INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

Media refers to the combination of physical objects used to communicate or mass media
communication through physical objects, such as radio, television, computers,telephone,
mobile phone, film, etc.

Media literacy is understanding and using mass media in either an assertive or non
assertive way, including an informed and critical understanding of media, what techniques
they employ and their effect.

The ability to read, analyze , evaluate, and produce communication in a variety of media
forms, e.g. television, print, radio computer and other.

Information is a broad term that can cover data, knowledge derived from study,
experience,Or instruction, signals or symbols.

In the media world, information is often used to describe knowledge of specific events or
situations that has been gathered or receive by communication, intelligence or news.

Information Literacy refers to ability to recognize when information is needed to locate

,evaluate effectively use, and communicate information in its various formats.

Technology is defined as the science in industry, engineering etc., to invent useful things or
to solve problems. Through the years, it has galloped over different phases (For example,
from traditional telephones to smartphones, from paper books to

electronic books).

Technology literacy is the responsible means of using various technological tools in order
to meet one's goal in acquiring and giving the right information.

Media and Information Literacy

● Plays and important role in communication and information dissemination. Media and
Information will enable us to access, understand and create communications in a
variety of contexts in the form of accessing, understanding, and creating media and
information.
● act as channels of information and knowledge through which citizens communicate
with each other and make informed decisions,
● facilitate informed debates between diverse social actors.
● provide us with much of what we learn about the world beyond our immediate
experience.
● are means by which a society learns about itself and builds a sense of community.
● function as a watchdog of government in all its forms, promoting transparency in
public life and public scrutiny of those with power through exposing corruption,
misadministration and corporate mistakes.
● Are essential facilitators of democratic processes and one of the guarantors of free
and fair elections.
BASIC CONCEPTS

1. Media construct our culture. Our society and culture - even our perception of reality
— is shaped by the information and images we receive via the media.
2. Media messages affect our thoughts, attitudes and noves, pop music video games
and other media
1. “Media use the language of persuasion.” All media messages try to persuade us to
believe of do something. News, documentary films, and nontiction all claim to be
telling the truth.
2. Media construct fantasy worlds. Movies, TV shows and music videos sometimes
inspire people to do things that are unwise, anti-social or even dangerous.
3. No one tells the whole the story. Every media maker has its point of view. Every good
story highlights some story highlights some information and leaves out the rest.
4. Media messages contain text and subtexts. The text is the actual words, pictures, or
sounds in a media message. While, The subtext is the hidden and underlying
meaning of the message.
5. Media messages reflect the values and viewpoints of media maker. Our values and
viewpoints influence our choice of words, sounds and communicate through media.
6. Individuals construct their own meanings from media.Although media makers convey
specific messages, people receive and interpret them differently, based on their own
prior knowledge and experience, their values and their beliefs.
7. Media messages can be decoded. By “demonstrating” media we can figure out who
created the message, and why. We can identify the techniques of persuasion being
used and recognize how media makers are trying to influence us. We notice what
parts of the story are not being told, and how we can become better informed.
8. Media literate youth and adults are active consumers of Media. Media literacy helps
people consume with a critical eye, evaluating sources, intended purposes media
persuasion techniques and deeper meanings.

ARTICLE 19 OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS states that,

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression ; this right includes freedom to
hold opinions without interference and to receive and impart information and ideas through
any media and regardless of frontiers (United Nations,1948) MIL equips citizens with the
necessary competencies to seek and enjoy the full benefits of this fundamental right.

The Evolution of Traditional to New Media

Lesson 2: Media and Information

1. Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s)

People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with
stone, bronze, copper and iron.

Examples:

Papyrus In Egypt (2500BC)

First papyrus was only used in Egypt, but by about 1000 BC people all over West Asia
began buying papyrus from Egypt and using it, since it was much more convenient than clay
tablets(less breakable, and not as heavy!). People made papyrus in small sheets and then
glued the sheets together to make big pieces.

Cave Paintings (35,000BC)

In prehistoric art, the term "cave paintings" encompasses any parietal art which involves the
application of colour pigments on the walls, floors or ceilings of ancient rock shelters. A
monochrome cave paintings is a picture made with only one colour (usually black)-see, for
instance, the monochrome images at Chauvet

The Chauvet Cave is one of themost famous prehistoric rock art sites in the world. Located
in the Ardeche region of southern France, along the bank of the river Ardeche near the
Pont-d'Arc.

The Chauvet Cave is one of the most famous prehistoric rock art sites in the world.

Clay Tablets In Mesopotamia (2400BC)

In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian tuppu) were used as a writing medium,
especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age.
Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylus often made of reed
(reed pen).

Acta Diurna in Rome (130BC)

Acta Diurna (Latin: Daily Acts sometimes translated as Daily Public Records) were daily
Roman official notices, a sort of daily gazette. They were carved on stone or metal and
presented in message boards in public places like the Forum of Rome. They were also
called simply Acta History. The first form of Acta appeared around 131 BC during the Roman
Republic.

Dibao In China (2nd Century)

The Chinese "Dibao" is the earliest and oldest newspaper in the world

Codex In The Mayan Region (5th Century)

Maya codices (singular codex) are folding books written by the pre- Columbian Maya
civilization in Maya hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican bark cloth. The Maya developed
their huun-paper around the 5th century, which is roughly the same time that the codex
became predominant over the scroll in the Roman world.

2. Industrial Age (1700s-1930’s)

People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and
the manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press)

Telephone (1876)
Alexander Graham Bell's Large BoxTelephone, 1876. On March 7, 1876, Alexander Graham
Bell, scientist, inventor and innovator, received the first patent for an "apparatus for
transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically," a device he called the telephone. “Mr.
Watson, come here. I want to see you”

Typewriter (1800)

The first typewriter to be commercially successful was invented in 1868 by Americans

Christopher Latham Sholes, Frank Haven Hall, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule in
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, although Sholes soon disowned the machine and refused to use, or
even to recommend it.

Newspaper-The London Gazette (1640)

London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the
most important among such official journals in the United Kingdom, in which certain statutory
notices are required to be published. The London Gazette claims to be the oldest surviving
English newspaper.

Printing Press for mass production (19thCent)

A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print
medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. The printing press was
invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440,
based on existing screw presses.

Motion Pictures Photography/Projection (1890)

The history of film technology traces the development of film technology from the initial
development of "moving pictures" at the end of 19th century to the present time. Motion
pictures were initially exhibited as a fairground novelty and developed into one of the most
important tools of communication and entertainment in the 20th century. Major developments
in motion picture technology have included the adoption of synchronized motion picture
sound, color motion picture film, and the adoption of digital film technologies to replace
physical film stock at both ends of the production chain by digital image sensors and
projectors.

Chronophotography

Eadward Muybridge In 1878 and 1879 Muybridge shot photographic sequences of animals
in motion at the Palo Alto race track in California. In1881 he puplished a selection of the
results in a hand-made folio book of circa 15 copies entitled "The Attitudes of Animals in
Motion".

Commercial Motion Pictures w/ sound (1913)

A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled
to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound
films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before sound motion pictures were
made commercially practical. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early
sound-on-disc systems, and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate.
Innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures
using the technology, which took in 1923

Telegraph

Developed in the 1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse (1791-1872) and other inventors, the
telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication. It worked by transmitting electrical
signals over a wire laid between stations.

Punch Cards

The standard punched card, originally invented by Herman Hollerith, was first used for vital
statistics tabulation by the New York City Board of Health and several states. After this trial
use, punched cards were adopted for use in the 1890 census.

3. Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)

● The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age.

● People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic
circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance communication became
more etticient.

Transistor (1930)

The transistors ushered in electronic age and it led to the creation of other media tool

Television (1941)

Transistor Radio (1947)

A transistor radio is a small portable radio receiver that uses transistor-based circuitry.
Following their development in 1954, made possible by the invention of the transistor in
1947, they became the most popular electronic communication device in history.

OHP (PROJECTOR) (1950)

An overhead projector (OHP) is a variant of slide projector that is used to display images to
an audience.

UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computer) (1951)

UNIVAC 1 is a line of electronic digital stored-program computers starting with the products
of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Later the name was applied to a division of the
Remington Rand company and successor organizations.

Personal computers

Hewlett- Packard 9100A (1968) Hewlett packard 9100A is an early computer (or
programmable calculator),
Floppy Disk (1970) Floppy disk is a removable magnetic storage medium. This is used for
moving information between computers, laptops or other devices. Some early digital
cameras, electronic music instruments and older computer game consoles uses floppy disk

APPLE 1 (1976)

Apple Computer 1, also known later as the Apple I, or Apple-1, is a desktop computer
released by the Apple Computer Company in 1976. It was designed and hand-built by Steve
Wozniak. Wozniak's friend Steve Jobs had the idea of selling the computer.

WALKMAN (1980)

originally used for portable audio cassette players

4. Information Age (1900s-2000s)

The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network.
People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers,
mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are
digitalized. We are now living in the information age

Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer (1995)

NCSA Mosaic, or simply Mosaic, is the web browser that popularized the World Wide Web
and the Internet. It was also a client for earlier internet protocols such as File Transfer
Protocol, Network News Transfer Protocol, and Gopher. The browser was named for its
support of multiple internet protocols.

Internet Explorer (1995)

Internet Explorer(formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer,

commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) was a series of graphical web browsers (or, as of 2019, a
"compatibility solution") developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line
of operating systems, starting in 1995.

Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), Wordpress (2003)

A blog (a truncation of "weblog") " is a discussion or informational website published on the

World Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries (posts). Posts
are typically displayed in reverse chronological order, so that the most recent post appears
first, at the top of the web page. Until 2009, blogs were usually the work of a single
individual, citation needed occasionally of a small group, and often covered a single subject
or topic.

LiveJournal (1999)

LiveJournal is a Russian social networking service where users can keep a blog, journal or
diary. American programmer Brad Fitzpatrick started LiveJournal on April 15, 1999, as a way
of keeping his high school friends updated on his activities.In January 2005, American
blogging software company Six Apart purchased Danga Interactive, the company that
operated LiveJournal, from Fitzpatrick.

Wordpress (2003)

WordPress (WordPress.org) is a free and open-source content management system (CMS).

It is most associated with blogging but supports other types of web content including more
traditional mailing lists and forums, media galleries, and online stores. WordPress was
released on May 27, 2003, by its founders, Matt Mullenweg and Mike Little.

Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004)

Friendster was a social gaming site based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was originally a
social networking service website. Before Friendster was redesigned, the service allowed
users to contact other members, maintain those contacts, and share online content and
media with those contacts. The website was also used for dating and discovering new
events, bands and hobbies. Users could share videos, photos, messages and comments
with other members via profiles and networks.It is considered one of the original social
networks.

Multiply (2003) was a social networking service with an emphasis on allowing users to
share media - such as photos, videos and blog entries - with their "real-world" network.

On February 4, 2004, Mark Zuckerberg launched "Thefacebook" The social networking

service gradually expanded to the most universities in Canada and USA. On August, 2005,
the company dropped 'The' from its name, and on September 26, 2006, Facebook was
opened to everyone at least 13 years old with a valid email address.

Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)

Twitter is an American online news and social networking service on which users post and
interact with messages known as "tweets". Tweets were originally restricted to 140
characters, but on November 7, 2017, this limit was doubled to 280 for all languages except
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.

Video: YouTube (2005)

Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality

Video chat: Skype (2003), Google

Hangouts (2013)

Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995)

Portable computers- laptops (1980), netbooks (2008), tablets (1993)

NEW AGE (1900S TO 2000S)

SMART PHONES
WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

TYPES OF MEDIA

Media refers to the combination of physical objects used to communicate or mass media
communication through physical objects, such as radio, television, computers,

telephone, mobile phone, film, etc

PRINT MEDIA

● Books
● Newsletter
● Magazines
● Journals
● Other Printed Materials

BROADCAST MEDIA

● Radio
● Television
● Film

NEW MEDIA

● INTERNET