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Introduction To Quantum Computing

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Introduction To Quantum Computing

Uploaded by

fatsothepuppy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic: Introduction to Quantum Computing

Class Notes:

1. Basic Concepts in Quantum Computing:

 Quantum Bit (Qubit): The fundamental unit of quantum information, similar to a bit in classical
computing but can exist in multiple states simultaneously. Qubits utilize the principles of
superposition and entanglement.

 Superposition: Unlike classical bits that are either 0 or 1, qubits can be in a state of 0, 1, or both
at the same time. This allows for more complex computations.

 Entanglement: A unique property where pairs or groups of qubits are interdependent in such a
way that the state of one directly influences the state of another, regardless of the distance
between them.

2. Key Differences from Classical Computing:

 Data Representation: While classical computers use bits to represent data, quantum computers
use qubits, which can perform multiple calculations at once due to superposition.

 Speed and Efficiency: Quantum computers have the potential to solve certain types of complex
problems exponentially faster than classical computers, making them promising for fields like
cryptography, logistics, and pharmaceutical development.

3. Quantum Gates and Circuits:

 Quantum Gates: Analogous to logical gates in classical computing, but they manipulate qubits.
Common gates include:

o Pauli-X Gate (NOT Gate): Flips the state of a qubit.

o Hadamard Gate: Creates a superposition, putting a qubit in a state of 0 and 1


simultaneously.

o CNOT Gate: A controlled gate that flips the state of a second qubit if the first qubit is in
state 1.

 Quantum Circuits: A combination of quantum gates working in sequence to perform


computations. A circuit typically starts with an initial state, applies several gates, and ends with
a measurement of the qubits.
4. Measurement in Quantum Computing:

 When qubits are measured, they “collapse” from a superposition state to a definite state (0 or
1). This collapse is probabilistic, meaning measurements yield different results based on
quantum probabilities.

 Measurements impact the computation, as observing a quantum state can change it. This is
central to challenges in quantum error correction.

5. Applications of Quantum Computing:

 Cryptography: Quantum computers could break many current encryption techniques,


prompting interest in quantum-resistant algorithms.

 Drug Discovery and Material Science: Quantum simulations can model complex molecules and
reactions that classical computers struggle with, aiding pharmaceutical research.

 Optimization Problems: Quantum algorithms like Quantum Approximate Optimization


Algorithm (QAOA) are used to solve complex optimization problems in logistics and finance.

6. Quantum Algorithms:

 Shor's Algorithm: Used for integer factorization, which could break RSA encryption.

 Grover’s Algorithm: A search algorithm that can find an item in an unsorted database faster
than any classical algorithm.

7. Challenges and Limitations:

 Decoherence: Quantum states are delicate and can easily lose coherence due to environmental
factors, leading to computation errors.

 Error Correction: Developing reliable error correction methods is challenging but essential for
practical quantum computing.

 Scalability: Building large-scale quantum computers is difficult due to qubit stability and error
rates.
Reading Recommendation: Quantum Computing for Computer Scientists by Noson S. Yanofsky and
Mirco A. Mannucci for further understanding.

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