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Exp 1

Experiment related Civil engineering

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25 views5 pages

Exp 1

Experiment related Civil engineering

Uploaded by

aw7856265423
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment #1.

Introduction to Instruments Used in Surveying


1.1 Scope:
 Instruments used in survey have either one or more of the following functions;
 Making accurate position of objects and distances on earth’s surface and determining the
relative heights.
 Establishment of markers to control construction and to indicate boundary limits.

1.2 Significance:

Instruments help in preparation of detailed and accurate plans and maps. In today’s rapidly advancing
technologies, survey holds an important place because of the role it plays in complex and large
construction projects. Just for example, laying of roads, railways, pipelines and electric supply lines
would have never been possible, without use of survey equipment’s. Survey is the first step in
execution of any Civil engineering project because availability of detailed and accurate maps and
plans is the first thing required to move on.

1.3 Related Terminology:


 Survey or surveying is the art of making measurements and calculations which can determine the
relative position of different objects, features and areas on the surface of earth. It is done in a
manner that any object on the ground can be marked or represented on the map.
 A plan is a representation of real-life distances, areas and objects on a reduced scale. This
representation is made on a horizontal (two-dimensional) plane.
 Map and plan are technically the same.. When scale is small, it is called a plan and if the scale is
large then it is called a map. Example: Map of Pakistan, plan of new office building.

1.4 Instruments Detail:


1.4.1 Survey Safety Vest& Safety Boots:
It is personal protective equipment that's designed to have high visibility and reflectivity. A safety vest
wearer is easily detected, which can help other parties avoid colliding with the individual. While doing
survey work, field shoes such as joggers shall be used to avoid any slip or foot accident.

1.4.2 Surveyor's Chain:


Survey Chain is made up of metallic links. Brass tags are fastened at regular intervals. Notches in the tags
indicate the number of link segments between the tag and the end of the tape. It is used in chain survey, to
measure distances. In chain survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as
calculations and plotting are done in the office. Following are the main three types:-
i. Engineer’s chain is 30.5meter long divided into one-foot links. It is used in all Engineering
Surveys.
ii. Gunter’s chain is20.12meterlong consisting of hundred links. Each link is of 0.2012meter.
Used for measuring distances in miles or furlongs (201.2 yards), acres (Area).
iii. Revenue Chain is 10.1 feet long consisting of 16 links. Commonly used for measuring
fields in cadastral Survey.

1.4.3 Tape:
It is used to measure distances. It is usually 30 meter or 100 feet long made up of steel, fiber etc. They can
be reeled back in quickly.

1.4.4 Walkie talkie:


Walkie talkie is a two-way radio transceiver. It is a compact easily transportable battery-operated radio
transmitting and receiving set. For reliable communication in land surveying, walkie talkie is used.

1.4.5 Ranging Rod:


Ranging rod is a surveying instrument used for marking the position of stations and for ranging the
straight lines.

1.4.6 Staff Rod:


It is a graduated wooden or aluminum rod, the use of which permits the determination of differences in
elevation.

1.4.7 Wooden Pegs:


Wooden pegs are used when certain points on the field require more permanent marking. The size of the
pegs (40 to 60 cm) depends on the type of survey work they are used for and the type of soil they have to
be driven in. The pegs should be driven vertically into the soil and the top should be clearly visible.

1.4.8 Prismatic Compass:


Prismatic Compass allows the user to simultaneously view the object being sighted and its magnetic
heading or meridian. It is generally used on a stand or tripod.

1.4.9 Auto-Level:
It is an optical instrument used to establish or check points in the horizontal plane. It is used in surveying
and building to transfer, measure, or set horizontal levels.
1.4.10 Plane Table & Accessories:
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are
done simultaneously.
a) Plan Table: It is drawing board made from well-seasoned wood with its upper surface is exactly
planed. It is normally rectangular in shape with size 75 cm x 60 cm
b) Tripod: The plane table is mounted on a tripod. The tripod is generally of open frame type,
combined rigidity. The tripod may be made to fold for convenience of transportation. Tripod is
provided with three foot screws at its top for leveling of the plane table.
c) Alidade: The alidade is useful for establishing a line of sight. It is consists of a gun metal with
two vertical vanes at the ends. The eye-vane is provided with a narrow slit while the object-vane
is open and carries a horse hair. Both the slits, thus provide a definite line of sight which can be
made to pass through the object to be sighted
d) Trough Compass: It is required for drawing the line showing magnetic meridian on the paper. It
is used to orient the table to the magnetic meridian.
e) U-Fork with Plumb bob: It is used for centering the table over the point or station occupied by
the plane table when the plotted position of that point is already on the sheet.

1.4.11 Hand held GPS:

It is a survey tool used to find coordinates. It provides data that can be turned into maps, plans and
models. It can be used for distance measurement in any direction i.e. X, Y and Z. Having built-in
electronic compass, it gives direction i.e. North, South, West and East.

1.4.12 Electronic Theodolite:


It is a surveying instrument used for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. It is used for
mapping application, measurement of vertical and horizontal angles, setting out curves, aligning tunnels
etc.
1.4.13 Total Station:
Atotalstation is an electronic/opticalinstrumentused in
modernsurveyingandbuildingconstruction.Thetotalstation is an
electronictheodolite(transit)integratedwith an electronicdistancemeter(EDM) to
readslopedistancesfromtheinstrument to a particularpoint. It can calculate horizontal, vertical angles,
azimuths of lines etc.
1.4.14 Plump Bob:
Plumb bob consists of a piece of metal (called a bob) pointing downwards, which is attached to a cord.
When the plumb bob is hanging free and not moving, the cord is vertical. It is used to center given
instrument on given point.

1.5 Safety Instructions & Additional Precautions:


 Always wear survey safety vest during work.
 Don’t use any equipment especially electronic without supervision of staff.
 Report any unsafe conditions and practices to lab staff.
 Be aware of traffic in case of road survey.
 Don’t try to enter in any other private property i.e outside the university territory.

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