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 Transformer
 Transformer is a static device (means which does not
contain any rotating or moving parts)
 The word ‘transformer’ comes form the word
‘transform’.
 Transformer is not an energy conversion device,
 but it is a device that changes AC electrical power at
one voltage level into AC electrical at another voltage
level through the action of magnetic field but with a
proportional increase or decrease in the current rating,
without change in frequency.
 It can be either to step-up or step down.
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 Transformer
 Transformer is a static device which is used
to transfer electrical energy from one AC
circuit to another AC circuit with increase or
decrease in voltage/current but without any
change in frequency.
 Working principle on electromagnetic
induction

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 Transformer

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 Transformer
 I/P of Transformer and o/p of transformer both
are alternating (AC) quantities.
 The electrical energy generated and transmitted at
extremely high voltage. The voltage is to be
reduced to lower value as requirement of domestic
and industrial applications.

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 Types of Transformer
 There are two types of transformer depends on supply
system:
1. Single phase transformer
2. Three phase transformer
 However the principle of operation for both the
types is same.

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Principle of operation
 It is based on
principle of
MUTUAL
INDUCTION.
According to which
an e.m.f. is induced
in a coil when
current in the
neighbouring coil
changes.
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 Transformer
Principle of transformer
A transformer consists of 3 basic components
 Primary Coil or Primary Winding : It is an
electrical wire wrapped around the core on the
input side
 Secondary Coil or Secondary Winding: It is an
electrical wire wrapped around the core on the
output side
 Core : A ferromagnetic material that can conduct a
magnetic field through it. Example: Iron
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 Transformer

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 Transformer

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 Transformer

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 Transformer
Principle of transformer
 AC supply is connected to the primary winding
 Load is connected to the secondary winding
 The primary and secondary windings are isolated from
each other as well as from the iron core
 No physical connection between primary and
secondary winding.
 It is used when isolation is required.

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 Transformer
Operating Principle of transformer
 The primary winding is connected to 1-φ AC supply
 An AC current starts flowing through circuit
 The AC primary current produce an AC flux in the core
 This changing flux linked with the secondary winding
through the core
 The varying flux will induce voltage into the secondary
winding according to the Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction
 Due to primary current, there is an induced voltage in
secondary winding due to mutual inductance

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 Transformer
Can transformer operate on DC???
 Answer is NO. Because with a DC primary current, the
flux produced in the core will not alternate, it is of
constant value.
 As there is no change in flux linkage, the induced emf in
secondary winding is zero.

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 Transformer
EMF equation of transformer
 Let N1 = No. of turns in primary
 N2 = No. of turns in secondary
 Øm = Maximum flux in core in webers = Bm x A
 f = Frequency of a.c. input in Hz.

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 Transformer
As shown in the above
figure that the flux changes
from + ϕm to – ϕm in half a
cycle of 1/2f seconds.

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 Transformer

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 Transformer
By Faraday’s Law
Let E1 is the emf induced in the primary winding

Where Ψ = N1ϕ

Since ϕ is due to AC supply ϕ = ϕm Sinwt

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 Transformer
So the induced emf lags flux by 90 degrees.
Maximum valve of emf

But w = 2πf

Root mean square RMS value is

Putting the value of E1max in equation (6) we get

Putting the value of π = 3.14 in the equation (7) we will get the value of E1 as

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 Transformer
Similarly

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 Voltage and Current ratio of a Transformer
Voltage Ratio of the transformer with load
Now, equating the equation (8) and (9) we get

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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
transformer

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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
transformer

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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
transformer
 Voltage ratios of the transformer with load:
 As shown in fig.(1), let
N1 = Number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
E1 = rms induced voltage in primary winding
E2 = rms induced voltage in secondary winding
E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm volts
E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm volts
By taking the ratio of these expressions we get,
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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
transformer
 Voltage ratios of the transformer with load:

The transformation ratio of the transformer is given by,

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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
transformer
 Voltage ratios of the transformer without load:
 Assume the load on secondary winding is disconnected.
∴ I2 = 0
∴ load terminal voltage v2 is equal to secondary induced
voltage E2
i.e. V2 = E2 …….(2)
 As the primary current on no load is very small,
V1 = E1 …….(3)
By substituting eq.(2) & (3) in eq.(1) we get,
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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
transformer
Voltage ratios of the transformer without load

The primary and secondary terminal voltages are proportional to

the number of turns of the respective windings.

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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
transformer
 Voltage ratio:
The ratio of the primary and secondary terminal
voltages (i.e. V1 & V2 ) is called as the voltage ratio.
 Transformation ratio (k):
The transformation ratio for voltage is defined as the
ratio of secondary voltage to the primary voltage of a
transformer.

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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
transformer
 Turns ratio:
The turns ratio of a transformer is defined as the ratio
of the number of primary turns to the number of secondary
turns.
…….(6)

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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
transformer
 Types of transformers based on the value of K:
1. Step up transformer:
If K > 1 or V2 > V1 is called step up transformer.
2. Step down transformer:
If K < 1 or V2 < V1 is called step down
transformer.
3. One-to-one transformer:
If K=1 or V1 = V2 is called as a one-to-one
transformer. It is also known as the isolation transformer.

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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
 Current ratios:
transformer
 The transformer transfer electrical power from one side to
the other (primary to secondary) with a very high
efficiency (η).
 If we assume that the power loss taking place in the
transformer is very low (η = 100%) then, we can write that
power input = power output
∴ V1 I1 cos ø1 = V2 I2 cos ø2 …….(7)
where I1 and I2 are the RMS values of the primary and
secondary currents of the transformer respectively.

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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
transformer
cos ø1 and cos ø2 are the power factors of the primary
and secondary sides of the transformer. Practically
they are of same value.
∴ cos ø1 = cos ø2 …..(8)
∴ V1 I1 = V2 I2 …..(9)

This expression shows that the primary & secondary

currents are inversely proportional to the number of
turns of the corresponding windings.
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 Voltage & Current ratios of a
transformer
 The winding currents are inversely proportional to the
corresponding winding voltages.

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Rating of Transformer
 Generally the rating of a machine should indicate the
power supplied by it. But incase of transformer, the output
power is not constant.
 It keeps changing with the load. The output power factor
is also a function of load.
 Hence rating of a transformer is expressed in terms of
voltage and current as follows:
Rating of transformer = Primary voltage * primary current
or = Secondary voltage * secondary current

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Rating of Transformer
 As the voltage and current may or may not be in
phase, the units of transformer rating are Volt
Ampere (VA) or kiloVolt-Ampere (kVA) or
Mega Volt Ampere (MVA).
∴ Rating in VA or kVA or MVA = V1 x I1 = V2 x I2

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Rating of Transformer
 The complete rating of a transformer:
The complete rating of a transformer includes
the ratio of primary and secondary voltages, kVA
rating and supply frequencies as follows:
3300 V/ 240 V , 5 kVA , 50 Hz
where, 3300 V is primary voltage V1
240 V is secondary voltage V2
5 kVA is kVA rating and 50 Hz is the
supply frequency.
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Rating of Transformer
 Specifications of transformer:
 When transformer is to be purchased, we have to consider
following specifications:
1. kVA rating 2. Number of phases
3. Primary voltage 4. Secondary voltage
5. Primary current 6. Secondary current
7. Frequency of operation
8. Types of cooling

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Rating of Transformer
 table 1 shows the typical specifications of a single
phase transformer.

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Losses in a Transformer
 An ideal transformer is loss free. But in the practical
transformer there are following losses taking place.
1. Copper losses (Pc)
i. Primary winding Cu loss (I12R1)
ii. Secondary winding Cu loss (I22R2)
2. Iron losses (Pi):
i. Hysteresis losses
ii. Eddy current losses

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Losses in a Transformer
 Copper Loss (Pc):
 The total power loss is taking place in the winding
resistances of the transformer is known as the copper
loss.
∴ Copper loss = Primary copper loss + Secondary
copper loss
 The copper loss is denoted by Pc .

where, R1 and R2 are resistances of primary and

secondary winding respectively.

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Losses in a Transformer
The copper loss should be kept as low as
possible to increase the efficiency of the
transformer.
To reduced the copper loss, it is essential to
reduce the resistances R1 and R2 of primary and
secondary winding.
Copper losses are also called as variable losses
as they are dependent on the square of load
current.
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Losses in a Transformer
 Iron loss (Pi):
 Iron loss Pi is the power loss taking place in the iron core
of the transformer.
Pi = Hysteresis Loss + Eddy current loss
 Hysteresis losses:
 Hysteresis loss is directly proportional to frequency f and
voltage V. it is given by
PH = KH Bm1.67 fV …..[KH constant]

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Losses in a Transformer
 Eddy current losses:
 Eddy current loss is proportional to square of frequency
and square of thickness of laminations. It is given by,
PE = KE Bm2 f2.t2 ……[t = thickness]
 Due to time varying flux, there is some induced emf in the
transformer core. This induced emf causes some currents
to flow through the core body. These currents are known
as the eddy currents.
 The eddy current loss can be minimized by using
laminated core for transformer.

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Efficiency if Transformer
Efficiency (η):
The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio
of output power to input power. It is denoted by η.

Since the output power is always less than the input

power due to losses in the transformer, the efficiency of
the practical transformer is always between 0 and 1 i.e.
0% and 100% but it can never be 1 or 100%.

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Efficiency if Transformer
Efficiency (η):
The efficiency of an ideal transformer will be equal to
1 or 100%, because the losses in the ideal transformer
will be zero.

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Efficiency if Transformer
Efficiency (η):
The efficiency
increases with increase
in the output power up
to a certain output
power.
 After a particular
value of output power ,
the efficiency decrease

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Efficiency if Transformer
 The output power at full load = V2 I2 cos ø2
or = (kVA * cos ø2 * 1000) watt
 if the full load copper is denoted by Pc and iron loss
by Pi then full load efficiency is given by
 …(2)

In eq.(2), the value of kVA and copper loss will

change with change in load.

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Efficiency if Transformer
 The iron loss however remains constant. The copper
loss will change in square proportion with the load.
Hence for half load condition the efficiency is given by.
 …(2)

Transformer is a static device, hence losses due

to friction and windage are completely absent

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Efficiency if Transformer
Why the transformer efficiency is always higher than
that of rotating machines?
The transformer is a static device with no moving
parts. Hence losses due to friction and windage are
completely absent.
The efficiency of the transformer can be atleast equal
to 90%.
This why the transformer efficiency is always higher
than the that of rotating machines.

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Efficiency if Transformer
Condition for maximum efficiency:
It can be proved that the transformer efficiency is
maximum when,
Pi = Pc
i.e. when copper loss equals the iron loss.
Load at maximum efficiency:
Let kVA(max) be the kVA of the transformer at full load and
kVA(load) be kVA at a particular load.
Let Pi = constant iron loss and
Pc = copper loss at full load
kVA load for maximum efficiency is given by,
kVA load for maximum efficiency = kVA(max) √Pi/Pc

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Voltage regulation
Voltage regulation:
Ideally, the secondary terminal voltage V2 (or load
voltage) of a transformer should remain constant
independent of the load current.
But practically the load voltage decreases with increase
in load current IL.
No load Voltage:
The no load voltage is the secondary
terminal voltage corresponding to zero load current. For
a transformer
No load voltage = E2 volts

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Voltage regulation
 Full load voltage:
It is secondary terminal voltage (V2) corresponding to
the specified load current. The percent voltage regulation
is given by mathematically as:

……(1)
 Thus with increase in load current, the value of V2
decreases and the percent regulation increases. Ideal value
of voltage regulation is 0%.

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Voltage regulation
 Definition of voltage regulation:
The voltage regulation of a transformer is defined as
the change in secondary terminal voltage(V2) from no
load to full load with the primary source voltage (V1) and
the temperature of the transformer maintained constant.
The regulation is positive for resistive and inductive
loads and it can be negative for the capacitive load.

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 Transformer
 EMF equation of transformer
 The flux increases from it's zero value to maximum value Øm in
one quarter of the cycle i.e. in 1/4 f second.
 Therefore, r.m.s value of e.m.f./turn = 4.44 Øm volts
 Now, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in the whole primary
winding
 = ( induced e.m.f. / turn ) x No. of
primary winding
 E1 = 4.44 f N1Øm ------------------- ( i )
 Similarly, r.m.s. value of e.m.f. induced in secondary is,
 E2 = 4.44 f N2Øm ------------------- ( ii )

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Classification of Transformer
 As per phase/supply
 Single phase
 Three phase
 As per core
 Core type
 Shell type
 As per voltage level
 Step up
 Step down

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Classification of Transformer
 As per cooling system
 Self cooled
 Air cooled
 Oil cooled
 As per service
 Power transformer
 Distributed transformer

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An Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is a transformer having following
characteristics (assumptions):
1. The losses are zero.
2. The primary and secondary winding resistances are zero.
3. The external voltage applied to the primary, V1 is same
as the primary induced voltage E1.
i.e. E1 = V1
4. Similarly, the voltage induced E2 in secondary winding
will be equal to the load voltage V2.
i.e. E2 = V2
5.. The transformation ratio for an ideal transformer is
given by,

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An Ideal Transformer
• Efficiency of an ideal transformer is 100%.
• The voltage regulation is 0%. That means the
secondary voltage will remain constant irrespective of
the load current.

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Phasor Diagram of Ideal Transformer
• Efficiency of an ideal transformer is 100%.
• The voltage regulation is 0%. That means the
secondary voltage will remain constant irrespective of
the load current.

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Phasor Diagram of Ideal Transformer
• Phaser diagram of
Ideal transformer on
No load

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Phasor Diagram of Ideal Transformer
• Phaser diagram of Ideal
transformer on load

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Phasor Diagram of Practical Transformer
• Phaser diagram of
Practical
• transformer on No load

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Phasor Diagram of Practical Transformer
• Phaser diagram of
Practical
• transformer on load

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Phasor Diagram of Practical Transformer
• Phaser diagram of
Practical
• transformer on load

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Phasor Diagram of Practical Transformer
• Phaser diagram of
Practical
• transformer with inductive
loadon load

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Phasor Diagram of Practical Transformer
• Phaser diagram of
Practical
• transformer with capacitive
load

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Phasor Diagram of Practical Transformer
• Phaser diagram of
Practical
• transformer with resistive
load

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Three phase Transformer