English Reviewer

What are Communicative Styles?

- It indicates the level of formality with which the person speaks.It is also how
individuals express themselves and respond to others in everyday conversations
and interactions.
What are the Characters of Effective Communication?
● Accurate
● Clear
● Appropriate in every situation
Remember :
The way you communicate has a big impact on how you get on with people and get the
things you want. Good communication skills can help you avoid conflict and solve
problems. They’re also important for making friends and having healthy relationships.
How do I communicate properly?
Public Voice
- I use my public voice when I am at school, at work, or at church with friends or
strangers.
Private Voice
- When I am with my friends
Types of Communicative Styles of Speech
Frozen
● known as fixed speech
● used in respectful situations or formal ceremonies
● avoid slang terms
Things to remember:
- Relationship : Handed down from generation to generation, or unchanged.
- Background : none needed
- Expectations : Language that rarely or never changes.
- Examples: Pledge of allegiance, prayers, laws, literacy pieces, The Bible
- Purpose: Ritualistic to create group unity and identity.
Consultative
● it is basically unplanned speech since the speaker uses the participation and
feedback of the listener
Things to remember :
- Relationship : Professional and academic discussion.
- Use with colleagues you respect
- May not have any past experience with that person.
- Background : Little background but varies.
- Expectations : Standard English with complete sentences and no slang.
 - Examples : Adults at work, teacher with student, speaking with the
doctor,Strangers interaction,professional emails
- Purpose : Exchange of professional information.
Casual
● Known as informal style
● usually used between,friends,or even insiders who have things to share
● there is a free and easy participation of both speaker and listener
Things to remember :
- Relationship : Degrees of casual i.e family vs respected colleagues
- language used with friends or people with whom we have past experience
- Background : Little background but varies
- Expectation : Sentences may not be complete,informal vocabulary and slang
- Examples : Texting,talking with friends,personal letters,blog
Intimate
● occurs often among people who have very close relationship, those who have
known each other for so long that they don’t need complete language with clear
utterance to understand each other.
Things to remember :
- Relationship : Language shared between couples,twins,very close friends
- Background : Varies
- finish each other’s sentences
- very close relationship
- Expectations : inappropriate for school or work
- may have own language or vocabulary
- Examples : Love notes/letter, conversations between close friends, personal
language
- Purpose : conveys emotion
Formal
● straight Forward speeches
● avoid using slang terminologies
● it is prepared beforehand
● Examples : Speeches, meetings, announcements, conversation between (student
and teacher, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer)

Modal Verbs of Permission

● Modal Verbs of Prohibition
● Modal Verbs of Obligation
● Modal Verbs of Permission
Modal Verbs are special types of verbs and are joined with the simple form of the verb.
- They give additional information about the function of the main verb that
follows it.
 - The following are some of the most common modal verbs in english.
•Can • Shall
• Could • Should
• May • Will
• Might • Would
• Must
Each of these modal verbs has a specific meaning and usage in english. For example,
“can” is used to express ability, “may” is used to express possibility, and “must” is used
to express necessity.
Modal Verbs of Permission
Modal verbs of permission express whether you are allowed to do something or not
Modal verbs can be used to give or ask for permission. These modal verbs are:
● May
● Can
● Could
● May
May is a polite modal verb used to ask for permission. Here are some
examples:
● May I use a calculator on the test?
● May I have another piece of cake?
● The polite answers using may are as follows:
● Yes, you may.
● No, you may not.
Could is also used to ask for permission. It is less formal than using may. Here are some
examples of sentences with could.:
● Could I have some more juice?
● Could I bring a friend to the party?
Can is the least formal of the modal verbs used to ask permission. Here are some
examples with can:
● Can I play music?
● Can I wear shorts?
The examples above are all with “I”. This is because it is most common to ask
permission for yourself. However, it is also possible to ask permission for another
person:
● May I marry your daughter?
● Could he try again?
● Can they sleep here?
The examples are also all questions. These are very common when asking for
permission. But when you give permission, you express it in declarative form. Here are
some examples:
● You may sleep on the sofa.
 ● You can wear my jacket.
Note: We use can’t to say that something isn’t permitted, and we use
couldn’t/wasn’t allowed to say that something was not permitted in the past.
Modals of Prohibition
Can’t - Gives the idea of something that is against the rules, particularly when we didn’t
make the rules.
Ex. You can’t take photos in the museum. They’re really strict about it.
Mustn’t - Used to talk about what is not permitted, This usually means that it is the
speaker who is setting the rule.
- Means something is not allowed, or it’s a bad idea.
Ex. You mustn’t use your phone in class.
Don’t have to - shows that there is no obligation. You can do something if you want to
but it’s not compulsory.
Ex. You don’t have to wear a tie to go to that restaurant but it would be nice.
Modal Verbs of Obligation
Must and Have to - primarily express a firm obligation or necessity
● Doctors must have a university degree.
● Mechanics have to know how to fix cars.
Should and Ought to - express a recommendation or moral obligation
● Airlines should employ more women pilots.
● You ought to phone her.
Have to - shows that the obligation comes from someone else, not the speaker. This is
usually referring to a rule or law.
● We have to be at the airport at least two hours before the flight.
● I have to work on Saturday.
● They have to wear their uniforms at school
Must - shows that the obligation comes from the speaker.
● I must hand in my thesis by tomorrow.
● I really must call my parents.
Should - used for expressing what we think is the right or correct thing to do in a
particular situation
● He should see a doctor.
● You should study hard so you can pass the exam.
Ought to - expresses that something is the right thing to do, such as when it is a duty,
or when it is morally right or the polite thing to do.
● You ought to listen carefully.
● People ought to be a bit nicer to us.

Conditional sentence - is a type of sentence that states a condition and the outcome of
that condition. It contains an independent clause and dependent clause that almost
always begins with "IF" OR "WHEN".
Present Real - talks about habits and Facts
(IF/When + Simple present Simple Present)
Example : If you cook today, I’ll wash the dishes
Present Unreal - talks about present and future events that are unlikely or unreal
(hypothetical)
- used to give advice, ideas and suggestions.
(IF + Simple past would + base form of the verb), could, might or would. If the verb is
be, use were for all persons
Example : If I were to love someone, I would give them all my attention
Past Real - talks about what you used to do in particular real-life situations. It suggests
that your habits have changed and you do not usually do these things today.
(If/ When + Simple Past..., Simple Past)
Example : When I was your age, I met my first love
Past Unreal - talks about imaginary situations in the past. It is mainly used to discuss
past events we regret. It is used to describe what you would have done differently or
how something could have happened differently if circumstances had been different.
(If + Past Perfect..., would have + Past Participle) could, should, might
Example : If I had known that you love me, I would have confessed earlier
Future Real - talks about what you think you will do in a specific situation in the future.
It is possible that the action might occur in the future. This statement talks about what
the speaker will do if the condition happens in the given future time
Patterns :
- ( If/when + simple present…, simple future)
“If” suggests uncertain result “When” suggests certain results
Example : If he marries her, he will become the heir of their company
Future Unreal - talks about imaginary situations in the future. Uses when a speaker
needs to emphasize that something is impossible. This statement discusses an
imaginary situation in the future which is also what the speaker plans to do if the
condition happens.
Patterns :
Form 1 (If… simple past… would + verb)
Form 2 (If + were + present participle…, would be + present participle)
Form 3 (If/when + were going to + base form of the verb…, would + be + present
participle)
Examples :
● If she knew that you are leaving, she would chase you to the airport
● If I were travelling to South Korea, I would be attending multiple concerts of
Enhypen
● If I were going to see him with someone else, I would be moving on already