STRING

DATA TYPE
The most commonly used object in any project and in any programming language is String
only. Hence we should aware complete information about String data type.

What is String?
Any sequence of characters within either single quotes or double quotes is considered as a
String.

Syntax:
s = 'hello'
s ="world"

Note: In most of other languges like C, C++, Java, a single character with in single quotes
is treated as char data type value. But in Python we are not having char data type.Hence it
is treated as String only.

Eg:
>>> ch = 'a'
>>> type(ch)
<class 'str'>

How to define multi-line String Literals?

We can define multi-line String literals by using triple single or double quotes.

Eg:
>>> s = '''
welcome to
python”””

We can also use triple quotes to use single quotes or double quotes as symbol inside
String literal.

1) s = 'This is ' single quote symbol'  Invalid

2) s = 'This is \' single quote symbol'  Valid
3) s = "This is ' single quote symbol"  Valid
4) s = 'This is " double quotes symbol'  Valid
5) s = 'The "Python Notes" by 'hello' is very helpful'  Invalid
6) s = "The "Python Notes" by 'hello' is very helpful"  Invalid
7) s = 'The \"Python Notes\" by \'hello\' is very helpful'  Valid
8) s = '''The "Python Notes" by 'hello' is very helpful'''  Valid
 How to Access Characters of a String?
We can access characters of a string by using the following ways.
1) By using index
2) By using slice operator

1) Accessing Characters By using Index:

 Python supports both +ve and -ve Index.
 +ve Index means Left to Right (Forward Direction)
 -ve Index means Right to Left (Backward Direction)
Eg: s = 'hello'

1) >>> s='hello'
2) >>> s[0]
3) 'h’
4) >>> s[4]
5) '0'
6) >>> s[-1]
7) '0'
8) >>> s[10]
9) IndexError: string index out of range

Note: If we are trying to access characters of a string with out of range index then we will
get error saying: IndexError

Q) Write a Program to Accept some String from the Keyboard and display its
Characters by Index wise (both Positive and Negative Index)

test.py:

1) s=input("Enter Some String:")

2) i=0
3) for x in s:
4) print("The character present at positive index {} and at nEgative index {} is {}".fo
rmat(i,i-len(s),x))
5) i=i+1

Output: D:\python_classes>py test.py

Enter Some String:hello
The character present at positive index 0 and at nEgative index -5is h
The character present at positive index 1 and at nEgative index -4 is e
The character present at positive index 2 and at nEgative index -3 is l
The character present at positive index 3 and at nEgative index -2 is l
The character present at positive index 4 and at nEgative index -1 is 0
2) Accessing Characters by using Slice Operator:
 Syntax: s[bEginindex:endindex:step]

 Begin Index: From where we have to consider slice (substring)

 End Index: We have to terminate the slice (substring) at endindex-1
 Step: Incremented Value.

Note:
 If we are not specifying bEgin index then it will consider from bEginning of the string.
 If we are not specifying end index then it will consider up to end of the string.
 The default value for step is 1.

1) >>> s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"

2) >>> s[1:7:1]
3) 'earnin'
4) >>> s[1:7]
5) 'earnin'
6) >>> s[1:7:2]
7) 'eri'
8) >>> s[:7]
9) 'Learnin'
10) >>> s[7:]
11) 'g Python is very very easy!!!'
12) >>> s[::]
13) 'Learning Python is very very easy!!!'
14) >>> s[:]
15) 'Learning Python is very very easy!!!'
16) >>> s[::-1]
17) '!!!ysae yrev yrev si nohtyP gninraeL'

Behaviour of Slice Operator:

1) s[bEgin:end:step]
2) Step value can be either +ve or –ve
3) If +ve then it should be forward direction(left to right) and we have to consider bEgin
to end-1
4) If -ve then it should be backward direction (right to left) and we have to consider bEgin
to end+1.

***Note:
 In the backward direction if end value is -1 then result is always empty.
In the forward direction if end value is 0 then result is always empty.
In Forward Direction:
default value for bEgin: 0
default value for end: length of string
default value for step: +1

In Backward Direction:
default value for bEgin: -1
default value for end: -(length of string+1)

Note: Either forward or backward direction, we can take both +ve and -ve values for
bEgin and end index.

Slice Operator Case Study:

1) S = 'abcdefghij'
2) s[1:6:2]  'bdf'
3) s[::1]  'abcdefghij'
4) s[::-1]  'jihgfedcba'
5) s[3:7:-1]  ''
6) s[7:4:-1]  'hgf'
7) s[0:10000:1]  'abcdefghij'
8) s[-4:1:-1]  'gfedc'
9) s[-4:1:-2]  'gec'
10) s[5:0:1]  ''
11) s[9:0:0]  ValueError: slice step cannot be zero
12) s[0:-10:-1]  ''
13) s[0:-11:-1]  'a'
14) s[0:0:1]  ''
15) s[0:-9:-2]  ''
16) s[-5:-9:-2]  'fd'
17) s[10:-1:-1]  ''
18) s[10000:2:-1]  'jihgfed'

Note: Slice operator never raises IndexError

Mathematical Operators for String:

We can apply the following mathematical operators for Strings.
1) + operator for concatenation
2) * operator for repetition

 print("hello"+"world")  helloworld
 print("hello"*2)  hellohello
Note:
1) To use + operator for Strings, compulsory both arguments should be str type.
2) To use * operator for Strings, compulsory one argument should be str and other
argument should be int.

len() in-built Function:

We can use len() function to find the number of characters present in the string.
Eg:
s = 'hello'
print(len(s))  5

Q) Write a Program to access each Character of String in

Forward and Backward Direction by using while Loop?
1) s = "Learning Python is very easy !!!"
2) n = len(s)
3) i = 0
4) print("Forward direction")
5) while i<n:
6) print(s[i],end=' ')
7) i +=1
8) print("Backward direction")
9) i = -1
10) while i >= -n:
11) print(s[i],end=' ')
12) i = i-1

Alternative ways:
1) s = "Learning Python is very easy !!!"
2) print("Forward direction")
3) for i in s:
4) print(i,end=' ')
5) print("Forward direction")
6) for i in s[::]:
7) print(i,end=' ')
8)
9) print("Backward direction")
10) for i in s[::-1]:
11) print(i,end=' ')
Checking Membership:
We can check whether the character or string is the member of another string or not by
using in and not in operators

s = 'hello'
print('h' in s)  True
print('z' in s)  False

1) s = input("Enter main string:")

2) subs = input("Enter sub string:")
3) if subs in s:
4) print(subs,"is found in main string")
5) else:
6) print(subs,"is not found in main string")

Output:
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string: welcome to python
Enter sub string:python
durga is found in main string

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string:welcome to python
Enter sub string:hello
python is not found in main string

Comparison of Strings:
 We can use comparison operators (<, <=, >, >=) and equality operators (==, !=) for
strings.
 Comparison will be performed based on alphabetical order.

1) s1=input("Enter first string:")

2) s2=input("Enter Second string:")
3) if s1==s2:
4) print("Both strings are equal")
5) elif s1<s2:
6) print("First String is less than Second String")
7) else:
8) print("First String is greater than Second String")

Output:
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter first string:hello
 Enter Second string: hello
Both strings are equal

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter first string:hello
Enter Second string:welcome to python
First String is less than Second String

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter first string:welcome
Enter Second string:hello
First String is greater than Second String

Removing Spaces from the String:

We can use the following 3 methods

1) rstrip()  To remove spaces at right hand side

2) lstrip() To remove spaces at left hand side
3) strip()  To remove spaces both sides

Finding Substrings:
We can use the following 4 methods

For forward direction:

1) find()
2) index()

For backward direction:

1) rfind()
2) rindex()
find():
s.find(substring)
Returns index of first occurrence of the given substring. If it is not available then we will
get -1.

1) s="Learning Python is very easy"

2) print(s.find("Python")) #9
3) print(s.find("Java")) # -1
4) print(s.find("r"))#3
5) print(s.rfind("r"))#21

Note: By default find() method can search total string. We can also specify the
boundaries to search.

s.find(substring,bEgin,end)
It will always search from bEgin index to end-1 index.

1) s="welcometopython3"
2) print(s.find('0'))#4
3) print(s.find('p',7,15))#9
4) print(s.find('z',7,15))#-1

index():
index() method is exactly same as find() method except that if the specified substring is
not available then we will get ValueError.

1) s=input("Enter main string:")

2) subs=input("Enter sub string:")
3) try:
4) n=s.index(subs)
5) except ValueError:
6) print("substring not found")
7) else:
8) print("substring found")

Output:
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string:learning python is very easy
Enter sub string:python
substring found
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string:learning python is very easy
Enter sub string:java
substring not found

Q) Program to display all Positions of Substring in a given

Main String
1) s=input("Enter main string:")
2) subs=input("Enter sub string:")
3) flag=False
4) pos=-1
5) n=len(s)
6) while True:
7) pos=s.find(subs,pos+1,n)
8) if pos==-1:
9) break
10) print("Found at position",pos)
11) flag=True
12) if flag==False:
13) print("Not Found")

Output:
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string:abbababababacdefg
Enter sub string:a
Found at position 0
Found at position 3
Found at position 5
Found at position 7
Found at position 9
Found at position 11

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string:abbababababacdefg
Enter sub string:bb
Found at position 1

Counting substring in the given String:

We can find the number of occurrences of substring present in the given string by using
count() method.
1) s.count(substring)  It will search through out the string.
2) s.count(substring, bEgin, end)  It will search from bEgin index to end-1 index.
 1) s="abcabcabcabcadda"
2) print(s.count('a'))
3) print(s.count('ab'))
4) print(s.count('a',3,7))

Output:
6
4
2

Replacing a String with another String:

s.replace(oldstring, newstring)
inside s, every occurrence of old String will be replaced with new String.

Eg 1:
s = "Learning Python is very difficult"
s1 = s.replace("difficult","easy")
print(s1)

Output: Learning Python is very easy

Eg 2: All occurrences will be replaced

s = "ababababababab"
s1 = s.replace("a","b")
print(s1)

Output: bbbbbbbbbbbbbb

Splitting of Strings:
 We can split the given string according to specified seperator by using split() method.
 l = s.split(seperator)
 The default seperator is space. The return type of split() method is List.

1) s="hello world"
2) l=s.split()
3) for x in l:
4) print(x)

Output:
Hello
world
1) s="22-02-2018"
2) l=s.split('-')
3) for x in l:
4) print(x)
Output:
22
02
2018

Joining of Strings:
We can join a Group of Strings (List OR Tuple) wrt the given Seperator.
s = seperator.join(group of strings)

Eg 1:
t = ('sunny', 'bunny', 'chinny')
s = '-'.join(t)
print(s)

Output: sunny-bunny-chinny
Eg 2:
l = ['hyderabad', 'singapore', 'london', 'dubai']
s = ':'.join(l)
print(s)

Output: hyderabad:singapore:london:dubai

Changing Case of a String:

We can change case of a string by using the following 4 methods.

1) upper()  To convert all characters to upper case

2) lower()  To convert all characters to lower case
3) swapcase()  Converts all lower case characters to upper case and all upper case
characters to lower case
4) title()  To convert all character to title case. i.e first character in every word should
be upper case and all remaining characters should be in lower case.
5) capitalize()  Only first character will be converted to upper case and all remaining
characters can be converted to lower case

1) s = 'learning Python is very Easy'

2) print(s.upper())
3) print(s.lower())
4) print(s.swapcase())
5) print(s.title())
6) print(s.capitalize())

Output:
LEARNING PYTHON IS VERY EASY
learning python is very easy
LEARNING pYTHON IS VERY eASY
Learning Python Is Very Easy
Learning python is very easy

Checking Starting and Ending Part of the String:

Python contains the following methods for this purpose
1) s.startswith(substring)
2) s.endswith(substring)

1) s = 'learning Python is very easy'

2) print(s.startswith('learning'))
3) print(s.endswith('learning'))
4) print(s.endswith('easy'))
Output:
True
False
True

To Check Type of Characters Present in a String:

Python contains the following methods for this purpose.

1) isalnum(): Returns True if all characters are alphanumeric( a to z , A to Z ,0 to9 )

2) isalpha(): Returns True if all characters are only alphabet symbols(a to z,A to Z)
3) isdigit(): Returns True if all characters are digits only( 0 to 9)
4) islower(): Returns True if all characters are lower case alphabet symbols
5) isupper(): Returns True if all characters are upper case aplhabet symbols
6) istitle(): Returns True if string is in title case
7) isspace(): Returns True if string contains only spaces

Eg:
1) print('Hello786'.isalnum())  True
2) print('hello786'.isalpha())  False
3) print('hello'.isalpha())  True
4) print('hello'.isdigit())  False
5) print('786786'.isdigit())  True
6) print('abc'.islower())  True
7) print('Abc'.islower())  False
8) print('abc123'.islower())  True
9) print('ABC'.isupper())  True
10) print('Learning python is Easy'.istitle())  False
11) print('Learning Python Is Easy'.istitle())  True
12) print(' '.isspace())  True

Demo Program:

1) s=input("Enter any character:")

2) if s.isalnum():
3) print("Alpha Numeric Character")
4) if s.isalpha():
5) print("Alphabet character")
6) if s.islower():
7) print("Lower case alphabet character")
8) else:
9) print("Upper case alphabet character")
10) else:
11) print("it is a digit")
12) elif s.isspace():
 13) print("It is space character")
14) else:
15) print("Non Space Special Character")

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter any character:7
Alpha Numeric Character
it is a digit

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter any character:a
Alpha Numeric Character
Alphabet character
Lower case alphabet character

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter any character:$
Non Space Special Character

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter any character:A
Alpha Numeric Character
Alphabet character
Upper case alphabet character

Formatting the Strings:

We can format the strings with variable values by using replacement operator {} and
format() method.

1) name = 'aakash'
2) salary = 10000
3) age = 48
4) print("{} 's salary is {} and his age is {}".format(name,salary,age))
5) print("{0} 's salary is {1} and his age is {2}".format(name,salary,age))
6) print("{x} 's salary is {y} and his age is {z}".format(z=age,y=salary,x=name))

Output:
‘aakash 's salary is 10000 and his ageis48
aakash 's salary is 10000 and his age is48
aakash 's salary is 10000 and his age is 48
Important Programs regarding String Concept

Q1) Write a Program to Reverse the given String

Input:hello
output: olleh

1st Way:
1) s = input("Enter Some String:")
2) print(s[::-1])

2nd Way:
1) s = input("Enter Some String:")
2) print(''.join(reversed(s)))

3rd Way:
1) s = input("Enter Some String:")
2) i=len(s)-1
3) target=''
4) while i>=0:
5) target=target+s[i]
6) i=i-1
7) print(target)

Q2) Program to Reverse Order of Words

Input: Learning Python is very Easy
Output: Easy Very is Python Learning

1) s=input("Enter Some String:")

2) l=s.split()
3) l1=[]
4) i=len(l)-1
5) while i>=0:
6) l1.append(l[i])
7) i=i-1
8) output=' '.join(l1)
9) print(output)

Output: Enter Some String: Learning Python is very easy!!

easy!! very is Python Learning
Q3) Write a Program to Print Characters at Odd Position and
Even Position for the given String?

1st Way:
s = input("Enter Some String:")
print("Characters at Even Position:",s[0::2])
print("Characters at Odd Position:",s[1::2])

2nd Way:
1) s=input("Enter Some String:")
2) i=0
3) print("Characters at Even Position:")
4) while i< len(s):
5) print(s[i],end=',')
6) i=i+2
7) print()
8) print("Characters at Odd Position:")
9) i=1
10) while i< len(s):
11) print(s[i],end=',')
12) i=i+2
Q4) Program to Merge Characters of 2 Strings into a Single
String by taking Characters alternatively
1) s1=input("Enter First String:")
2) s2=input("Enter Second String:")
3) output=''”
4) i,j=0,0
5) while i<len(s1) or j<len(s2):
6) if i<len(s1):
7) output=output+s1[i]
8) i+=1
9) if j<len(s2):
10) output=output+s2[j]
11) j+=1
12) print(output)

Output:
Enter First String:hello
Enter Second String:world
hweolrllod

Q6) Write a Program to Sort the Characters of the String and

First Alphabet Symbols followed by Numeric Values
Input: B4A1D3
Output: ABD134

1) s=input("Enter Some String:")

2) s1=s2=output=''”
3) for x in s:
4) if x.isalpha():
5) s1=s1+x
6) else:
7) s2=s2+x
8) for x in sorted(s1):
9) output=output+x
10) for x in sorted(s2):
11) output=output+x
12) print(output)
Q9) Write a Program to Remove Duplicate Characters from
the given Input String?
Input: ABCDABBCDABBBCCCDDEEEF
Output: ABCDEF

1) s = input("Enter Some String:")

2) l=[]
3) for x in s:
4) if x not in l:
5) l.append(x)
6) output=''.join(l)
7) print(output)
Q10) Write a Program to find the Number of Occurrences of
each Character present in the given String?
Input: ABCABCABBCDE
Output: A-3,B-4,C-3,D-1,E-1

1) s=input("Enter the Some String:")

2) d={}
3) for x in s:
4) if x in d.keys():
5) d[x]=d[x]+1
6) else:
7) d[x]=1
8) for k,v in d.items():
9) print("{} = {} Times".format(k,v))

Q11) Write a Program to perform the following Task?

Input: 'one two three four five six seven'
Output: 'one owt three ruof five xis seven'

1) s = input('Enter Some String:')

2) l = s.split()
3) l1 = []
4) i = 0
5) while i<len(l):
6) if i%2==0:
7) l1.append(l[i])
8) else:
9) l1.append(l[i][::-1])
10) i=i+1
11) output=' '.join(l1)
12) print('Original String:',s)
13) print('output String:',output)

Output:
D:\durgaclasses>py test.py
Enter Some String:one two three four five six seven
Original String: one two three four five six seven
output String: one owt three ruof five xis seven
Formatting the Strings:
֍ We can format the strings with variable values by using replacement operator {} and
format() method.
֍ The main objective of format() method to format string into meaningful output form.

Case- 1: Basic formatting for default, positional and keyword arguments

1) name = 'ankit'
2) salary = 10000
3) age = 48
4) print("{} 's salary is {} and his age is {}".format(name,salary,age))
5) print("{0} 's salary is {1} and his age is {2}".format(name,salary,age))
6) print("{x} 's salary is {y} and his age is {z}".format(z=age,y=salary,x=name))

Output:
ankit 's salary is 10000 and his age is 48
ankit 's salary is 10000 and his age is 48
ankit 's salary is 10000 and his age is 48

Case-2: Formatting Numbers

d  Decimal IntEger
f  Fixed point number(float).The default precision is 6
b  Binary format
o  Octal Format
x  Hexa Decimal Format (Lower case)
X  Hexa Decimal Format (Upper case)

Eg-1:

1) print("The intEger number is: {}".format(123))

2) print("The intEger number is: {:d}".format(123))
3) print("The intEger number is: {:5d}".format(123))
4) print("The intEger number is: {:05d}".format(123))

Output:
The intEger number is: 123
The intEger number is: 123
The intEger number is: 123
The intEger number is: 00123
Eg-2:

1) print("The float number is: {}".format(123.4567))

2) print("The float number is: {:f}".format(123.4567))
3) print("The float number is: {:8.3f}".format(123.4567))
4) print("The float number is: {:08.3f}".format(123.4567))
5) print("The float number is: {:08.3f}".format(123.45))
6) print("The float number is: {:08.3f}".format(786786123.45))

Output:
The float number is: 123.4567
The float number is: 123.456700
The float number is: 123.457
The float number is: 0123.457
The float number is: 0123.450
The float number is: 786786123.450

Note:
֍ {:08.3f}
֍ Total positions should be minimum 8.
֍ After decimal point exactly 3 digits are allowed.If it is less then 0s will be placed in the
last positions
֍ If total number is < 8 positions then 0 will be placed in MSBs
֍ If total number is >8 positions then all intEgral digits will be considered.
֍ The extra digits we can take only 0

Note: For numbers default alignment is Right Alignment (>)

Eg-3: Print Decimal value in binary, octal and hexadecimal form

1) print("Binary Form:{0:b}".format(153))
2) print("Octal Form:{0:o}".format(153))
3) print("Hexa decimal Form:{0:x}".format(154))
4) print("Hexa decimal Form:{0:X}".format(154))

Output:
Binary Form:10011001
Octal Form:231
Hexa decimal Form:9a
Hexa decimal Form:9A

Note: We can represent only int values in binary, octal and hexadecimal and it is not
possible for float values.
Note:
1) {:5d} It takes an intEger argument and assigns a minimum width of 5.
2) {:8.3f} It takes a float argument and assigns a minimum width of 8 including "." and
after decimal point excatly 3 digits are allowed with round operation if required
3) {:05d} The blank places can be filled with 0. In this place only 0 allowed.

Case-3: Number formatting for signed numbers

֍ While displaying positive numbers,if we want to include + then we have to write
{:+d} and {:+f}
֍ Using plus for -ve numbers there is no use and for -ve numbers - sign will come
automatically.

1) print("int value with sign:{:+d}".format(123))

2) print("int value with sign:{:+d}".format(-123))
3) print("float value with sign:{:+f}".format(123.456))
4) print("float value with sign:{:+f}".format(-123.456))

Output:
int value with sign:+123
int value with sign:-123
float value with sign:+123.456000
float value with sign:-123.456000

Case-4: Number formatting with alignment

֍ <, >, ^ and = are used for alignment

֍ <  Left Alignment to the remaining space
֍ ^  Center alignment to the remaining space
֍ >  Right alignment to the remaining space
֍ =  Forces the signed(+) (-) to the left most position

Note: Default Alignment for numbers is Right Alignment.

Ex:

1) print("{:5d}".format(12))
2) print("{:<5d}".format(12))
3) print("{:<05d}".format(12))
4) print("{:>5d}".format(12))
5) print("{:>05d}".format(12))
6) print("{:^5d}".format(12))
7) print("{:=5d}".format(-12))
8) print("{:^10.3f}".format(12.23456))
9) print("{:=8.3f}".format(-12.23456))
Output:
12
12
12000
12
00012
12
-12
12.235
- 12.235