1.

Large wind turbines with a power capacity of 8 MW and blade span diameters of over
160 m are available for electric power generation. Consider a wind turbine with a blade
span diameter of 100 m installed at a site subjected to steady winds at 8 m/s. Taking the
overall efficiency of the wind turbine to be 48 percent and the air density to be 1.25
kg/m3, determine;
a. The electric power generated by this wind turbine.
b. Also, assuming steady winds of 8 m/s during a 24-hour period, determine the
amount of electric energy and
c. The revenue generated per day for a unit price of $0.09/kWh for electricity.
Solution
a) The electric power generated is determined from the efficiency, the area of the blade and
the velocity of the wind;
1˙ 3
Pw = C p ρ A v
2

1 ˙ π D2 3
Pw = C p ρ v
2 4

1 ˙ π (100 m )
2
3
Pw = × 0.48 ×1.25 kg /m3 × × ( 8 m/s )
2 4
Pw =804 kW

b) The energy produced in a day is determined from the power production of the blades;
Eday =Pw t

Eday =804 kW ×24 h

Eday =19296 kWh

c) The daily revenue is determined from the unit cost and the daily energy production;
Rday =E day P unit

Rday =19296 kWh × $ 0.09/kWh

Rday =$ 1736.64

Wind at atmospheric pressure and 150C has a speed of 10m/s. a 10m diameter wind turbine is operating
at 5rpm with maximum efficiency of 40%.

i) The total power density of wind stream

ii) The maximum power density
iii) The actual power density
iv) The power output of the turbine and
v) The axial thrust on the turbine structure.

Solution

i) Total power density

1 3
Ptd = ρ u
2

1 3 3
Ptd = × 1.226 kg /m × ( 10 m/s )
2
2
Ptd =613W /m
ii) Maximum power density
Pmax 1 3
Pmax d= = C p ρu
A 2
P max 1 16 3
Pmaxd = = × ρu
A 2 27

P max 8 3
Pmaxd = = ρu
A 27
8 3
Pmaxd = ×1.226 × 10
27

2
Pmaxd =363 W /m
iii) Actual power density
Pad =efficiency ×total power density

2
Pad =0.4 × 613W /m

2
Pmaxd =245.2W /m
iv) Power output
Pout =actual power density × Area
2
πd
Pout =actual power density ×
4

2
π ( 10 )
Pout =245.2×
4

v) Axial thrust
2
1 2 8 πD
F axial = C T ρA u where CT = ∧ A=
2 9 4
2
1 8 πD 2
F axial = × ×1.226 × u
2 9 4
 π 2 2
F axial = × 1.226 × D u
9

π 2 2
F axial = × 1.226 × ( 10 m ) × (10 m/ s )
9
F axial =4277.4 N

3-86 The demand for electric power is usually much higher during the day
than it is at night, and utility companies often sell power at night at much
lower prices to encourage consumers to use the available power generation
capacity and to avoid building new expensive power plants that will be used
only a short time during peak periods. Utilities are also willing to purchase
power produced during the day from private parties at a high price. Suppose
a utility company is selling electric power for $0.05/kWh at night and is
willing to pay $0.12/kWh for power produced during the day. To take
advantage of this opportunity, an entrepreneur is considering building a
large reservoir 40 m above the lake level, pumping water from the lake to
the reservoir at night using cheap power, and letting the water flow from the
reservoir back to the lake during the day, producing power as the pump-
motor operates as a turbine-generator during reverse flow. Preliminary
analysis shows that a water flow rate of 2 m/s can be used in either direction.
The combined pump-motor and turbine-generator efficiencies are expected
to be 75 percent each. Disregarding the frictional losses in piping and
assuming the system operates for 10 h each in the pump and turbine modes
during a typical day, determine the potential revenue this pump- turbine
system can generate per year.

but instead of determining the potential revenue, assume: - the desired

revenue is $100,000/year - the pump-motor efficiency is 80%, and - the
turbine-generator efficiency is 60%. Find the maximum price the utility will
pay for power produced during the day if they charge $0.05/kWh.
Solution
case I:-
case Total power requested at night (for pump-motor)
Prequired =

exaflow Xgx Head (kir) - No * 1000 .PRequireed = toeex 2x9.81x40 = 1046.4

KW 0.75 X 1000 Energy Requiseed in a day (for Toh) .. Exequired = Required
& hour = 1046.4 X10 = 10464 Kein so; Total Expenditure in a day =
$0.05/kwh X 10464 (KWh) . - $ 523 Now, Total power produced at day
(turbine. They - Generated - 1 Leag Head ) kw
Penerated = 0.75.x t000X9.81X2X40 - 588.6 kW 10 Energy produced in a
day (for 10h) Eproduced = Parentes x howe = 588.6X10 =5886 kWh 1. So,
Total Income in a day : : - $ 0.12 X 5886 kWh = $706.32 so, Total Revenue in
a day = Income - Expenditure = $70632 - $523 = $183.32 . so I Total
potential Revenue in a year = $183.32 X365 = $66911.8 - Aug
Case II a - & but Instead but Instead of potential Revenue, .. Desired Revenue
is $100,000/year Revenue In one day = $100,000 - $273.9 365 day so, I due
C to pumping) Now. Total Expenditure In a day = $0.05 x / eQgx Head x
House) ( X Loo0 = $0.05 x/t000x 981% 2X40 x 490.5 Dogo XLO0o .
So, Total Required income in a day L =' Revenue In a day + Expenditulee =
$273.9 + $ 490.5 = $764.4 Now . Ho | Maximum Price Utility will pay for
Power - Total Income in a day - $164.4 Power Produced in a day (Max eggH
xhowe) E' $764.4 0.60 X 1000'X 2X 9.81X40 X10 Kw tooo = $0.162 /kwh