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ABOUT ME

ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS
AND TESTING TECHNIQUES

Practical Exercises:

1. Find the static characteristics of

analog voltmeter/ Multimeter.

Circuit diagram to measure the Static

Characteristics of voltmeter:

Accuracy:

Procedure to find the accuracy (with

respect to true value) of Voltmeter:

1. Connect a Regulated Power Supply (RPS)

across a 1KΩ resistor.
2. Connect an Analog Voltmeter across the
resistor.
3. Set the voltage to 10V in the RPS (True
value).
4. Read the voltage in the voltmeter.
5. Find the Error and Accuracy using the
following formulas.

Precision:

Procedure to find the Precision (with

respect to true value) of Voltmeter:

1. Set the voltage to 10V in the RPS (True

value).
2. Read the voltage in the voltmeter.
3. Tabulate the True value and measured
value.
4. Set the RPS voltage to 0.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4, FIVE times.
6. Calculate the Average value (Mean),
Absolute deviation, Average deviation and
Precision as per the below tabular column.

2a. Identify the errors and do the

calibration for setting up an analog
Multimeter before performing
measurement.

Multimeter Specifications:

MAKE: MOTWANE MANUFACTURING

COMPANY PRIVATE LIMITED, Nasik Road,
Maharashtra.
MODEL: 8X MARK III

Operation of instrument:

Most of the analog meters are intended for

use horizontally.
If the pointer on the panel is not ZERO,
adjust the screw head on the panel to
make it ZERO.

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT:

Before making resistance tests the pointer must be

adjusted to zero in the following sequence.

1. Set left-hand switch to ‘RESISTANCE’

mode.
2. Set the right-hand switch to the required
resistance range i.e., Ω, Ω ÷ 100 or Ω ×
100.
3. Join the leads together.
4. On the Ω range, adjust to zero by rotating
the knob marked as ‘ZERO Ω’.
5. On the Ω ÷ 100 range, adjust to zero by
rotating the knob marked as ‘ZERO Ω ÷
100’.
6. On the Ω × 100 range, adjust to zero by
rotating the knob marked as ‘ZERO Ω ×
100’.
7. To test a resistance, set the right-hand
switch to the range required, and connect
the leads across the unknown component.

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT:

1. To measure voltage, it is necessary to set

the appropriate range of ‘A.C.’ or ‘D.C.’.
2. Set the instrument to the suitable voltage
range (i.e., 2.5V, 10V, 25V, 100V, 250V, or
1000V).
3. If the expected magnitude of the voltage
value is unknown, then set the instrument
to the highest range (i.e., 1000V).
4. Connect the leads across the source of
voltage to be measured.
5. If the volage to be measured is smaller
than 1000V, rotate the selector switch, to
decrease the ranges step by step, until the
most suitable range has been selected.

CURRENT MEASUREMENT:

1. To measure the current, the instrument

should be set to a suitable A.C. or D.C.
range.
2. Set the instrument to the suitable current
range (i.e., 50µA, 250µA, 1mA, 10mA,
100mA, 1A or 10A).
3. If the expected magnitude of the current
value is unknown, then set the instrument
to the highest range (i.e., 10A).
4. Connect the meter in series with circuit
component through which the current is to
be measured.
5. If the current to be measured is smaller
than 10A, rotate the selector switch, to
decrease the ranges step by step, until the
most suitable range has been selected.

2b. Troubleshoot and service the

Digital trainer kits.

Troubleshooting of Digital IC Trainer:

1. Keep the trainer kit in a clean

environment. This will help to prevent
possible contamination.
2. First learn how the equipment is supposed
to operate by reading the technical
documentation or manual.
3. Visually check for any physical damage to
the kit.
4. Check the input voltage at the power cord
of the kit.
5. Switch ON the kit and measure all the
output voltage levels as per the
specification of the kit.
6. Check the toggle switches, pins,
connectors and LEDs.
7. Observe the ZIF IC sockets for any
damage, bent or burnt condition.
8. If the kit is not turning ON, switch OFF
and remove power cord from the mains.
9. Check the FUSE on the kit. If burnt or
open replace it with new one.
10. If the FUSE is in good condition, follow the
below steps.
11. Remove the screws from the sides of the
housing and remove housing.
12. Remove any dust using optical grade dry
compressed air or clean with brush.
13. Visually inspect for solder bridges, dry
joints, signs of damage, missing
components etc.
14. Inspect for any loose wires and
connectors, incorrectly seated devices etc.
15. Check the connectivity using multimeter.
16. Cold check all the components for its
correctness.
17. Screw up the kit with housing case and
switch ON.
18. If kit starts working as expected, then all
minor repair is done.
19. If not working then it is a major problem
and call the vendor or customer care.

3a. Build a Wheatstone bridge to

find unknown resistance
resistance.

Circuit diagram:

Component values:

V= 5 Volts, R1 = 10KΩ, R2=10KΩ, R3= 10KΩ or

5KΩ potentiometer, R4 = Unknown resistor
(2.2KΩ, 3.3KΩ, 4.7KΩ).

Procedure:

1. Build the circuit as shown in circuit

diagram and switch ON the DC supply.
2. Adjust the variable resistor R3
(potentiometer) to get a “Null” (ZERO)
reading on the galvanometer.
3. Once the Null reading is found, switch off
the supply and remove potentiometer R3
from the circuit and measure the
resistance value using a Multimeter.
4. Substitute the value of R3 in the formula
given below and calculate the value of
unknown resistance R4.

3b. Construct a circuit to measure

AC voltage by voltage divider
method.
Circuit diagram:

Measurements:

4a. Video demonstration and

documentation on multifunction
meter used for measuring any
electrical parameter.

2/7

A Multifunction energy meter monitors and

measures all the electrical parameters such as
voltage, active power, apparent power, current,
power factor, reactive power, Active energy, phase
angle and so on. This machine is particularly used
in cases where exact, accurate, and reliable
measurement is required.

1. A multifunction energy meter is widely

used in the industry sector. It is widely
used for motor control centers, control
panels, power distribution panels etc.
2. It helps in reducing energy cost by
constant monitoring and tracking energy
consumption.
3. A multifunction energy meter can also be
a hand-held device that can be used for
basic fault-findings in the electrical
system. It can also be a bench instrument
which can ensure a high degree of
accuracy in its calculation.
4. These are helpful in troubleshooting a
wide range of electrical problems such as
for domestic appliances, electronic
equipment used in the industry, power
supplies, motor controls and the wiring
system etc.

Measurement of Electrical parameters for

different loads:

*More details Here !

*Link to purchase the Digital

Multifunction Meter Here!

4b. Calibrate a load cell to measure

the weight of any object.

Front panel of LOADCELL Trainer Kit:

Wiring diagram:

Calibration Setup and Procedure:

Step 1: With “NO” load on the loadcell, rotate the

“ZERO” adjustment knob and set the display to
zero.

· · ·
Step 2: Place the known standard 500 gram
(0.5Kg) weight on the loadcell and rotate the
“CAL” calibration knob if the display does not
show the exact value.

· · ·
Step 3: Place another 0.5Kg standard weight on
the load cell and set the display to show 1Kg.

· · ·
Step 4: Place the 200gram (0.2Kg) standard
weight on the loadcell and adjust the display to
show exact 1.2 Kg. Now the setup is ready to
measure any weight between 0 to 10 Kg.

5a. Build a temperature sensor

circuit using a thermistor.

Circuit diagram:

Pin diagram of IC 741 Operational

Amplifier:

Procedure:

1. Build the circuit as per the circuit diagram

and switch ON the 5 Volts supply.
2. Using a Digital Multimeter measure the
voltage V1 on the pin number 3 of the IC
741 Operational amplifier with respect to
ground. (Approximately 3 Volts)
3. Measure the voltage V2 on pin number 2
of the IC 741 Operational amplifier with
respect to ground.
4. Adjust the 1 KΩ potentiometer and set the
voltage V2 so that voltage V2 is less than
V1 by 0.5 Volts. (i.e., V2 is approximately
2.5 Volts)
5. Observe that the LED on the pin number 6
is turned OFF.
6. Bring the heated object like soldering iron
near to the thermistor and observe the
increase in voltage V2.
7. When the voltage V2 is greater than V1
observe that LED turns ON.
8. Hence the circuit detects the hot
temperature of the heated object.

5b. Build a simple application using

position/proximity sensor.

Circuit diagram:

Sensor specifications:

Image of the sensor:

The link to purchase the sensor: Link

Procedure:

1. Build the circuit as per the circuit diagram

and switch ON the 12 Volts supply.
2. Bring any Metallic object near to the
Proximity sensor.
3. When the Metallic object is within the
sensing range, (distance less than 8 mm)
the sensor detects the metal object and
the LED turns ON.
4. When the Metallic object is moved away
from the sensing range the LED turns OFF.
5. Hence this application detects the
presence or position of the metallic object.

6a. Construct a circuit to verify KVL

and measure voltages using analog
voltmeter.

Circuit diagram:

Tabular column:

6b. Construct a circuit to verify KCL

and measure currents using analog
ammeter.

Circuit diagram:

Tabular column:

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