A?
(ii) relative velocity of ground with respect to B?
(iii) velocity of a monkey running on the roof of the train A against
its motion (with a velocity of 18 km/h with respect to the train A) as
observed by a man standing on the ground?
Solution: (i) Let v A = 54 km/h then vB = -90 km/h (Taking Northward positive)
Relative velocity of B with respect to A
vBA 90 54 = - 144 km/h Ans.
The velocity of train B with respect to train A appears 144 km/h
along south.
(ii) Relative velocity of ground with respect to train B
v g v B 0 90 90 km / hr
54 km/h 90 km/h
A B
S N
To train B, the ground appears to move with a speed of 90 km/h along
North
(iii) The velocity of monkey with respect to train A
Vmonkey, A Vmonkey,ground VA,ground ,
Vmonkey,ground Vmonkey,A VA ,ground 18 54
= 36 km/h Ans.
To an observer on ground, monkey appears to travel with a speed of 36
km/hr towards North.
Illustration 36. A police van moving on a highway with a speed of 30 km/h fires a
bullet at a thief’s car speeding away in the same direction with a
speed of 192 km/h. If the muzzle speed of the bullet is 150 m/s, with
what speed does the bullet hit the thief’s car?
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5 25
Solution: Speed of police van = 30 m/s
18 3
The muzzle velocity, that is velocity of bullet with respect to van
POLICE THIEF
Vbullet.van Vbullet.ground Vvan.ground or Vbullet.ground Vbullet.van Vvan.ground
25 475
150 m/s
3 3
5 160
Speed of thief’s car = 192 m/s
18 3
Now velocity of bullet with respect to the thief’s car
475 160
Vbullet.car Vbullet.ground Vcar.ground 105 m / s
3 3
Hence the speed of the bullet with which it hits the thief’s car = 105 m/s.
Illustration 37.Two towns A and B are connected by a regular bus service with a bus
leaving in either direction every T min. A man cycling with a speed of
20 km/h in the direction A to B notices that a bus goes past him every 18
min in the direction of his motion, and every 6 min in the opposite
direction. What is the period T of the bus service and with what
speed (assumed constant) do the buses ply on the road?
Solution: Let speed of each bus = v km/h
The distance between the nearest buses plying on either side = vT km
….. (i)
For buses going from town A to B.
Relative speed of bus in the direction of motion of man, = (v – 20)
Buses plying in this direction go past the cyclist after every 18 min.
18
Therefore separation between the buses = v 20
60
18
From equation (i), v 20 vT ….. (ii)
60
For buses coming from B to A:
The relative velocity of bus with respect to man = (v + 20)
Buses coming from town B go past the cyclist after every 6 min therefore
6
v 20 vT … (iii)
60
3
Solving equations (ii) and (iii), we get v = 40 km/h and T = h Ans.
20
Illustration 38.Two trains each having a speed of 30 km/h are headed at each other
on the same straight track. A bird that can fly at 60 km/h flies off
from one train when they are 60 km apart and heads directly for the
other train. On reaching the other train it flies directly back to the
first, and so forth
(a) What is the total distance the bird travels?
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(b) How many trips can the bird make from one train to the other
before they crash?
Solution: (a) The velocity of approach of trains = 30 – (-30) = 60 km/h
60
The time taken by trains before crashing = 1h
60
The bird continues to fly for 1 hour with constant speed of 60 km/h.
therefore distance travelled by bird in this duration = 60 1 = 60 km
(b) For first trip : s1 = 60 km
The relative velocity of approach of bird towards the incoming train = 60
+ 30 = 90 km/h
60 2
Time taken by bird to reach the incoming train h
90 3
2 2
Separation between the trains after h, 60 60 20 km
3 3
20 2
The bird returns to the first train in time h
90 9
2 40
In this duration trains approach by 60 km
9 3
The separation between them after first round trip
2
40 20 1
20 km 60 km
3 3 3
20
For second trip: s 2 km
3
20 / 3 2
Time taken to reach the incoming train h
90 27
60 km/h
t= 0
30 km/h 30 km/h
60 km
t=2/3 hr
20 km
t=(2/3 +2/9) hr
20/3 km
202 2 20
Separation between train after 60
h km
27
3 27 9
20 / 9 2
The bird return to first train in time h
90 81
2 120
In this duration trains approach by 60 km
81 81
20 120
The separation between the trains after second round trip
9 81
4
60 1
km 60 km
81 3
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2n
1
In a similar way one can get the separation after n round trip sn 60
th
3
The trains to be crashed s n 0
2n
1
0 60 Which gives n =
3
Bird makes infinite trips before the two trains crash.
In chapter Exercise
41. Car A moving at 10 m/s on a straight road, is ahead of car B moving in the same direction at 6m/s .
Find velocity of A relative to B & velocity of B relative to A
42. Two trains 120 m & 80 m in length are running in opposite directions with velocities 42km/hr &
30 km/hr and approach each other. In what time will they completely cross each other .
43. Two trains A & B of length 400 m each are moving on two parallel tracks with uniform speeds of
72 km / hr in the same direction with A head of B. Driver of B decides to overtake A & accelerates
by 1m/s 2 . If after 50 s , the guard of B just brushes past the driver of A , what was original distance
between them .
44. On a two lane road, car A is traveling with speed of 36 km/hr. Two cars B and C approach car A in
opposite directions with speed of 54 km/hr each. Car B is travelling in the same direction as car A
while car C is travelling opposite to the direction of car A. At a certain instant, when the distance
AB is equal to AC , both being 1km , B decides to overtake A before C does. What minimum
acceleration of car B is required to avoid an accident?
45. A man is 9 m behind the door of a train when it starts from rest with a uniform acceleration of
2 m/s 2 . The man runs at constant speed. How far does he have to run & after how much time does he
get into train, assuming that the man and the train have the same velocity when the man boards the
train? What is the speed with which the man was running?
46. Two buses start simultaneously towards each other from towns A & B which are 480km apart.
First bus takes 8 hours to travel from A to B while the second bus takes 12 hours to travel from
B to A, both moving with uniform velocity. Determine when & where the buses will meet.
47. Two trains A & B , each of length 100 m, are running on parallel tracks .If one were to completely
overtake the other, travelling in the same direction, it would take 20s. It would take 10 s for one to
completely cross the other, if the trains are travelling in the opposite direction. Calculate the
velocities of trains A & B.
48. Particle A is at top of a tower of height 100 m. Particle B is at the bottom of the same tower. Find
the time taken by the particles to meet if they are thrown as given below for three separate cases.
(a) A is dropped & B is projected vertically upwards with a speed of 50 m/s .
(b) A is projected downwards with a speed of 25m/s & B is projected upwards with a speed of
50 m/s
(c) A is projected upwards with a speed of 25 m/s & B is projected upwards with a speed of 50 m/s
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49. Particles A, B and C are in motion. Motion of particle A as seen by particle B is with speed V in
North East direction. Motion of B as seen by C is with speed V in north west direction. What will
be the direction of motion of C as seen by A
50. A particle moving with velocity of magnitude V changes its direction of motion by angle without
change in speed. Find the
(a) Magnitude of change of velocity. (b) Change in magnitude of velocity.
ANSWER KEY
41. 4 m/s, - 4 m/s 42 10 s 43: 1250 m 44 1 m/s2 .
45 18m, 3s, 6 m/s. 46: 4.8 hours, 288 km from A 47: (15 m/s ,5 m/s)
4
48: a 2 s b s c 4 s 49: South 50: a 2 v sin , b0
3 2
R a i n - m a n prob l em s
Vrm = velocity of rain w.r.t. man = Vrg + Vmg
Vrg = velocity of rain w.r.t. ground, Vmg = velocity of man w.r.t. ground.
Suppose rain is falling vertically with respect to the ground & man is walking on a horizontal road
towards right.
Vrg
Vrm Vrg Vmg Vrm Vrg
Vmg Vmg
Vrm Vrg Vmg Vrm Vmg Vrg
is the angle made by Vrm with the vertical
Vmg
tan
Vrg
In case wind is blowing
Vrg = Vrw + Vwg
Vrg = velocityof rain w.r.t.ground .
Vrw = velocityof rain w.r.t wind .
Vwg = velocityof wind w.r.t.ground .
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S ol ved E xa m pl es
Illustration 42. Rain pouring at 370 with vertical has 10 m/s speed. A person runs against rain with
8 m/s & sees rain making angle with vertical. Find B .
A V mg 8 B
37 0
V rg 1 0
V rm
E D C
Vmg Vrm Vrg
CE
From fig tan =
BC
BC = AD = 10 cos 37 = 8
CE = CD + DE = 8 + 10 sin 37 = 14
14 7
tan ,
8 4
7
tan 1
4
In chapter Exercises
51. In the absence of wind, rain is falling vertically with a speed of 4 m/s. After some time, wind starts
blowing with 3 m/s speed in North to South direction. Find the angle with the vertical that a man
standing on horizontal ground must hold his umbrella to keep himself dry.
52. In the absence of wind, rain is falling vertically with 20 m/s speed. A person is running in the rain at
a speed of 5 m/s on a straight horizontal road. Wind starts blowing with 15 m/s speed. Directions of
both wind & person is from West to East. Find the angle with the vertical that a person should hold
his umbrella, to keep the rain away.
53. A man standing on a horizontal road has to hold his umbrella at 300 to the vertical to keep rain away.
When he walks on the road at 10 km/ hr , he has to hold the umbrella vertically to keep himself dry.
Find the speed of the rain drops, with respect to the ground.
54. For a man running on horizontal road at 8 km/hr , rain appears to fall vertically. He increases his
speed to 12 km/hr . Now he finds rain hitting him at 300 with the vertical. Find the speed of the rain
drops with respect to the ground.
55. For a man moving on a horizontal road at a uniform speed of 6 km/hr , rain appears to fall vertically
downwards. When he increases his speed to 12 km/hr, rain appears to make 300 with vertical. Find
the magnitude & direction of rain w.r.t ground.
56. When a man walks with a speed V on a horizontal road, rain appears to fall vertically. When he
doubles his speed, rain appears to fall at 450 to the vertical. Find the direction of rain as it appears to
the man when he triples his speed.
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57. Rain is falling vertically with respect to the ground. For a man walking on a horizontal road at a
speed of 5m/s, rain appears to fall at 450 to the vertical. When the man reduces his speed, rain
appears to fall at 300 to the vertical. Find the reduced speed of the man.
ANSWERS KEY
1
51. 370 52. tan -1 53. 20 km/hr
2
54. 4 7 km/hr 55. 12 km/hr at 300 to vertical 56. tan -1 2 with vertical
5
57. m/s
3
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EX ERC I SE - 1
(Single option Correct)
1. For motion in a straight line, which of the following is incorrect?
(a) Acceleration at some instant may be zero even if the velocity is not zero
(b) Velocity at some instant may be zero even if the acceleration is not zero
(c) Speed is zero but velocity may not be zero
(d) The direction of velocity and acceleration, at any instant, may be different.
2. A particle moving in a straight line starts from a point and comes back to the same point after some
time, then:
(a) The speed of the particle, must have reduced to zero at some instant
(b) The direction of the velocity must have reversed at some instant
(c) Both the above
(d) None of these
3. Choose the correct statement:
(a) If the average velocity of a particle moving along a straight line in a given interval of time is zero,
instantaneous speed within that interval is never zero.
(b) If the direction of displacement of a particle moving in a straight line is opposite to the direction
of acceleration, the particle is necessarily moving towards the point from where it started.
(c) If the direction of velocity for a particle moving in a straight line is opposite to that of
acceleration then the particle is heading towards the point from where it started.
(d) None of these
4. Choose the correct statement.
(a) The speed of a particle may never be zero even though the average speed within a time interval is
zero
(b) The average velocity of a particle moving along a straight line is zero in a time interval. It is
possible that the instantaneous speed is never zero in that interval
(c) The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity is equal to the instantaneous speed
(d) The magnitude of the average velocity in a time interval is equal to its average speed in that
interval.
5. A particle moving in a straight line covers half the distance with a speed of 3 m/s. The other half of
the distance is covered in two equal time intervals with uniform speeds of 4.5 m/s and 7.5 m/s
respectively. The average speed of the particle during this motion is
(a) 1 m/s (b) 2 m/s (c) 3 m/s (d) 4 m/s
6. A bullet fired into a thick block loses half of its velocity after penetrating 3 cm. The total length
penetrated by the bullet before it comes to rest inside the block is
(a) 3 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 6 cm
7. A particle starts from rest and travels a distance of 6 m along a straight line in two parts, the first part
of the journey at a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2 and the second part at a constant retardation of 4
m/s2. The particle comes to rest at the end of the second part of the motion .The total time during
which the particle is in motion is
(a) 2s (b) 1s (c) 3 s (d) 3 s
8. A train moves in a straight line with a uniform acceleration. If x and y be the velocities with which
the front end and the rear end of the train respectively cross a fixed electric pole, which is adjacent to
the railway track, then the velocity with which the middle of the train crosses the pole is :
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x +y 2xy 1 2 1 2
(a)
2
(b)
x +y
(c)
2
x + y2( (d)) 2
y - x2 ( )
9. A body leaving a certain point O moves with an acceleration which is constant
in magnitude and direction. At the end of the first second its velocity is 1.5 m/s.
At the end of the sixth second the body stops momentarily and begins to move
backwards. The distance traversed by the body before it stops momentarily is:
(a) 9 m (b) 18 m (c) 5.4 m (d) 36 m
10. A particle moving with an initial velocity i 4j 10k has acceleration i j 2k . Its
velocity at the end of 2 seconds, is directed along the unit vector:
1 1
(a) 3j 2j 6k
(b) 3i 7j 18k
7 382
1 1
(c) 3j 2j 6k
(d) 2j 3j 8k
7 77
11. A bus starts from rest and moves with an acceleration of 1m/s 2 . A boy
who is 48m behind the bus starts running with constant speed of
10m/s. The earliest time in which the boy can catch the bus is
(A) 8 sec. (B) 10 sec. (C) 12 sec. (D) 14 sec.
12. A person is travelling from the ground floor to the first floor in a mall using an
escalator. Consider the following three separate cases. When the person is
standing on the moving escalator it takes one minute for him to reach the first
floor. If the escalator does not move it takes him 3 minutes to walk up the
stationary escalator to reach the top. How long will it take for the person to
reach the top if he walks up the moving escalator?
(A) 30 sec (B) 45 sec (C) 40 sec (D) 35 sec
13. A particle takes t second less and acquires a velocity of v ms–1 more in falling
through a certain height (starting from rest) on a planet where the acceleration
due to gravity is 8 g when compared with freely falling motion of a particle on
another planet, where the particle is released from rest at the same height as
the previous planet. The acceleration due to gravity on the second planet is 2g,
then
(A) v = 2gt (B) v = 4gt (C) v = 5 gt (D) v = 16 gt
14. A ball is thrown vertically down with velocity of 5m/s from the top of a tower.
With what velocity should another ball be thrown vertically down after 2
seconds from the top of the same tower, so that it can hit the first ball in a
further 2 seconds(Take g=10 m/s2)
(A) 40 m/s (B) 55 m/s (C) 15 m/s (D) 25 m/s
15. A particle is projected vertically upwards from a point A on the ground. It takes
t1 time to reach a point B but it still continues to move up. If it takes further t2
time to reach the ground from point B, then height of point B from the ground
is
1 2 1 2 1
(A) g t1 t 2 (B) g t1 t2 (C) g t1 t 2 (D) g t1 t 2
2 8 2
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16. A juggler throws balls vertically upwards in such a way that the next ball is
thrown when the previous one is at the maximum height. If the maximum
height attained by each ball is 5 m, the number of balls thrown per minute will
be (Take g=10 m/s2)
(A) 40 (B) 50 (C) 60 (D) 120
17. Four particles are fired with the same speed at angles 250 , 400 ,550 and 700 with
the horizontal, from a point on horizontal ground. The horizontal range
covered will be maximum for the particle projected at angle
(A) 250 (B) 550 (C) 400 (D) 700
18. Two stones are projected from horizontal ground with the same speed but
making different angles with the horizontal. Their ranges are equal. If the
angle of projection of the first stone is /3 and the maximum height attained
by the first stone is y1, then the maximum height attained by the second stone
will be -
(A) 3y1 (B) 2y1 (C) y1/2 (D) y1/3
19. A ball is projected upwards from the top of a tower with a velocity 50m/s
making an angle 30º with the horizontal. The height of the tower is 70m. After
how many seconds from the instant of projection, will the ball reach the
ground- (Take g=10 m/s2).
(A) 2 s (B) 5 s (C) 7 s (D) 9 s
20. A cannon ball has a range R, when fired from the ground level, on a horizontal
plane. If h and h’ are the greatest heights attained by the cannon ball in the two
paths for which the Range R is possible, then-
4h
(A) R 4 hh (B) R (C) R 4h h (D) R hh
h
21. Three particle A, B and C are thrown with speeds vA, vB, A
and vC respectively. A is projected horizontal, B is V
A H
projected at an angle of 30º with the horizontal and C is
projected vertically in such a manner that they collide
simultaneously at H, the highest point of the parabolic V
B
path of B, as shown in the figure. If the acceleration due VC
to gravity is g, then the possible ratio of the speeds vA : vB
B C
: vC is – C
(A) 1 : 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 : 3
(C) 3 : 1 : 1 (D) 3 : 2 : 1
u
22. A stunt performer is to run and dive off a tall platform
and land in a net in the back of a truck below.
Originally the truck is directly under the platform. It H
starts forward with a constant acceleration a at the
a
same instant that the performer leaves the platform.
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If the platform is H above the net in the truck, then the horizontal velocity u
that the performer must have as he leaves the platform is
(A) a 2H / g (B) a H / 2g (C) g / 2H (D) None of these
23. An object is thrown at an angle to the horizontal (0º << 90º) with a certain
velocity on horizontal ground. Then during ascent (ignoring air drag)
(A) Acceleration with which the object moves is equal at all points
(B) Magnitude of acceleration tangential to the path decreases
(C) Magnitude of acceleration normal to the path increases, becoming equal to
g at the highest point
(D) all of the above
24. A bullet is fired in the horizontal direction from the top of a tower while a
stone is simultaneously dropped form the same point then -
(A) The bullet and the stone will reach the ground simultaneously
(B) The stone will reach earlier
(C) The bullet will reach earlier
(D) Nothing can be predicted
25. Three projectile A, B and C are thrown from the same
point in the same plane. Their trajectories are shown in
the figure. Then which of the following statement is true
–
(A) The time of flight is the same for all the three A B C
O
(B) The launch speed is greatest for particle C
(C) The horizontal velocity component is greatest for particle C
(D) All of the above
V H
26. A particle is projected with a speed V from a point O making
an angle of 30º with the vertical. At the same instant, a
30º
second particle is thrown vertically upwards form a point A
with speed v. Refer the figure. The two particles reach point v
H, the highest point of the parabolic path of the first particle, O A
V
simultaneously. The ratio is –
v
2 3
(A) 3 2 (B) 2 3 (C) (D)
3 2
27. R is the horizontal range of a projectile, fired with a certain speed at a certain
angle with the horizontal, on a horizontal plane and h is the maximum height
attained by it. Then the maximum horizontal range that can be attained with
the same speed of projection as before is -
R2 h2 R2
(A) 2h (B) (C) 2R (D) 2h
8h 8R 8h
28. A particle is thrown over a scalene triangle from one end of the horizontal base
of the triangle. It grazes the vertex and falls on the other end of the base. If
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and be the base angles of the triangle and be the angle of projection of the
particle with the horizontal, then the relation between , and is -
(A) tan = tan - tan (B) tan = tan + tan
(C) tan = tan - tan (D) None of these
29. A bomber is flying horizontally with a constant speed of 150 m/s at a height of
78.4 m. The pilot has to drop a bomb at the enemy target. At what horizontal
distance from the target should he release the bomb so that it hits the target -
g 9.8 m s
2
(A) Zero (B) 300 m (C) 600 m (D) 750 m
30. An aircraft dives towards a stationary target which is at sea level. When it is at
a height of 1390 m above sea level it launches a missile towards the target. The
initial velocity of the missile is 410m/s in a direction making an angle
below the horizontal where tan = 9/40. Then the time of flight of the missile
from the instant it was launched until it reaches sea level is nearly -
(A) 10 sec (B) 15 sec (C) 20 sec (D) 25 sec
31. A golfer standing on level ground hits a ball with a u A B
velocity of u = 52m/s at an angle above the
15 m
horizontal. If tan = 5/12, then the time for which the
15 m
ball is at least 15m above the ground(i.e. between A
and B) will be (take g = 10 m/s2) –
(A) 1 sec (B) 2 sec (C) 3 sec (D) 4 sec
32. A projectile is thrown with a velocity of 20m/s, at an angle of 60º with the
horizontal. After how much time will the velocity vector make an angle of 45º
with the horizontal (take g = 10m/s2) -
(A) 3 sec (B) 13 sec (C) (3 + 1) sec (D) (3 – 1) sec
33. If T be the total time of flight of a ground to ground projectile on a horizontal
plane and H be the maximum height attained by it from the point of projection,
then H/T will be- (u = projectile velocity, = projectile angle with the
horizontal)
(A) (1/2) u sin (B) (1/4) u sin (C) u sin (D) 2 u sin
34. A hunter aims his gun and fires a bullet directly at a monkey hanging on the
branch of a tree. At the instant the bullet leaves the gun, monkey leaves the
branch and drops freely, the bullet:
(A) hits the monkey (B) misses to hit the monkey
(C) can not be said (D) None of these
35. A projectile can have the same range R for two angles of projections. If t1 and t2
be the times of flight in the two cases, then the product of the times of flight
will be-
(A) t1t2 R (B) t1t2 R2 (C) t1t2 1/R (D) t1t2 1/R2
36. If a baseball player can throw a ball from the ground level so that it covers a
maximum distance of d over a horizontal ground, the maximum vertical height
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to which he can throw it, will be – (The speed of projection of the ball is the
same in both the cases)
(A) d/2 (B) d (C) 2d (D) d/4
37. A projectile is launched from the ground level with a speed u at an angle with
the horizontal. What is its average velocity between the two instants that it
crosses half the maximum height.
(A) u sin (B) u cos (C) u tan (D)u
38. A boy throws a ball with a velocity V0 at an angle to the horizontal. At the
same instant, he starts running with uniform velocity to catch the ball before it
hits the ground. To achieve this, he should run with a velocity of –
(A) V0 cos (B) V0 sin (C) V0 tan (D) V02 tan
39. An artillery piece which consistently shoots its shells with the same muzzle
speed has a maximum range of R. To hit a target which is R/2 from the gun and
on the same level, at what elevation angle should the gun be pointed-
(A) 30º (B) 45º (C) 60º (D) 75º
40. A large number of bullets are fired in all direction with the same speed v. What
is the maximum area on the ground on which these bullets will spread-
v 2 v 4 2v4 2v2
(A) (B) 2 (C) 2 (D)
g g g g2
41. A stone is thrown from a bridge at an angle of 30º with the horizontal in the
downward direction with a speed of 25m/s. If the stone strikes the water after
2.5sec, then calculate the height of the bridge from the water surface -
g 9.8 m s
2
(A) 61.9m (B) 35m (C) 70m (D) None
42. An aeroplane is flying horizontally with a velocity of 720km/h at an altitude of
490m. When it is just vertically above the target a bomb is dropped from it.
How far horizontally does it miss the target ? g 9.8 m s 2
(A) 1000m (B) 2000m (C) 100m (D) 200m
43. An aeroplane is flying in the horizontal direction with a velocity 600 km/hr, at
a height 1960m. When it is vertically above a point A, on the ground, a body is
dropped from it. The body strikes the ground at point B. The distance AB is
equal to: g 9.8 m s 2
(A) 3.333km (B) 33.33km (C) 333.3km (D)
33.33m
44. An aeroplane is moving with a horizontal velocity u at a height h above the
ground. If a packet is dropped from it the speed of the packet when it reaches
the ground will be –
(A) u 2 2gh (B) 2gh (C) u 2 2gh (D) 2gh
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45. From the top of a tower A of height h a body of mass m is projected in the
horizontal direction with a velocity v. It falls on the horizontal ground at a
distance x from the foot of the tower A. If a body of mass 2m is projected from
the top of another tower B of height 2h in the horizontal direction so that if
falls on the ground at a distance 2x from the foot of the tower B, the horizontal
velocity of the second body is –
V V
(A) 2v (B) 2V (C) (D)
2 2
46. A bomber is moving in horizontal direction with a velocity v v
(m/s) at a height of H meter from the ground. The bomber
H
releases a bomb to hit a target T when the sighting angle with
the vertical is as shown in the figure. Then the relation T
between , H and v is –
(A) tan 1 V 2Hg (B) tan 1 V 2 / gH
(C) tan 1 V H / 2g (D) None of these
EX ERC I SE - 2
(One or more option may be correct)
1. A particle has initial velocity 10 m/s. It moves against a constant retarding
force along the line of velocity which produces a retardation of 5 m/s2. Then
(A) the maximum displacement in the direction of the initial velocity is 10 m
(B) the distance travelled in the first 3 seconds is 7.5 m
(C) the distance travelled in the first 3 seconds is 12.5 m
(D) the distance travelled in the first 3 seconds is 17.5 m.
2. Mark the correct statements for a particle going on a straight line
(A) if the velocity is zero at any instant, the acceleration should also be zero at
that instant
(B) if the average velocity is zero for a given time interval, the average speed
must also be zero within the same time interval.
(C) if the velocity and acceleration have opposite sign, the object is slowing
down
(D) if the position and velocity have opposite sign, the particle is moving
towards the origin
3. An observer moves with a constant speed along the line joining two stationary
objects. He will observe that the two objects
(A) have the same speed (B) have the same velocity
(C) move in the same direction (D) move in opposite directions
4. For a body in one–dimensional motion
(A) Speed must decrease when acceleration is negative
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(B) Speed must increase when acceleration is positive
(C) Speed will increase when both velocity and acceleration are positive
(D) Speed will decrease when velocity is negative and acceleration is positive
5. Which of the following statements are true for a moving body?
(A) If its speed changes, its velocity must change and it must have some
acceleration
(B) If its velocity changes, its speed must change and it must have some
acceleration
(C) If its velocity changes, its speed may or may not change, and it must have
some acceleration
(D) If its speed changes but direction of motion does not change, its velocity
may remain constant
6. Let ‘v’ and ‘a’ denote the instantaneous velocity and the instantaneous
acceleration respectively of a body, then
(A) ‘a’ can be non zero when ‘v’ = 0
(B) ‘a’ must be zero when ‘v’ = 0
(C) ‘a’ may be zero when ' v ' 0
(D) The direction of ‘a’ must have some correlation with the direction of ‘v’
7. An object may have
(A) varying speed without having varying velocity
(B) varying velocity without having varying speed
(C) non zero acceleration without having varying velocity
(D) non zero acceleration without having varying speed
8. A body moving with uniform acceleration in a straight line describes 25 m in the 5th second &
33 m in 7 th second .
(A) Initial velocity is 6 m/s (B) Initial velocity is 7 m/s
(C) Acceleration is 2 m/s 2 (D) acceleration is 4 m/s 2
9. A particle starts with an initial velocity of 4 m/s & an acceleration of 2 m/s 2
(A) The distance described in the 5th second is 13 m .
(B)Time taken to attain velocity of 50 m/s is 23 s.
(C) Time taken in travelling the first 60 m is 6 s.
(D) Velocity it attains when it has described 45 m is 14 m/s .
10. A motorist is travelling at 54 km /hr when he observes a traffic signal at a distance of 280 m ahead
turning red at time t = 0. If he decides to decelerate & then accelerate by the same magnitude, so as
to pass the signal at 54 km/hr at t = 28 seconds, when the signal turns green, then
5
(A) Magnitude of deceleration is m/s 2 (B) Magnitude of deceleration is 1m/s2
7
(C) Minimum speed reached is 5m/s (D) Minimum speed reached is 10 m/s
11. A particle moving with constant acceleration along a straight line covers distance between 2 points
80 m apart in 10 seconds. Its velocity as it passed the second point is 18 m/s .
(A) Its velocity at the first point is - 2 m/s
(B) Its acceleration is 2 m/s 2
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(C) The total distance travelled during these 10 seconds is 82 m
(D) All above are false.
12. A projectile is projected with an initial velocity of (6 iˆ + 8 j) m/s . Then (g =10m/s2 ) .
(A) Its horizontal range is 9.6 m (B) Maximum height attained is 3.2 m
(C) Time of flight is 1.6 s (D) All above are false.
13. An enemy ship is at a horizontal distance of 180 3 m from a security cannon having a muzzle
velocity of 60 m/s (g =10m/s2 )
(A) Angle of elevation of cannon to hit ship is 300 or 600
(B) Time of flight can be 6 s
(C) Time of flight can be 10.4 s
(D) Distance that the ship should be moved away from its initial position so that it becomes beyond
the range of the cannon is 48.6 m .
14. A dive bomber, diving at an angle of 530 with the vertical, releases a bomb at an altitude of 2400 ft.
The bomb hits the ground 5s after being released (g = 32ft/s2 ) .
(A) Speed of the bomber is 667 ft/s
(B) Horizontal distance travelled during the flight is 2667 ft.
(C) Horizontal component of the velocity of the bomb just before striking the ground is 534 ft /s
(D) Vertical component of the velocity of the bomb just before striking the ground is 560 ft/s
EX ERC I SE - 3
Comprehension – 1
Two balls A and B are thrown with the same speed from the top of a tower. Ball
A is thrown vertically upwards and the ball B is thrown vertically downwards.
g 10 m s
2
1. Choose the correct statement
(A) Ball B reaches the ground with greater velocity
(B) Ball A reaches the ground with greater velocity
(C) Both the balls reach the ground with same velocity
(D) Cannot be interpreted
2. If tA and tB are the times taken by the balls A and B respectively to reach the
ground, then identify the correct statement
(A) tA > tB (B) tA = tB (C) tA< tB (D) Cannot be interpreted
3. If tA = 6 s and tB = 2 s, then the height of the tower is
(A) 80 m (B) 60 m (C) 45 m (D) none of these
4. The speed with which each ball was thrown is
(A) 10 ms–1 (B) 15 ms–1 (C) 20 ms–1 (D) none of these
5. If a ball C is thrown with the same speed as A and B, but in the horizontal
direction from the top of the tower, then it will reach the ground in time
(A) 4 s (B) 3.46 s (C) 4.2 s (D) none of these
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EX ERC ISE - 4
1. A particle starts from a point A with a velocity of 200 cm/sec towards
east and moves in a straight line with a constant acceleration of 10
cm/sec 2 towards west. Find the time it takes to reach a point B which
is at a distance of 1500 cm east of A.
2. A particle starts from a point A with an initial velocity of 10 m/sec and
moves along a straight line with a constant acceleration. At the instant
the particle attains velocity of 50 m/sec, the direction of its
acceleration gets reversed, magnitude of the acceleration remaining
the same. Find the velocity of the particle when it reaches the point A
again.
3. A bullet enters a thick wooden block with a certain velocity and loses
1
of its velocity when it emerges from the opposite face of the block.
20
What is the minimum number of such identical blocks that must be
placed in series (in contact one after the other) so that the bullet fired
into the first of the blocks with the same velocity as before will come
to rest inside the last of the blocks. Assume that all the blocks offer
same uniform retardation to the bullet.
4. A particle starts moving from point A, along a rectangular
plot via the path shown in Figure. If time taken to reach
point E (where E is the mid point of DC) is 0.5 sec, then
find the average speed and average velocity of the particle
between points A & E.
5. A parachutist drops from a stationary helicopter and falls freely for 10
sec. At this instant, the parachute opens out after which he decends
with a net deceleration of 2m/sec 2 . If he reaches the ground with a
velocity of 8m/sec, find the height above the ground at which he
dropped out of the helicopter. (g = 10m/sec 2 )
6. A particle is projected vertically upwards from the ground at time t =
0. The particle is at height h at t = t 1 seconds and is again at height h
at t = t 2 seconds. Prove that h = (1/2)gt 1 t 2 . Also find the initial velocity
of projection.
7. From the foot of a tower 90m high, a stone is thrown vertically
upwards with velocity of 30 2 m s . Two seconds later another stone is
dropped from the top of the tower. This stone collides with the first
stone after a certain time interval. Find when and where the two
stones meet. (g = 10m/sec 2 )
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8. From an elevated point A, a stone is projected vertically upwards. In
the course of its motion, velocity of the stone at a distance h below A,
is double of its velocity at a height h above A. Show that the greatest
height attained by the stone above point A is (5/3)h.
9. A person sitting on the top of a tall building is dropping balls at regular
intervals of one second. Find the positions of the 3rd, 4th and 5th balls with
respect to the top of the building, when the 6th ball is being dropped. (g =
10m/sec 2 )
10. A steamer moving in a river takes m seconds to go ‘a’ meters downstream and n
seconds to go ‘a’ meters upstream. Find the speed of the river water and the
speed of the steamer relative to the river water in m/sec.
11. A particle projected vertically upwards from the top of a tower with a certain
speed strikes the ground in 9 seconds. The same particle thrown vertically
downwards from the top of the same tower with the same speed as before
strikes the ground in 4 seconds. Find the speed of projection and the height of
the tower g 10 m s 2
12. A particle is projected from horizontal ground with a speed of 20m/s at a
certain angle with the horizontal, so that it just clears two vertical walls of
equal heights 10m which are at a horizontal distance of 20m from each other.
Find the time taken by the particle to pass between the two walls.
13. A stone is thrown horizontally from an elevated point. After 0.5 seconds, the
magnitude of its velocity is 1.5 times the magnitude of its initial velocity. Find
the initial speed of stone.
14. A relief aeroplane is flying horizontally at a
constant height of 1960m above the water level with
speed 600km/hr towards a point directly over a
person struggling in flood water (see figure). At
what angle of sight with the vertical , should the
pilot release a survival kit if it is to reach the person in water. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
15. An aeroplane is flying at a constant vertical height of 1960 meter with a
constant horizontal velocity of 100m/s. When it is vertically above an object M
on the ground it drops a bomb. If the bomb reaches the ground at the point N,
then calculate the time taken by the bomb to reach the ground and also find the
distance MN. (g = 9.8m/sec 2 )
16. Show that a bullet fired from a gun on horizontal ground, will attain three
times the maximum height, when elevated at an angle of 60º with the
horizontal, as compared to the maximum height attained when fired at an
angle of 30º with the horizontal. Also show that the horizontal distance
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covered in the two cases will be equal. Assume that the muzzle velocity is the
same in both the cases.
17. Two balls are projected from the same point on horizontal ground at angles of
projection 60º and 30º to the horizontal respectively. If they attain the same
maximum height, what is the ratio of their speeds of projection? If they are
now projected with new speeds, what is the ratio of their speeds of projection
if they attain the same horizontal range, the angles of projection being the
same as before?
18. A batsman hits a pitched ball at a height 4.0 ft above the ground so that the
balls leaves the bat at 45º with the horizontal and its horizontal range is 350 ft.
The ball approaches a 24 ft high vertical fence which is located at a horizontal
distance of 320 ft from the batsman. Will the ball clear the fence?
(Take g = 32 ft /sec2)
19. A particle is projected from point O on the ground Y
with velocity u 5 5 m s at angle = tan-1 (0.5)
B
with the horizontal. It strikes a point C on a fixed 5 5m / s 1
C
smooth plane AB having inclination of 37º with 37 º
O X
horizontal as shown in the figure. Calculate the 10 / 3 m
A
coordinates of point C in reference to coordinate
system shown in figure.
20. A train is moving along a straight line with a constant acceleration a. A boy
standing in the train throws a ball forward with a speed of 10 m/s, at an angle
of 600 to the horizontal. The boy has to move forward by 1.15 m inside the train
to catch the ball back at the initial height. The acceleration of the train, in
m/s2, is
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AN SW ER K EY
EXERCISE – 1
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4.(C) 5. (D) 6. (C) 7. (C)
8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (C) 11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (B) 14. (A)
15. (D) 16. (C) 17. (C) 18. (D) 19. (C) 20. (A) 21. (D)
22. (B) 23. (D) 24. (A) 25. (D) 26. (C) 27. (D) 28. (B)
29. (C) 30. (A) 31. (B) 32. (D) 33. (B) 34. (A) 35. (A)
36. (A) 37. (B) 38. (A) 39. (D) 40. (B) 41. (A) 42. (B)
43. (A) 44. (A) 45. (B) 46. (B)
EXERCISE – 2
1. (A, C) 2. (C, D) 3. (A, B, C) 4. (C, D) 5. (A, C) 6. (A, C)
7. (B. D) 8. (B,D) 9. (A, B, C, D) 10. (A, C) 11. (A, B, C) 12. (A, B, C)
13. (A, B, C, D) 14. (A, B, C, D)
EXERCISE – 3
COMPREHENSION – 1
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (B)
EXERCISE – 4
1. 10s, 30s 2. 70 m/s 3. 11 4. 26 m/s, 10 m/s 5. 2984 m
g
6. u t 1 t 2 7. 3.12 s, 6.3 m from tower top 9. 45 m, 20 m, 5 m
2
a 1 1 a 1 1
10. , 11. 25m/s, 180m 12. 2 sec 13. 4.5 m/s
2 m n 2 m n
14. tan 1 1.7 15. 20 s, 2000 m 17. 1: 3,1:1
18. Yes 19. (5m, 1.25 m) 20. 5
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Kinematics-II
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JEE PHYSICS
IIT–JEE SYLLABUS
Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line: Position – time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non –
uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity – time,
position – time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion. Relative velocity, Motion in a plane,
Projectile motion, Uniform circular Motion.
CONTENTS
No. Section Page
1. THEORY (KINEMATICS - II) 97 – 121
2. EXERCISE # I 122 – 126
3. EXERCISE # II 126 – 128
4. EXERCISE # III 128 – 132
5. EXERCISE # IV 133 – 134
6. PREVIOUS IIT-JEE PROBLEMS 135 – 140
7. ANSWER KEY 141
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KINEMATICS - II
1. a Instantaneous velocity
(t, x) t t, x x
A B
Suppose a particle moving in a straight line is at point A at time t. The coordinate of A is x. Now the
particle moves to point B at time t t . The coordinate of B is x x . The average velocity over
x
the time interval t can be written as
t
x dx
To get instantaneous velocity at time t, v
t dt
lim
t 0
dx ds
Thus, instantaneous velocity at any time t is v
dt dt
Here,
v = instantaneous velocity at time t
s = instantaneous displacement at time t
x = instantaneous position at time t
1. b Instantaneous acceleration
(t, v) t t, v v
A B
Suppose a particle moving in a straight line has velocity v at time t at position A and velocity v v
at time t t at position B, the average acceleration over time interval t can be written as
v
a .
t
v dv
To get instantaneous acceleration at time t, a lim .
t 0 t dt
dv d dx d 2 x
a= = = 2
dt dt dt dt
dv dv dx dv
a= = = v
dt dx dt dx
dv d 2 x dv
a 2 v
dt dt dx
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So l v e d Ex a m p l e s
Illustration 1. A particle has position x, varying with time t as x sin t 3 cos t . Find
(a) instants when particle is at origin
(b) velocity at t
4
(c) maximum magnitude of velocity
Solution: (a) x=0 0 sin t 3 cos t
tan t 3
t n, n 1, 2,3...
3
dx
(b) v cos t 3 sin t
dt
π π 1+ 3
v t = cos + 3 sin =
4 4 4 2
(c) v = cos t + 3 sin t
dv
For maximum velocity 0
dt
sin t 3 cos t 0 t
3
π π π
at t = , v = cos + 3 × sin = 2
3 3 3
Illustration 2. A particle starts moving such that displacement with respect to origin O varies with
time t as s = t 2 t – 1 .
(a) Find velocity and acceleration when particle is at origin O
(b) Displacement when velocity is zero.
(c) Displacement when acceleration is zero.
ds dv
Solution: (a) S t3 t2 , v= = 3t 2 2t, a = = 6t 2
dt dt
When particle is at origin O
S = 0, t 2 t 1 0 t = 0 or t = 1s
There are 2 instants t = 0 and t = 1s when particle is at O.
t = 0, v = 0 , a = -2
and t = 1, v = 1, a = 4
2
(b) v=0 3t 2 2t 0 , t = 0 or t
3
3 2
2 2 4
S = 0 or S
3 3 27
S = 0 at t = 0
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4 2
and S at t
27 3
1
(c) a=0 6t – 2 = 0 t
3
3 2
1 1 2
S
3 3 27
Illustration 3. The instantaneous velocity of a particle varies with position x as v = 2x + 1.
Assuming that particle was at origin at t = 0, find the relation between x and t.
Solution: v = 2x + 1
x x t t
dx dx
2x 1 , x 0 2x 1 t0 dt
dt
1 x t
ln 2x 10 t 0
2
1
ln 2x 1 t
2
ln (2x + 1) = 2t
2x 1 e2t
e2t 1
x
2
Inchapter Exercise
1. Displacement x of a particle varies with time t as x 4t 2 15t 25 .
(a) Find position, velocity and acceleration of particle at t = 0.
(b) When will velocity of particle become zero?
(c) Is the body uniformly accelerated?
2. Velocity of a particle is given by the equation v 2t 2 5 cm / s . Find
(a) Average acceleration during the time interval t1 = 2s & t 2 = 4s .
(b) Instantaneous acceleration at t 2 = 4s .
3. Position x of a particle moving in one dimension is related to time t as t x 3 , where x is in
meters and t is in seconds. Find position of particle when its velocity is zero.
4. Position x of a particle varies with time t as x 2 5t 6t 2 . Find initial velocity of particle.
5. Position x of a particle is related to time t as x 3 8t 7t 2 . Find its velocity and acceleration at
t = 2s. x is in m, t is in second.
6. Position x of a particle moving in a straight line is related to time t as x 180t 50t 2 . Find
(a) Initial velocity of particle (b) Acceleration of particle
(c) Velocity after 4 s
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Answer Key
1. (a) x = 25m, v = -15m/s, a 8 m s 2 (b) t = 1.875 s
(c) yes as acceleration does not depend on time.
2. (a) 12cm / s 2 (b) 16cm / s 2 3. 0 meters
4. – 5 units. 5. 36 m/s, 14 m / s 2
6. (a) 180 m/s (b) 100 m / s2 (c) 580 m /s
2. Uniformly accelerated motion –
A particle moving in a straight line is said to be uniformly accelerated, if it makes equal changes in
velocities in equal intervals of time, however small the time interval may be.
In uniformly accelerated motion, instantaneous acceleration is constant and is independent of time.
Derivation of equations for uniformly accelerated motion.
dv
(a) a
dt
v v t t
v t
dv a dt v u a t 0
v u t 0
v = u + at … Eq. (I)
ds
(b) v
dt
From Eq. (I) v = u + at
ds
u at
dt
s s t t
s 0
ds u at dt
t 0
s s t t t t
ds u dt at dt
s 0 t 0 t 0
1
s ut at 2 … Eq. (II)
2
(c) Let at t = 0, x x0
t = t, x = x
dx
v
dt
dx
u at
dt
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x x t t
x x0
dx u at dt
t0
1
x x 0 u t at 2
2
1
Or x x0 u t a t2 … Eq. (III)
2
(Here s x x 0 = displacement or change in position)
dv
(d) a v
ds
v v s
vdv a ds
v u s 0
v2 u 2 2a s … Eq. (IV)
dv
(e) a v
dx
v v xx
vdv a
v u x x0
dx
v 2 u 2 2a x x 0 …Eq. (V)
(f) Eliminating t between Eq. (I) and Eq. (II), we get
s
u v t … Eq. (VI)
2
(g) Displacement in n th second for a uniformly accelerated body.
Let total displacement of body in n seconds be Sn .
1
Sn un an 2
2
Let total displacement of body in (n – 1) seconds be Sn 1 .
1 2
Sn 1 u n 1 a n 1
2
Then displacement of body in n th second will be Sn th Sn Sn 1
1 1 2
Sn th un an 2 u n 1 a n 1
2 2
1
Sn th u a n … Eq. VII
2
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3. Graphs describing motion of a particle along a straight line.
3.1 Position versus time graph (x – t graph)
Slope of tangent drawn at any point on the curve of the x – t graph gives instantaneous velocity and
magnitude of slope gives instantaneous speed
Description of motion using x – t graph.
(A) Particle at rest
x
x0 dx
0 , Particle is at rest
dt
O
t
(B) Particle moving with uniform velocity in the positive direction.
x
dx
x0 positive constant
dt
O t
(C) Particle moving with uniform velocity in negative direction.
x
x0
dx
negative constant
dt
O t
(D) Particle moving with uniform acceleration.
x
B
x0 Slope at B is greater than slope at A, implying
A acceleration
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(E) Particle moving with uniform retardation.
x
B
Slope at B is less than slope at A, implying retardation.
A
x0
t
(F) Particle moving with uniform acceleration in negative direction
x
Magnitude of slope at B is greater than that at A, but
x0
A motion is in negative direction
t
(G) Particle moving with uniform retardation in negative direction.
x
x0
A Slope at B is less than that of A. Motion is in the
negative direction.
B
(H) The following x-t graphs are not possible.
x
Slope is infinite, implying infinite velocity, which is not
possible
t
Particle is at two positions x1 and x 2 at a given time instant t1 which is not possible.
x1
x2
t1 t
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3.2 Velocity versus time graph
dv
a , Slope of v – t graph gives instantaneous acceleration
dt
ds
v, ds vdt vdt s ,
dt
Area under v –t graph gives displacement.
Thus v – t graph gives us instantaneous velocity, instantaneous acceleration as well as displacement
covered. Hence v – t graphs can be effectively utilized in solving problems.
Description of motion with v – t graph
(A) Particle at rest
v
(B) Particle moving with uniform velocity
dv
0 , acceleration is zero.
dt
(C) Particle moving with uniform acceleration
v Slope of above graph is constant and positive,
implying uniform acceleration.
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(D) Particle moving with uniform retardation
Slope of above graph is constant and negative,
implying uniform retardation.
(E) Particle moving with increasing acceleration.
v
t
Slope at A is less, slope at B is more, implying increasing acceleration.
(F) Particle moving with decreasing acceleration.
v
B
t
Slope at B is less than that at A implying decreasing acceleration.
3.3 Acceleration time graph
(A) Particle with zero acceleration. (rest or uniform velocity)
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(B) Particle moving with uniform acceleration
a
(C) Particle moving with increasing acceleration
a
t
(D) Particle moving with decreasing acceleration
a
4. Area under various graphs
v t
dv
a dv adt v u adt
dt u 0
Area under a – t graph gives change in velocity.
v
dv
a v ads v dv
ds u
2 2
v u
ads
2
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v2 u 2
Area under a – s graph
2
Where, v is instantaneous velocity and u is initial velocity.
ds
v
dt
ds vdt s v dt
Area under v – t graph gives displacement.
So l v e d Ex a m p l e s
Illustration 4. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate for some time,
after which it declerates at a constant rate of to come to rest. If the total time
elapsed is t second, then calculate;
(i) The maximum velocity attained by the car, and
(ii) The total displacement travelled by the car in terms of , and t.
Solution: Let vmax be the maximum velocity attained and t1 be the time at which
maximum
velocity will occur. The velocity vs time graph can be drawn as follows:
v
The slope of line OP, max
t1
vmax t1 ..... (i)
v max
The slope of line PQ,
t t1
vmax (t t1 ) ..... (ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), we get t1 (t t1 )
t
which gives t1 ..... (iii)
Substituting value of t1 in equation (i), we get
t
(i) v max Ans.
(ii) Total displacement s area of v t graph
1 1 t t 2
v max t t Ans.
2 2 2( )
2
Illustration 5. A car starts moving rectillnearly, first with acceleration 5m / s
(the initial velocity is equal to zero), then uniformly, and finally,
decelerating at the same rate comes to a stop. The total time of
motion equals 25s . The average velocity during that time is equal
to < v > = 72 km/h. How long does the car move uniformly?
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Solution: Let t be the time duration for which car accelerates or decelerates. The
maximum velocity attained in this duration is 5 t. The time during which
car move uniformly = 25 -2t. The velocity - time graph of the motion of
car is drawn as follows;
72 5
Given the average velocity in whole time of motion v av 20 m / s
18
The average velocity from the graph can be obtained as
Total displacement
v av
Total time
1
[25 (25 2t)] 5t
Area of v t graph
= 20 2
Total time 25
1
[50 2t)] 5t
2 or 200 = 50 t - 2t2
25
or t2 - 25t + 100 = 0 (t - 20) (t - 5) = 0t = 5 s or 25s
But t = 25 is not possible t = 5s
The time for which car moves uniformly = 25 - 2t = 25 - 2 x 5 = 15 s
Ans.
Illustration 6.The distance (s) between two stations is to be covered in minimum
time. The
maximum value of acceleration or retardation of a car can not exceed
and
respectively. Find the time of motion.
Solution: To cover the distance in minimum time the car
must get the maximum possible
acceleration and then retard to maximum
possible value . Let t1 be the time up to
which car accelerates and t is the required time of
motion. The velocity-time graph of motion of car
can be drawn as follows:
t 2
We have already calculated that s (Refer illustration 4)
2( )
2s( ) 1 1
Solved above equation for t, we have t 2s Ans.
Illustration 7.A body is thrown vertically upwards with 9.8 m/s. Take origin as point of projection
and upward direction positive, plot displacement –time, distance-time, velocity-time,
speed-time, acceleration-time graph. g 9.8m / s 2
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u
Solution : Time of ascent = time of descent = 1s
g
u2 9.82
h max 4.9m
2g 2 9.8
a
t
2
9.8 m / s
displacement
4.9 m
1s 2s t
velocity
9.8m / s
1s 2s
t
9.8m / s
distance
9.8 m
4.9 m
1s 2s
t
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speed
9.8 m/s
t=1s t = 2s t
Illustration 8 A body is dropped from a height of 19.6m. It strikes the ground and rebonds back to
the same height of 19.6m. Taking point of dropping as origin and upwards positive, plot
displacement – time, velocity-time, distance-time, speed-time, acceleration time graph.
g 9.8m / s
2
Solution:
2h 2 19.6
Time to reach ground 2s
g 9.8
Velocity of striking ground = 2gh 2 9.8 19.6 19.6m / s
a
displacement
2s 4s
t
t
-9.8 m/s2
-19.6 m
velocity
Distance
19.6 m/s 39.2 m
t 19.6 m
2s 4s
t
- 19.6 m/ s 2s 4s
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Speed
19.6 m/s
t
2s 4s
Illustration 9.A car starts from rest and moves in a straight line with uniform acceleration of
5m / s2 , then with uniform velocity and finally uniform retardation of 5m / s2 , before
coming to rest. Total time of motion is equal to 25s. Average velocity during entire motion
is 20m/s. Find the time, for which car moves uniformly.
Solution:
V
Vm
t
ta tu tr
t a t u t r 25s …eq 1
Vm Vm
5 …eq 2 and eq 3
ta tr
2t u t a t r
2 Vm
20 …eq 4
25
Solving we get
t a t r 5s, t u 15s
Illustration 10. v
v0
S
Convert v s graph into a – s graph
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Solution:
Equation of given line can be written as
v ms v0
vdv
a ms vo m m 2s mv o
ds
a m 2s mvo
This is the equation of a straight line with slope m 2 and y intercept mv0
a
slope = m2
mv 0
S
Illustration 11. a – t graph is given. The particle starts from rest at origin at t = 0. Find displacement
at t =12s.
a
5 m / s2
t
6s 12 s
Solution:
5 dv 5t
from t = 0s, to t = 6 s, a = t,
6 dt 6
vv tt
5 5 t2 5t 2
dv t dt v
v 0
6 t 0 6 2 12
5t 2 ds 5t 2
v
12 dt 12
s s t t
5t 2 5t 3
ds 12 dt s
s 0 t0
36
5
S at t = 6 s = 63 30 m
36
5
v at t = 6 s = 36 15m / s
12
From t = 6s to t = 12s
Uniformly accelerated motion
1
S = 15 × 6 + × 5 × 62 = 180 m Total distance = 180 m + 30 m = 210 m
2
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Inchapter Exercise
7. A hundred meter sprinter increases his speed from rest uniformly, at the rate of 1m / s2 upto three
quarters of the total run and covers the last quarter with uniform speed. How much time is taken to
cover the first half and second half of the run.
8. A motor car starts from rest & accelerates uniformly for 10 s to a velocity of 20 m/s . It then runs at a
constant speed & finally is brought to rest in 40 m with constant retardation. Total distance covered
is 640 m . Find value of acceleration, retardation & total time taken.
9. An athlete runs a distance of 1500 m in the following manner.
Starting from rest, he accelerates himself uniformly at 2m/s 2 till he covers 900 m
He, then runs remaining distance of 600 m at uniform speed. Calculate time taken by athlete to
cover the 2 parts of distance covered. Also find time taken by him to reach the center of track.
10. A vehicle starting from rest can accelerate uniformly at rate of 10 cm / s 2 & can retard uniformly at rate
2
of 20cm/s . Find the least time in which it can complete journey of 5 km , if maximum velocity
attained by body is 72 km/hr .
11. A train starting from rest accelerates uniformly for 100s, runs at a constant speed for 5 minutes &
then comes to rest with uniform retardation in next 150 seconds. During motion, it covers a distance
of 4.25 km. Find (i) the constant speed (ii) acceleration (iii) retardation
Answer Key
7. 10 s, 4.24 s 8. 2 m/s2 , 5 m/s2 , 39 s 9. 30s, 10s, 27.4s
2 2
10. 400 s. 11. 10m/s,0.1m/s ,0.067 m/s
4. Projectile on an inclined plane
4.1 Projectile fired from bottom of inclined plane
y x g sin
g cos
u sin( ) u B
g
u cos ( )
A C
Consider a particle fired with speed u from bottom of an inclined plane. The angle of projection with
the horizontal is & angle made by incline with horizontal is .
As shown in figure, x & y direction will be along incline & perpendicular to incline, respectively.
Point of projection is A & point where the particle strikes incline is B
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Displacement is AB along x - axis
Displacement in y direction is zero.
Time of flight
1 2
Apply S = ut + a t along y - axis
2
1
0 = u sin (α ) T g cos θ T 2
2
2 u sin (α θ)
Time of flight T =
g cos θ
Range along incline
Length AB is the range
Horizontal displacement in time T
2 u sin (α θ)×u cos α
AC = u cos α T =
g cos θ
AC
Range along incline = AB =
cos θ
2 u 2 cos α sin (α θ)
AB =
g cos 2 θ
u 2 sin 2α θ sin θ
or AB =
g cos 2 θ
Alternative method for range
1
To find AB, apply s = ut + a t 2 along x direction
2
1
AB = u cos θ T g sin θ T 2
2
2 u sin (α θ)
P ut T = & simplifying
g cos θ
2 u 2 sin (α θ) cos α
We get AB =
g cos 2 θ
Value of for maximum range
u 2 sin 2α θ sin θ
Range = AB=
g cos2 θ
For a given u & , for maximum range
π
Sin (2 α -θ) = 1, implies 2 α - θ =
2
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π θ
Or α = +
4 2
u 2 1 sin θ u2
R max = =
g cos2 θ g (1 + sin θ)
The two values of to get the some range along inclined plane ( u = constant)
u 2 sin 2 sin
Range = AB
g cos 2
Let 1 & 2 be the 2 angles to give the same range.
sin 21 sin 2 2 , 21 2 2
1 2
2
There are two angles of projection for which we obtain the same range along incline for the
same speed of projection such that 1 2
2
Summary of various results obtained for projectile fired from bottom of inclined plane.
2 u 2 cos α sin (α -θ)
(a) Range AB =
g cos 2 θ
π θ
(b) Condition for maximum range α = +
4 2
u2
(c) Value of maximum range. =
g (1+sin θ)
(d) Relation between the 2 angles as projection to get same range.
α, 1 + α 2 = + θ , keeping u constant
2
2 u sin (α -θ)
(e) Time of flight =
g cos θ
4.2 Projectile fired from top of inclined plane.
u
A
B
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The results in this case are the same as results for projectile projected from the bottom of the incline,
except that is to be replaced by
Summary of various results for projectile fired from top of inclined plane.
2 u 2 cos α sin (α +θ)
(a) Range AB =
g cos 2 θ
(b) Condition for maximum range α =
4 2
u2
(c) Value of maximum range =
g (1-sin θ)
(d) Relation between the 2 angles of projection to get same range. ( keeping u constant)
α1 + α 2 = θ
2
2 u sin ( )
(e) Time of flight
g cos
4.3 PROJECTILE WITH VARIABLE ACCELERATION
Suppose a projectile moves in the two dimensional plane with velocity v a i bx j
where a and b are constant. Initially consider the particle to be situated at origin i.e. at t =
0, x = 0 & y = 0. Now let us first find out the equation of trajectory of the projectile. So,
v a i bx j
v x a and vy = bx
dx dy
But vx , vy
dt dt
dx dy
i.e. a and bx ,
dt dt
dx = a dt,
x x t t
x t
dx a dt, x 0 a t 0 ,
x 0 t 0
x = at …(1)
dy = bx dt
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On substituting value of x we have
y y t t t
y t2
dy = b.at dt, dy b a t d t y 0 ba
y 0 t0 2 0
abt 2
On integrating y …( 2)
2
Eliminating t between equation 1 and equation 2
2
ab x bx 2
y y
2 a 2a
This is the equation of trajectory of the projectile.
5, River-Boat Problems
In river-boat problems we come across the following three terms:
v r = absolute velocity of river
vbr = velocity of boat with respect to river or velocity of boat in still water and
vb = absolute velocity of boat.
Here, it is important to note that vbr is the velocity of boat with which it is steered
and vb is the actual velocity of boatman relative to ground. Further, vb vbr vr
Now, let us derive some standard results and their special cases. A boat starts from
point A on one bank of a river with velocity vbr in the direction shown in Figure. River is
flowing along positive x- direction with velocity v r . Width of the river is w. Then
vb vr vbr
Therefore, vbx vrx vbrx vr vbr sin
and v by v ry vbry 0 v br cos v br cos
now, time taken by the boat to cross the river is:
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w w w
t or t … (i)
v by v br cos v br cos
Further, displacement along x-axis when he reaches on the other bank (also called
drift) is
w w
x v bx t (v r v br sin ) or x (v r vbr sin ) … (ii)
v br cos v br cos
Two special cases are:
(i) Condition when the boatman crosses the river in shortest interval of time
o
From Eq. (i) we can see that time (t) will be minimum when 0 ,i.e., the boatman
should steer his boat perpendicular to the river current.
w
Also, t min as cos 1
v br
(ii) Condition when the boatman wants to reach point B, i.e., at a point just opposite
from, the point he started. In this case, the drift (x) should be zero.
w
x=0 from eq. (ii) or (vr v br sin ) 0 or v r v br sin
v br cos
vr v
or sin or sin 1 r
v br v br
vr
Hence, to reach point B, the boatman should row at an angle sin 1
v br
Further, since sin 1 , so, if vr vbr , the boatman can never reach at point B. If vr vbr ,
then 900 , vb 0 . If vr vbr , then sin needs to be greater than 1, which is not possible
(iii) Shortest path
Path length travelled by the boatman when he reaches the opposite shore is
s w2 x2
Here, w = width of river is constant. So for s to be minimum modulus of x (drift)
should be minimum. Now two cases are possible.
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vr 1 v r
When vr < vbr : In this case x = 0, when sin 1 or s min w at sin .
v br v br
This is zero drift condition.
dx
When vr > vbr : In this case x is minimum, where 0
d
Note that in this case zero drift is not possible. So we can only minimize drift.
d w
or (v r v br sin ) 0 or v br cos 2 (v r v br sin ) ( sin ) 0
d v br cos
v br
or vbr vr sin 0 or sin 1
vr
Now, at this angle, we can find xmin
v br w
Put sin in formula for x, we get x min v r 2 v br 2
vr v br
w vr
Smin w 2 x min 2
v br
Illustration 12. A swimmer starts from point A on the bank of 200 m wide river,
crosses the river to reach opposite bank. He returns to the point B on the
original bank such that AB = 300m in the downstream direction. Find the
magnitude and the direction of the velocity of the swimmer relative to the
bank if his velocity w.r.t.to river is always perpendicular to the bank.
Solution: Time to cross the river = 5 min The displacement perpendicular to flow = 200 m
200 2
Velocity of swimmer v sy m/s
5 60 3
The displacement covered in the direction of flow = 300 m in 10 min.
The velocity of river flow
300 1
The velocity of swimmer in the direction of flow vsx m/s
10 60 2
2 2
2 2 2 1
His velocity with respect to bank v s v sy v sx
3 2
5
= m/s = 3 km/h Ans.
6
vsy 2/3
The velocity vs makes an angle with the bank, then tan
vsx 1/ 2
4
or tan 1 (4 / 3) Ans.
3
Illustration 13. A boat moves relative to water with a velocity which is = 2.0 times
less than the river flow velocity. At what angle to the stream direction must
the boat move to minimize drifting? Find the minimum drift achieved.
Solution: Suppose velocity of river flow vr = v, then velocity of boat relative to water
v
v br . Let boat moves at an angle with the direction of stream, then
2
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b
Time to cross the stream t , where vbr sin is the velocity of boat along
v br sin
AB.
B x C
b
v br
A
vr
The velocity of boat along the direction of flow, v bx v r v br Cos and drift in
the direction of flow, x = vbx t
b v b 2 cos
(v r v br cos ) v cos b
v br sin 2 v sin sin
2
Where b is the width of the river.
dx d 2 cos
For the drift to be minimum, 0 or b 0
d d sin
or sin ( sin ) (2 cos ) (cos ) 0 or sin 2 2cos cos2 0
1
or 2cos (sin 2 cos 2 ) or 2 cos 1 cos or 120o
2
Hence to minimize drifting boat should move at an angle 120o with the direction
of stream.
2 cos120o 2 1/ 2
Thus x min b o b b 3 Ans.
sin120 3/2
Illustration 14. Two ships A and B are 10 km apart on a line running south to north. Ship
A further north is streaming west at 20 km/hr and ship B streaming
north at
20 km/hr. What is their distance of closest approach and how long do they
take to reach it?
Solution: Consider a rectangular coordinate axes system with y axis from south to north
and x –axis from west to east. The positions of the ships A and B are given by
the co – ordinates
N
(0 , 10 km ) and (0 , 0) respectively. Velocity of ship
A
A= V A 20km / hr i W E
B
Velocity of ship B = VB (20 km / hr)ˆj S
Relative velocity of ship B w.r.t. ship A = V BA
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V B V A 20 km / hr j 20 km / hr i
Angle made by VBA with x axis is
V 20
tan 1 y tan 1
Vx 20 4
VBA is in north east direction. Hence relative to
A,
B is moving in north east direction
Since the perpendicular distances is the shortest
distance , the minimum distance between A and B is
AP as shown in above figure.
BAP is an isosceles right angled triangle with right angle at P.
10
From BAP , AP = BA cos 45o = km 5 2km
2
Time taken to attain the minimum distance
0
BP BA sin 45 5 2 1
hr 0.25 hr
V BA V BA 20 2 4
Inchapter Exercise
12. A man swims across a river & reaches a point directly opposite in time t1 . He swims an equal
distance downstream & covers distance in time t 2 . If speed of man in still water is V and speed of
t
river water is U, find 1
t2 .
13. An aeroplane has to go from point A to another point B, 500 km away due 300 east of North. Wind
is blowing due north at speed of 20 m/s . Air speed of plane (speed of plane in still air) is 150 m/s .
Find the direction in which pilot should head plane w.r.t line AB to reach point B
14. A river 400 m wide is flowing with a speed of 2m/s . A boat is sailing with 10 m/s speed w.r.t. the
river water in direction such that the boat reaches the opposite bank in minimum time.
(a) Find the time taken by the boat to reach the opposite bank.
(b) Find the drift suffered by the boat.
15. A swimmer wishes to cross a 500 m wide river flowing at 5 km/hr . His speed in still water is
3km/hr
(a) If he heads in direction making angle with flow, find time he takes to cross river.
(b) Find shortest possible time to cross.
16. Consider a river 500 m wide. Speed of river water is 5 km/hr. Swimmer’s speed in still water is
3 km/hr . If swimmer wants to reach a point directly opposite the point from where he started to
swim, find minimum distance he has to walk.
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Answer key
V+U 1
12. 13. sin –1 14. 40 s, 80 m
V–U 15
10 2
15. Ans: (a) minutes (b) 10 minutes when 900 16. km
sin 3
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So l v e d Ex a m p l e s ( Re l a t i v e m o t i o n i n p r o j e ct i l e )
Illustration 15. A shell is fired from a cannon on ground with speed 50 2 m/s , at angle 450 with
horizontal. There is a bus moving away from the shell at a constant speed of 20 m/s . If the shell
strikes the bus, find the distance of the bus from the cannon at the instant the shell was fired.
Solution:
y
x
50 2 m / s
20 m /s
45 0 bus
x
Relative motion of shell w.r.t. bus
u sb = 30i + 50 j
a sb = –10 j
ssb = x i + 0 j
1 2
s sb = u sb t + a sb t
2
x i + 0j=
30 t i +50 t j – 5t 2 j
x = 30 t, 0 50t 5t 2 , t = 10s x = 300 m
0
Illustration 16. Particle A is projected with speed 10 2 m/s at angle 45 with horizontal from the
top of a tower of height 10 m . Simultaneously, particle B is projected, horizontally with
speed 10m/s from the top of another tower of height 20m .The 2 particles collide mid
air. Find the horizontal distance between the towers.
Solution: 10 m/s
u A = 10 ˆi +10 j u B = –10 ˆi B
10 2 m/s
u AB = 20 ˆi +10 j 450
A
y
a AB = 0
10 m 20 m
s AB = R ˆi +10 j
x
1 2
s AB = u AB t + a AB t
2
R i 10 j 20 i 10 j t
R
R = 20 t 10 = 10 t
t = 1s R = 20 m
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EXERCISE - 1
(Single option Correct)
1. A lift ascends with a constant acceleration of 4m / s2 , then with a constant
velocity v and then moves with a constant retardation of 4m / s 2 to finally come
to rest If the total height ascended be 20 m and the total time taken be 6 s, then
the time during which the lift was moving with constant velocity v is
(a) 2 s (b) 3 s (c) 4 s (d) 5 s
2. A particle moves along a straight line such that its displacement x changes with
time t as x at 2 2bt c where a, b and c are constants, then the acceleration
varies as
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
x x x x
3. A particle moves along a straight line such that the relation between time t and
displacement s is s2 = t, then
(a) acceleration is positive and directly proportional to v2
(b) acceleration is positive and directly proportional to v3
(c) acceleration is negative and directly proportional to v2
(d) acceleration is negative and directly proportional to v3
4. A particle starts from rest, with an acceleration a , where 0 and x is the
x2
distance of the particle from a fixed point O. The particle is at a distance from
O, when it is at rest. Its velocity when at a distance 2 from O is
2
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2
5. A particle starts from a point x = 0 along the positive X – axis with a velocity v
varying with x as v x , the average velocity of the particle over the first s
meters of its path is
s
(a) s (b) (c) 2 s (d) s
2 2
6. The displacement x and time t for a particle moving in one dimension is given
by t = ax 2 + bx , where a and b are constants. The deceleration of the particle is
(a) bv2 (b) 2av3 (c) 2b2 v 2 (d) 2abv3
7. The acceleration ‘a’ for a particle depends on displacement s as a = 5 + s. At t =
0, s = 0 and velocity v = 5. Then the velocity v, corresponding to displacement s
is given by
(a) v = 5 + s (b) v 5 s (c) v s 2 10s (d) v = s - 5
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8. Position of a particle moving along x – axis is given by x = 2 + 8t - 4t 2 , where t is
time in sec. The distance traveled by the particle in the first two seconds is:
(a) 2 units (b) 8 units (c) 10 units (d) 16 units
9. For a velocity versus time graph, which of the following statement is true
(a) The curve can be a circle
(b) The area under the curve and above the x- axis, between any two instants
gives the average acceleration.
(c) The slope at any instant yields the rate of change of acceleration at the
instant
(d) None of these
10. The displacement time graph for a particle is a straight line parallel to time
axis. It necessarily implies that:
(a) The object is stationary with velocity zero (b) the acceleration of the
object is zero
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) none of the above
11. For motion with uniform velocity :
(a) The velocity time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis.
(b) The position time graph is a parabola with its axis as the time axis
(c) The acceleration time graph is a straight line inclined with the time axis
(d) None of the above
t
12. A train takes t sec to perform a journey. It travels for sec with uniform
n
t
acceleration, then for (n – 3) sec with uniform speed v and finally it comes
n
to rest with uniform retardation. The average speed of the train is
v v
(a) 3n 2 (b) 2n 3
2n 2n
v v
(c) 3n 2 (d) 2n 3
3n 3n
13. The time dependence of the position of two bodies moving
along a straight line is given by curves p and q respectively. Then
(a) curve q corresponds to decelerated motion
(b) curve p corresponds to accelerated motion
(c) velocity at the end of the motion is more for the body corresponding to
curve q
(d) none of these
14. The graph given to the right is the velocity (v) versus
displacement (s) graph of a particle moving in straight
line. Which of the following graphs best represents the
acceleration versus displacement graph?
v
s
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
15. Figure given below shows the variation of
velocity with time for a particle moving along 20
V (m/s)
a straight line, the average velocity, during the
10
entire motion is
(a) 15 m/s (b) 7.5 m/s
(c) 6.25 m/s (d) 13.75 m/s
1 2 3 4 t (sec)
16. A train moving with a velocity of 30km/hr had to slow down to15
km/hr due to repairs along the way and then after some time regains
its original speed. If the distance covered during retardation be one
km and that during acceleration be half km, the time lost in the
journey is
(A) 3 min. (B) 4 min. (C) 2 min. (D) 1 min.
17. If position time graph of a particle is sine curve as shown, what will be its
velocity-time graph?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
18. The velocity- time graph of a body falling from rest under gravity and
rebounding the same height from a solid surface is represented by which of the
following graphs?
V
t
(A) (B) (C) (D)
19. The acceleration of a particle which moves along the a in m / s 2
positive x-axis varies with its position as shown. If
0.4
the velocity of the particle is 0.8 m/s at x = 0, the
0.2
velocity of the particle at x = 1.4 is(in m/s)
(A) 1.6 (B) 1.2 O
0.4 0.8 1.4 x (in m)
(C) 1.4 (D) none of these
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20. The graph of position x versus time t represents the motion of a
particle. If b and c are both positive constants and b > c, which of
the following expressions best describes the acceleration a of the
particle?
(A) a = b – ct (B) a = + b (C) a = – c (D) a = b + ct
21. A particle of mass 1 kg is acted upon by a force 'F'
which varies with time as shown in the figure. If initial
velocity of the particle is 10ms 1 , the maximum velocity
attained by the particle during the period is
(A) 210 ms–1 (B) 110 ms–1
(C) 100 ms–1 (D) 90 ms–1
22. A particle moves in the xy plane with velocity V = k1i + k 2 xj , where i and j are
the unit vectors along the x and y axes, and k1 and k 2 are constants. At the
initial moment of time the particle was located at the point x = y = 0, then the
equation of the particle’s trajectory y (x) is -
k k 2k 2k
(A) y 1 x 2 (B) y 2 x 2 (C) y 1 x 2 (D) y 2 x 2
2k 2 2k1 k2 k1
45º B
23. From points A and B at the respective heights of 2m and A 8m / s
6m, two bodies are thrown simultaneously towards each
other; one is thrown horizontally with a velocity of 6m
2m
8m/s and the other, downward at an angle of 45º to the
horizontal at an initial velocity such that the bodies
collide in flight. The horizontal distance between points 6m
A and B equals 6m. The initial velocity v0 of the body
thrown at an angle 45º is –
(A) 4 2 m / s (B) 8 2 m / s (C) 16 2 m / s (D) 32 2 m / s
24. The trajectory of a projectile in a vertical plane is y ax bx 2 , where a, b are
constants, and x and y are respectively the horizontal and vertical distances of
the projectile form the point of projection. The maximum height attained is
……….. and the angle of projection with the horizontal is ………..
a2 a2 a2 a2
(A) , tan 1 a (B) , tan 1 b (C) , tan 1 a (D) , tan 1 b
2b 2b 4b 4b
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EXERCISE - 2
(More than one option is Correct)
1. The displacement x of a particle varies with time t as x = t 2 t 3
(A) particle will return to its starting point after time .
2
(B) the particle will come to rest after time
3
(C) the initial velocity of the particle was zero but its initial acceleration was
not zero.
(D) no net force act on the particle at time
3
2. A particle moves along x-axis and displacement varies with time t as x t 3 3t 2 9t 5 . Then
(A) in the interval 3< t< 5, the particle is moving in +x direction
(B) the particle reverses its direction of motion twice in entire motion if it
starts at t = 0
(C) the average acceleration from 1 t 2 seconds is 6m / s 2 .
(D) in the interval 5t 6 seconds, the distance travelled is equal to the
displacement.
3. Velocity-time graph for a car is semicircle as shown v
here. Which of the following is correct ? 1m/s
(A) Car must move in circular path.
(B) Acceleration of car is never zero. t
2 sec
(C) Mean speed of the particle is /4 m/s.
(D) The car makes a turn once during its motion.
4. 2 bodies start moving in straight line simultaneously from point O. The first body moves with
constant velocity of 40m/s & and the second body starts from rest with a constant acceleration of
4m/s 2
(a) Time that elapses before the second body catches up with the first body is 20s .
(b) Greatest distance between the two bodies prior to their meeting is 200m
(c) Time elapsed when the distance between them is maximum is 10s
(d) All above statements are false.
1
5. Velocity V of a moving point, on x – axis varies with its x – coordinate as V =β x when is a
3
positive constant. Assuming the particle to start from origin.
(a) Acceleration of particle is variable.
3
2β
(b) Mean velocity of point averaged over time T from starting is 2 T
3
(c) Mean velocity of point averaged over the time taken by the point to move from the origin to the
1
3
2β x 0
point where its x – coordinate becomes x 0 is
3
(d) All above statements are false.
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6. A particle starts rectilinearly from station A with acceleration varying according to a s &
comes to halt at station B, α & β are positive constants & s is its distance from station A ,
2α
(a) Distance between A & B is
β
α
(b) Maximum velocity of particle is
β
α
(c) Distance yet to be covered, when particle attains its maximum velocity is
β
(d) Maximum velocity is 2
7. A platform is moving upwards with constant acceleration of 2m/s 2 . At time t 0, a boy standing on
platform throws a ball upwards with speed of 8 m/s (with respect to himself). At this instant,
platform was at a height of 4 m from ground & was moving with 2 m/s speed. Take g 10 m / s 2
76
(a) Ball strikes platform at height of m
9
4
(b) Ball strikes platform in time s
3
(c) Maximum height attained by ball from ground is 9 m .
8
(d) Maximum distance of ball from platform is m
3
8. A man is standing on a truck moving with a constant velocity of 15 m/s on a horizontal road. The
man throws a ball in such a way that it returns to the truck after the truck has moved 60 m
2
(Take g 10 m s )
(a) Speed of the ball as seen from the truck is 20 m/s
(b) Angle of projection as seen from the truck is 90o with horizontal.
(c) Speed of ball as seen from the ground is 25 m/s
(d) Angle of projection as seen from the ground is 530
9. A car is moving rectilinearly on a horizontal path with acceleration a 0 . A
person sitting inside the car observes that an insect S is crawling up the screen
with an acceleration a. If is the inclination of the screen with the horizontal,
the acceleration of the insect;
(a) parallel to screen is a a 0 cos (b) along the horizontal is a 0 a cos
(c) perpendicular to screen is a 0 sin (d) perpendicular to screen is a 0 tan
10. A particle is projected from a point P with a velocity v at an angle with
horizontal. At a certain point Q it moves at right angle to its initial direction.
Then:
(a) velocity of particle at Q is v sin
(b) velocity of particle at Q is v cot
(c) time of flight from P to Q is (v/g) cosec
(d) time of flight from P to Q is (v/g) sec
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11. Trajectories of two projectiles are shown in figure.
Let T1 and T2 be the time periods and u1 and u 2 be
the speeds of projection of the two projectiles
respectively.
Then : 1 2
(a) T2 T1 (b) T2 T1
(c) u1 u 2 (d) u1 u 2
12. Choose the correct alternative(s).
(a) If the greatest height to which a man can throw a stone is h, then the
greatest horizontal distance upto which he can throw the stone is 2h
(b) The angle of projection with the horizontal for a projectile whose range R is
n times the maximum height H is tan –1 (4/n)
(c) The time of flight T and the horizontal range R of a projectile are connected
by the equation gT2 = 2R tan , where is the angle of projection
(d) A ball is thrown vertically up. Another ball is thrown at an angle with the
vertical. Both of them are thrown from horizontal ground and both remain in
air for the same period of time. Then the ratio of maximum heights attained by
the two balls is 1:1
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EXERCISE - 3
COMPREHENSION – 1
The x-t graph of a particle moving along a straight line is
shown in figure
1. The v-t graph of the particle is correctly shown by
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
2. The a-t graph of the particle is correctly shown by
(A) (B)
(C) (D) a
0 t
3. The distance-time graph of the particle is correctly shown by
(A) s (B) s
distance
0
0 T 2T t
T 2T t
(C) s (D) s
distance
distance
0 0
T 2T t T 2T t
4. The speed-time graph of the particle is correctly shown by
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
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COMPREHENSION – 2
The figure shows a velocity-time graph of a
particle moving along a straight line
5. The particle is not at rest at
(A) t = 0 s (B) t = 5 s (C) t = 8 s (D) all of the above
v
6. Identify the region in which the rate of change of velocity of the particle is
t
maximum
(A) 0 to 2s (B) 2 to 4s (C) 4 to 6 s (D) 6 to 8 s
7. If the particle starts from the position x0 = –15 m, then its position at t = 2s
will be x=
(A) –5 m (B) 5 m (C) 10 m (D) 15 m
8. The maximum displacement of the particle is
(A) 33.3 m (B) 23.3 m (C) 18.3 m (D) zero
9. The total distance travelled by the particle is
(A) 66.6 m (B) 51.6 m (C) zero (D) 36.6 m
10. The correct acceleration-time graph of the particle is shown as
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
11. The correct displacement-time graph of the particle is shown as
(A) (B) (C) (D)
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COMPREHENSION – 3
The distance from A to B is l. A plane files at constant speed v relative to air
along straight line from A to B and then back from B to A. Calculate the total
time taken for this round trip, if a wind is blowing in three directions with
velocity u. The direction of wind for the three cases is given below.
12. Along the line from A to B
2l 2l 2l 2l
(A) 2
(B) (C) (D)
2u u2 u2
u2
v 1 2 v 1 2 v 1 v 1
v v v2 v2
13. Perpendicular to line AB,
2l 2l 2l 2l
(A) 2
(B) (C) (D)
u u2 u2
u2
v 1 2 v 1 2 v 1 v 1
v v v2 v2
14. At an angle to line AB
u2 u2
2l 1 2 sin 2 1 2 cos2
v 2l v
(A) (B)
u2 v u2
v 1 2 1 2
v v
u u2
cos 2 1
2l 2l v2
(C) v 2 (D)
v u v u2
1 2 1 2 sin 2
v v
COMPREHENSION – 4
A train is travelling on a straight horizontal track with a constant acceleration
of 2 m/s2 across a bridge over a river. When the velocity of the train is 25 m/s,
a man inside one of the cars throws a stone horizontally out of a window in a
direction perpendicular to direction of motion of the train with a speed of 5
m/s relative to himself. In the absence of air resistance the stone hits the water
at point P, 40 m in horizontal direction from track, as shown in the figure.
Consider point of projection as origin and Cartesian co – ordinate system as
shown in figure.
[Take g = 10 m/s 2 ].
25 m / s , 2 m / s 2
z
5m / s 40 m
x
P
y
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15. The coordinates of point P are :
(A) ( 200 m , 0, 320 m) (B) ( 200 m , 40m , 320 m )
(C) ( 40 m , 200m , 640 m) (D) ( 264 m , 0 , 0 )
16. At the instant when the stone hits the water, the coordinates of the car window
from which stone is projected is :
(A) ( 264 m , 0 , 0 ) (B) ( 40 m , 0 , 0 )
(C) ( 200 m , 0 , 0 ) (D) ( 200 m , 0 , 320 m )
17. If air resistance is not negligible and it exerts a constant force on stone, due to
which the acceleration imparted to stone is a 5i j , then the coordinates of
the point where the stone hits the water in this case are :
(A) ( 40 m , 200 m , 640 m) (B) ( 40 m , 40 m , 320 m)
(C) ( 40 m , 40 m , 640 m) (D) ( 40 m , 8m , 320 m)
MATCH LIST – 1
The velocity – time graph of a particle moving along X – axis is shown in the
figure. Match the entries of Column I with entries of Column – II .
v
C
B
D t
A
Column – I Column – II
(A) For AB , particle is (P) moving in +ve x – direction with an increasing speed
(B) For BC , particle is (Q) moving in +ve x – direction with a decreasing speed
(C) For CD, particle is (R) moving in –ve x – direction with an increasing speed
(D) For DE, particle is (S) moving in – ve x – direction ith a decreasing speed
MATCH LIST – 2
Column (I) shows the position - time graph of the particle moving along x- axis
.
Column – I Column – II
x
(P) Accelerating
A B
(Q) Decelerating
C D (R) Speeding up
t (S) Slowing down
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EXERCISE - 4
1. A train starts from rest and moves with a constant acceleration for the first 1
km. For the next 3 km, it has a constant velocity and for the last 2 km, it moves
with constant retardation to come to rest after a total time of motion of 10 min.
Find the maximum velocity and the three time intervals in the three types of
motion.
2. Two cars are moving in the same direction with the same speed of 30
km/hr. They are separated by 5 km. What is the speed of a car moving
in the opposite direction if it meets these two cars at an interval of 4
minutes?
3. A thief on a bike moving with uniform velocity passes a stationary policeman
who is hiding behind a bill board with a motorcycle. After a 2.0 sec. delay
(reaction time) the policeman accelerates to his maximum speed of 150 km/hr
in 12sec. The policeman moves with uniform speed of 150 km/hr from this
instant onwards and catches up with the thief 1.5 km beyond the billboard.
Find the speed of the thief in km/hr.
4. A truck travelling along a straight road with a constant speed of 72
km/hr passes a car at time t = 0 moving much slower. At the instant
the truck passes the car, the car starts accelerating with constant
acceleration 1m/s 2 and overtakes the truck 0.6km further down the
road. The car moves with uniform velocity from this instant onwards.
Find the distance between them at time t = 50 sec.
5. A particle moves along a straight line such that its position x changes with time
as :
12x = 4t 3 - 15t 2 + 12t + 6 , where x is in m and t in sec. Find the distance covered by
it at the end of t = 2 s.
3
6. The instantaneous velocity ‘v’ of a particle at time t is given by v = 4t – 2t + 1
where t is in sec and v in cm/s. Find the average velocity of the particle during
the 3rd second.
7. Two swimmers leave point A on one bank of the river to reach point B which is
directly opposite A on the other bank. One of them crosses the river along the
straight line AB while the other swims at right angles to the stream and then
walks the distance that he has been carried away by the stream to get to point
B. Find the velocity (u) with which the man should walk if both swimmers
reached the destination simultaneously? The stream velocity is 2 km/hr and the
velocity of each swimmer with respect to water equals 2.5 km/hr.
8. A shell is fired from a point O at an angle of 60º with the horizontal with a
speed of 40m/s. It strikes a horizontal plane through O, at a point A. The gun is
fired a second time with the same angle of elevation as before but a different
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speed v. The target starts to rise vertically upward from A with a constant
speed 9 3 m / s at the same instant as the shell is fired. If the shell strikes the
target, find v(take g = 10m/s 2 )
9. A particle is projected vertically upwards from the top of a tower and strikes
the ground in 5 s. The average velocity during its motion is 5 m/s. Find the
average speed of the particle. (Take g 10 m / s 2 )
10. A particle is projected with a velocity of 29.4m/s at an angle of 60º to the
horizontal from the bottom of an inclined plane of angle 300 to horizontal. Find
the range of the particle up the incline. (Take g = 9.8 m/s2)
P
11. Determine the velocity with which a stone must be u
projected horizontally from a point P, so that it may hit
h
the inclined plane perpendicularly. The inclination of
the plane with the horizontal is and P is h meter
vertically above the foot of the incline as shown in the figure.
12. A projectile is projected from the base of a hill whose shape is that of right
circular cone, whose axis is vertical. The projectile grazes the vertex and
strikes the hill again at a point on the base. If be the semi – vertical angle of
the cone, h its height, u the initial speed of projection and the angle of
projection, show that
2
gh 4 tan 2
(i) tan = 2 cot (ii) u
2
13. A particle is projected from O at an angle with the horizontal. After t seconds
it has an elevation as seen from the point of projection. Prove that its initial
gt cos
velocity is
2sin
14. At the initial moment two particles are located at one point at an elevated
position and move with velocities 3m/s and 4m/s horizontally in opposite
directions. Find the distance between the particles at the moment when their
velocity vectors become mutually perpendicular. g 10 m s
2
15. A body falling freely from a given height ‘H’ hits an inclined plane in its path at
a height ‘h’. As a result of this impact the direction of the velocity of the body
becomes horizontal. For what value of (h/H) will the body
V(m/s)
take maximum time to reach the ground?
15
16. The v-s graph describing the motion of a motorcycle is
3
shown in figure. Construct the a-s graph of the motion and
determine the time needed for the motorcycle to reach the 60 120 S(m)
position s=120m. Given ln5 =1.6.
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17. A jet plane starts from rest at s=0 and is subjected to acceleration as shown in
figure. Determine the speed of the plane when it has travelled 60m.
Previous IIT - JEE Problems
1. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate for sometime after which it
decelerates at a constant rate to come to rest. If the total time lapse is t
seconds, evaluate (a) the maximum velocity reached and (b) the total distance
travelled. [1978 ]
2. The displacement (x) of a particle moving in one dimension, under the action of
a constant force is related to the time t by the equation t x 3 , where x is in
metres and t is in seconds. Find the displacement of the particle when its
velocity is zero. [1979 ]
3. A man standing on the edge of cliff throws a stone straight up with speed u and
then throws another stone straight down with the same intial speed u from the
same position. Find the ratio of speeds, the stone would have attained when
they hit the ground at the base of the cliff?
4. A particle is moving east - wards with a velocity of 5m/sec. In 10 seconds the
velocity changes to 5 m/sec northward. The average acceleration in this time is
1
(a) zero (b) m / sec 2 towards north-west
2
1 1
(c) m / s 2 towards north-east (d) m / sec 2 towards north
2 2
5. Two balls of different masses are thrown vertically upwards with the same
speed. They pass through the point of projection in their downward motion
with the same speed (neglect air resistance). [T/F] [1983]
6. On a frictionless horizontal surface, assumed to be the A
x-y plane, y
a small trolley A is moving along a straight line
parallel to the y-axis (see figure) with a constant
velocity of
3 1 m / s . At a particular instant, when
45o
line OA makes an angle of 45o with the x-axis, a ball is O
x
thrown along the surface from the origin O. Its
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velocity makes an angle with the x-axis and hits the trolley.
(a) The motion of the ball is observed from the frame of the trolley. Calculate
the angle made by the velocity vector of the ball with the x - axis in this frame.
4
(b) Find the speed of the ball with respect to the surface if . [ 2002]
3
7. A body starts from rest at time t = 0, the acceleration time a
10m/s
graph is shown in the figure. The maximum velocity
attained by the body will be: [2004]
(a) 110 m/s (b) 55 m/s (c) 650 m/s(d) 550 m/s
t(s)
11
8. The velocity displacement graph of a particle moving
v0
along a
straight line is shown. The most suitable acceleration-
displacement graph will be: [2005]
(a) (b)
x0
(c) (d)
9. Two guns, situated on the top of a hill of height 10 m, fire one shot each with
the same speed 5 3 ms 1 at some interval of time. One gun fires horizontally and
other fires upwards at an angle of 60º with the horizontal. The shots collide in
air at a point P. Find (a) the time-interval between the firings, and (b) the
coordinates of the point P. Take origin of the coordinate system at the foot of
the hill right below the muzzle and trajectories in x-y plane.
[IIT – 95]
10. A large, heavy box is sliding without friction down a
smooth plane of inclination . From a point P on the P Q
bottom of the box, a particle is projected inside the
box. The initial speed of the particle with respect to
the box is u, and the direction of projection makes an
angle with the bottom, as seen by an observer
inside the box, as shown in figure.
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(a) Find the distance along the bottom of the box between the point of
projection P and the point Q where the particle lands. (Assume that the particle
does not hit any other surface of the
box. Neglect air resistance)
(b) If the horizontal displacement of the particle as seen by an observer on the
ground is zero,
find the speed of the box with respect to the ground at the instant when
particle was projected.
[IIT - 98]
11. An object A is kept fixed at the point x = 3 m and y = 1.25
A
y
m on a plank P raised above the ground. At time t = 0 1 .25 m
P
the plank starts moving along the + x direction with an
acceleration 1.5 m/s2. At the same instant a stone is
projected from the origin with a velocity u as shown. A u
O 3m x
stationary person on the ground observes the stone
hitting the object during its downwards motion at an angle of 45º to the
horizontal. All the motions are in x-y plane. Find u and the time after which the
stone hits the object. Take g = 10 m/s2.
[IIT – JEE 2000]
ANSWER KEY
Exercise – 1
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (B) 7. (A)
8. (B) 9. (D) 10. (C) 11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (D)
15. (A) 16. (D) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (B) 20. (A)
21. (B) 22. (B) 23. (C) 24. (C)
Exercise – 2
1. (A, B, C, D) 2. (A, D) 3. (C) 4. (A, B, C) 5. (A, B, C)
6. (A, B, C) 7. (A, B, C, D) 8. (A, B, C, D) 9. (B, C)
10. (B, C) 11. (B, D) 12. (A, B, C, D)
Exercise – 3
Comprehension Type
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (A)
8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (A)
15. (B) 16. (A) 17. (D)
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Match List – 1
A – p: B – p: C – q: D – R
Match List – 2
A – q, s: B – p, r: C – p, r: D – q, s
Exercise – 4
1. (15 m/s, 133.33 s, 200 s, 266.67 s) 2. (45 km / hr,) 3. (122.7 km/hr)
4. (300 m) 5. (0.793 m) 6. (61 cm/s) 7. (3 km/hr)
2gh
8. (50 m/s) 9. (13 m/ s) 10. (58.8 m) 11.
2 cot 2
7 3 1
14. m 15.
5 2 16. 12.0s 17. 46.47 ms-1
Previous IIT – JEE Questions
t t 2
1. (a) (b) 2. displacement = 0 3. 1:1 4. B
2
5. T 6. (a) 450 (b) 2 m/s 7. B 8. A
u 2 sin 2 u cos
9. (i) 1 s . ; (ii) 5 3,5 10. (a)
g cos
, (b)
cos
11. u = 7.29 m.s, t = 1 s.
The IITian’s Hub I IIT/MEDICAL/FOUNDATION/OLYMPIAD 140
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