M a them a ti cs | 26.

27

   
(t) The perpendicular distance of a point P( r ) from a plane passing through the points a , b and c is given by
       
P=
(
( r − a) . b × c + c × a + a × b
     
)
b× c + c × a + a×b

 
(u) Angle between a line and the plane: If θ is the angle between a line r=
 ( a + λb ) and the plane r.n

= d , then
b.n
sin θ =   .
b n
   
(v) The equation of sphere with center at C( c ) and radius ‘a’ is r − c =
a. If center is the origin then r = a.

   a.n − d
(w) The plane r.n = d touches the sphere= r − a R,if=  R , i.e. the condition of tangency.
n
 
(x) If a and b are the position vectors of the extremities of a diameter of a sphere, then its equation is given by
    2       2  2  2
( r − a) . r= ( ) (
− b 0 or r − r. a + b + a.b = )
0 or r − a + r − b = a − b .

FORMULAE SHEET

(a) OP = x î +y ˆj
 y
(b) OP
= x2 + y 2 and direction is tan=
θ
x

Vector a
(c) Unit vector Û = = 
Its modulus a

(d) Properties of vector addition:

         
i. a + b = b + a commutative ( ) ( )
(a) a + b + c = a + b + c Associative
     
ii. a + 0 =a Null vector is an additive identity (b) a + ( −a ) =0 Additive inverse

      
( )
iii. c a + b = ca + cb (c) ( c + d) a =ca + da
   
iv. ( cd) a = c ( da ) (d) 1 × a =a

(e) Section formula:

 
(i) If a and b are the position vectors of two points A and B, then the position vector of a point which divides
 

AB in the ratio m:n is given by r =
na + mb (.
)
(m + n)
 

(ii) Position vector of mid-point of AB =
a+b
.
( )
2
2 6 . 28 | Vectors

  
(f) Collinearity of three points: If a, b, and c are the position vectors (non-zero) of three points and given they
  
are collinear then there exists λ , γ both not being 0 such that a + λb + γc

    
(g) Coplanar vectors: Let a, b be non-zero, non-collinear vectors. Then, any vector r coplanar with a, b can be
    
expressed uniquely as a linear combination of a, b i.e. there exist some unique x, y ∈ R, such that xa + yb = r

(h) Product of two vectors:

(i) Scalar Product (dot product)


If a.b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
 
a.b
Note : • cos θ =  
ab
 
• a and b are perpendicular if θ= 90°

(ii) Properties of scalar product:

      
i. a.b = b. a ii. ma.nb = a .mnb
= mna.b ( )
    
( )
iii. a. b + c = a.c + a.b
( 
iv. a + b )
2   
=a2 + 2.a.b + b2

v. If ˆi
= (=
1,0,0 ) , ˆj ( 0,1,0
= ) ,kˆ ( 0,0,1 ) then ˆi.=
ˆj ˆj.k
=ˆ k.i
ˆ=ˆ 0

 
(iii) Vector (cross) Product of two vectors:
= Let a (=a1 , a2 , a3 ) ,b (b1 , b2 , b3 ) be two vectors then the cross
   
product of a × b is devoted by a × b and defined by

   a2 a3 a1 a2 
a ×=
b ( a1 , a2 , a3 ) × (b1 , b2 , b=
3)  =  ( a2b3 − a3b2 ,a3b1 − a1b3 ,a1b2 − a2b1 )
 b2 b3 b1 b2 

OR
ˆi ˆj kˆ
 
a ×=
b a1 a2 a= 3 ( a2b3 − a3b2 ) ˆi + ( a3b1 − a1b3 ) ˆj + ( a1b2 − a2b1 ) kˆ
b1 b2 b3
   
a × b = a × b sin θ nˆ

 
Note: (i) θ being angle between a & b
       
(ii) If θ =0 , The = a × b 0 and a & b are parallel if a × b =0.
a × b 0 i.e. =
 M a them a ti cs | 26.29

(iv) Properties of cross product

         
0 ⇒ a 0=
=
i. a × b = or b 0 or a  b ii. a × b =−b × a

          
( )
iii. a × b + c = a × b + a × c (
iv. (na ) × b= n a × b )
 
    vi. a × b is a Area of parallelogram with sides
v. a × b is perpendicular to both a and b 

a and b .

 
(v) Scalar Triple Product: If a = a1ˆi + a2ˆj + a3k,b ˆ  = c ˆi + c ˆj + c kˆ .
ˆ = b ˆi + b ˆj + b k,c
1 2 3 1 2 3
        
( )
Then a. b × c = b. ( c × a ) = c. a × b ( )
a1 a2 a3
  
(
a. b × c = )
b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
   
( )
a. b × c is also represented as a b c 

  

=a b c  =
b c a  c a b 
     
 
a b c  = − a c b 
   
  
• If any of the two vectors are parallel, then a b c  = 0
     
• a b c  is the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are formed by a b c
 
     
• If a b c are coplanar, a b c  = 0

1         
• a × b + b × c + c × a = area of triangle having a ,b, c as position vectors of vertices of a triangle.
2

(vi) Vector Triple Product:

      
a × b ×=
c( ) ( a.c ) b − ( a.b ) c
      
(a×b = ×c ) ( a.c ) b − (b.c ) a
  
   a×b × a
Unit vector coplanar with a and b perpendicular to a is ±    .
( )
a×b × a ( )