Grammar 10th EFL 2024 25

Dhananjaya R (9740085560)
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Preface
This grammar compendium is designed exclusively for students following the Karnataka State Syllabus,
covering Part 1 and Part 2 of the Grade 10 curriculum (English as First Language). It aims to provide a
comprehensive resource to support students in mastering essential grammar concepts and enhancing their
language skills.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Venkat Sir, Subject Inspector - English for his unwavering
encouragement and for giving me the opportunity to share these valuable resources with the wider academic
community. His belief in the importance of accessible learning materials has been a key motivation behind
this compendium.
Additionally, I am deeply grateful to the dedicated teachers whose guidance and motivation have inspired this
work. Their tireless efforts to nurture students' potential serve as a constant reminder of the critical role
educators play in shaping future generations.
Important Note
Please note that this is a draft resource, and as such, it may evolve over time. To ensure a deeper
understanding of the material, justifications and reasons for the answers have been provided within the
exercises, helping students grasp key concepts more easily.
I kindly request all teachers using this resource to share their valuable feedback. Your insights will help
improve future editions and expand the range of exercises. If any errors are identified, please notify me in
a timely manner, so that necessary corrections can be made over time.
Thanks
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Lesson 1
A Wrong Man in Workers’ Paradise
Rabindranath Tagore
A. Antonyms - Fill in the blanks
1. The people utilize every minute of their life. Whereas the man _________ his time.
(Key: Antonym of "utilize" is wastes)
2. The busy farmers laughed at the __________ artist.

(Key: Antonym of "busy" is idle)
3. Some students always work hard but many __________ do so.

(Key: Antonym of "always" is seldom)
4. Every individual must have confidence in his abilities. However, we notice __________ in many
individuals.
(Key: Antonym of "confidence" is diffidence)
5. The workers thought that the artist was worthless whereas the girl of the silent torrent considered him
__________.
(Key: Antonym of "worthless" is valuable)
B. Fill in the blanks with ‘a’ or ‘an’:
1. His long nose gives him ___ unique feature.

Answer: a
Reason: "Unique" starts with a vowel sound, but it is pronounced with a "yoo" sound, so "a" is used.
2. Looking at him I said that he must be ___ European.

Answer: a
Reason: "European" starts with a vowel letter, but the "yoo" sound is pronounced, so "a" is used.
3. I met him ___ year ago.

Answer: a
Reason: "Year" begins with a consonant sound, so "a" is appropriate.
4. Walk fast. You are ___ young person, not ___ old man.
Answer: a, an
Reason: "Young" begins with a consonant sound, so "a" is used. "Old" starts with a vowel sound, so
"an" is used.
5. It was ___ unanimous decision.

Answer: a
Reason: "Unanimous" starts with a "yoo" sound, so "a" is used.
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6. Ivanhoe is ___ historical novel.

Answer: a
Reason: "Historical" starts with a consonant sound, so "a" is used.
7. We had ___ hour of English.

Answer: an
Reason: "Hour" starts with a silent "h" and a vowel sound, so "an" is used.
8. Modesty is ___ womanly grace.

Answer: a
Reason: "Womanly" starts with a consonant sound, so "a" is used.
9. The Cyclop was ___ one-eyed monster.

Answer: a
Reason: "One" starts with a "w" sound, so "a" is used.
10. My sister is ___ M.A in English.

Answer: an
Reason: "M" is pronounced "em", which begins with a vowel sound, so "an" is used.
11. Satish was ___ N.C.C. cadet.

Answer: an
Reason: "N" is pronounced "en", which starts with a vowel sound, so "an" is used.
12. On his doctor's advice, he had ___ X-ray taken.

Answer: an
Reason: "X" starts with a vowel sound, so "an" is used.
13. This doctor is ___ F.R.C.S.

Answer: an
Reason: "F" is pronounced "ef", starting with a vowel sound, so "an" is used.
14. My name begins with ___ “H”.

Answer: an
Reason: The letter "H" is pronounced "aitch", which starts with a vowel sound, so "an" is used.
15. It surely was ___ historical event.

Answer: a
Reason: "Historical" starts with a consonant sound, so "a" is used.
C. Fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’, or ‘the’ (Note: some blanks do not require an article):
1. There is ___ fly in ___ coffee.

Answer: a, the
Reason: "A" is used for the first mention of "fly", while "the" is used for the specific "coffee".
2. ___ book you wanted is not in the library.

Answer: The
Reason: "The" is used to refer to a specific book already known to the speaker and listener.
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3. ___ cow is ___ useful animal.

Answer: A, a
Reason: General statements take "a" to refer to any member of a group.
4. ___ Mount Everest is ___ tallest peak in ___ Himalayas.

Answer: Mount Everest, the, the
Reason: "Mount Everest" is a proper noun that doesn’t need an article. "The" is used for the
superlative and for mountain ranges.
5. “Where is Esther?” She has gone to ___ school.

Answer: (No article)
Reason: When referring to the purpose of school, no article is used.
6. ___ Cauvery flows into ___ Bay of Bengal.

Answer: The, the
Reason: "The" is used before river names and specific geographical locations like "Bay of Bengal".
7. I love stories from ___ Ramayana and ___ Mahabharata.

Answer: the, the
Reason: "The" is used before the titles of sacred texts.
8. Hamlet is ___ greatest tragedy of ___ Shakespeare.

Answer: the, (No article)
Reason: "The" is used for superlatives, but no article is needed before a proper noun like
"Shakespeare".
9. Joshua plays ___ piano well. So his parents bought him ___ new piano.
Answer: the, a
Reason: "The" refers to the general idea of the piano as an instrument. "A" refers to a specific new
piano.
10. The climax is in ___ 10th chapter, not in ___ chapter 9.

Reason: "The" is used before ordinal numbers, but no article is needed before "chapter" when
specifying the number.
11. My uncle, who was very ill last week, is still in ___ hospital. If you go to ___ hospital, you can see
him.
Answer: the, the
Reason: "The" is used when referring to a specific hospital.
12. I am going to ___ market to buy vegetables. You cannot come with me because you have to go to
___ school.
Reason: "The" is used for a specific market, but no article is needed for the purpose of school.
13. “Dad, is ___ aunt coming with ___ uncle?”

Answer: (No article), (No article)
Reason: No article is needed before family members when referring to them directly.
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14. ___ kindness is a great virtue. I cannot forget ___ kindness he showered on me.
Answer: (No article), the
Reason: No article is needed for abstract concepts like "kindness", but "the" is used for specific acts
of kindness.
15. ___ English is ___ universal language. I learnt English at ___ school.
Answer: (No article), a, (No article)
Reason: No article is needed before languages, "a" for general facts, and no article for the purpose of
school.
D. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:
1. This table is made ___ wood.

Answer: of
Reason: "Of" is used to show material composition.
2. I expected ___ him a better performance.

Answer: from
Reason: "From" shows the source of expectation.
3. He is a man ___ a fine sense of humour.

Answer: with
Reason: "With" indicates possession.
4. I saw a beautiful girl ___ a limp.

Answer: with
Reason: "With" shows accompaniment or characteristic.
5. The purse fell out ___ his pocket.

Answer: of
Reason: "Out of" indicates movement from inside to outside.
6. She often quotes ___ Shakespeare.

Answer: from
Reason: "From" indicates the source of a quotation.
7. Our examinations begin ___ 15th April.

Answer: on
Reason: "On" is used for specific dates.
8. I had a message ___ a friend.

Answer: from
Reason: "From" indicates the source of the message.
9. He hit her ___ the head with a bottle.

Answer: on
Reason: "On" shows the location of the hit.
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10. Neeta was angry ___ what I had said.

Answer: about
Reason: "About" expresses the cause of anger.
11. This is an idea I entirely agree ___

Answer: with
Reason: "With" is used after "agree" to indicate concurrence.
12. Please convey my best wishes ___ him.

Answer: to
Reason: "To" shows the direction of the message.
13. He enquired ___ me what he should do.

Answer: of
Reason: "Of" is used in formal contexts to show inquiry.
14. Please inform me ___ the details of the scheme.

Answer: of
Reason: "Of" shows the subject of the information.
15. I request you to intimate ___ me what he should do.

Answer: to
Reason: "To" indicates the recipient of the communication.
16. Students must opt ___ two of the three courses offered.
Answer: for
Reason: "For" is used to indicate a choice.
17. He prayed ___ God for help.

Answer: to
Reason: "To" shows direction towards the deity.
18. They presented him ___ a gold watch.

Answer: with
Reason: "With" indicates what is given.
19. Please refer ___ your letter of July.

Answer: to
Reason: "To" indicates reference.
20. This figure is wrong; please strike it ___

Answer: out
Reason: "Out" indicates removal.
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Lesson 2
The Elixir of Life
C.V. Raman
A. Fill in the blanks with the antonyms of the words underlined:
1. The rain-fed tanks are deep, not ____________.

Answer: shallow
Reason: "Shallow" is the antonym of "deep," referring to a lack of depth.
2. The authorities who talk about afforestation are actively engaged in ____________.
Answer: deforestation
Reason: The opposite of "afforestation" (planting trees) is "deforestation" (cutting down trees).
3. The rural students have fared better than their rural counterparts.
Answer: urban
Reason: "Urban" is the antonym of "rural," referring to people living in cities.
4. It is a big tragedy that fertile minds are engaged in a ____________ debate.
Answer: fruitless
Reason: "Fruitless" is the antonym of "fertile," meaning unproductive or without results.
5. The fruits were fresh, but the cream was ____________.
Answer: stale
Reason: "Stale" is the opposite of "fresh," referring to something that is no longer fresh or edible.
6. Modern monuments are aesthetically displayed in a ____________ setting.
Answer: ancient
Reason: "Ancient" is the antonym of "modern," referring to something old or historic.
7. In his writings, it is difficult to segregate fact from ____________.
Answer: fiction
Reason: "Fiction" is the antonym of "fact," referring to something made-up or imaginary.
8. The joy in the newfound prosperity made them forget their days of ____________.
Answer: poverty
Reason: "Poverty" is the opposite of "prosperity," referring to a state of being poor.
9. When he saw her courage, he felt ashamed of his own ____________.
Answer: cowardice
Reason: "Cowardice" is the antonym of "courage," referring to a lack of bravery.
10. We need to overcome our temptation, not ____________ to it.
Answer: succumb
Reason: "Succumb" is the opposite of "overcome," meaning to give in to something.
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Lesson 3
The Gift of the Magi
O. Henry
A. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given in the box:

[beggar description, at last, made for, turn inside out, on the sly, on account of, give way, look for, be on the lookout for, to attend to]
1. Della’s despair ____________ to ecstatic joy.

Answer: gave way
Reason: "Gave way" means to be replaced by something, in this case, joy.
2. The take-off was delayed ____________ the bad weather.

Answer: on account of
Reason: "On account of" means due to or because of.
3. We are ____________ new opportunities.

Answer: on the lookout for
Reason: "On the lookout for" means searching for or trying to find.
4. Her conduct is so strange that it ____________.

Answer: beggars description
Reason: "Beggars description" means it is beyond what words can describe.
5. I have some urgent work ____________.

Answer: to attend to
Reason: "To attend to" means to deal with or handle.
6. ____________ we reached home.

Answer: At last
Reason: "At last" means finally, after a long wait.
7. The burglar had ____________ the house ____________.

Answer: turned, inside out
Reason: "Turned inside out" means to search thoroughly, often leaving things in disarray.
8. Della and Jim were ____________ each other.

Answer: made for
Reason: "Made for" means perfectly suited to each other.
9. The two of them must have been meeting ____________.

Answer: on the sly
Reason: "On the sly" means secretly or without others knowing.
10. We ____________ an improvement in our son’s performance this year.

Answer: look for
Reason: "Look for" means to expect or hope for something.
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B. Fill in the blanks with the antonyms of the words underlined:
1. The iron rails ____________ in summer and contract in winter.

Answer: expand
Reason: The antonym of "contract" is "expand."
2. Writing a novel is a laborious process; it is not ____________.

Answer: easy
Reason: The antonym of "laborious" is "easy." (Laborious means hard)
3. We should remain calm in ____________ as we do in times of prosperity.

Answer: adversity (prosperity means success, while adversity means misfortune)
Reason: The antonym of "prosperity" is "adversity."
4. He is very proud of his team’s achievements, but is very ____________ about his own glorious
achievements.
Answer: humble
Reason: The antonym of "proud" is "humble."
5. The former option would be much more sensible than the ____________ one.
Answer: latter
Reason: The antonym of "former" is "latter." (former – first one, latter – second one)
6. In Bengaluru, the value of properties has appreciated, but the quality of life has ____________.
Answer: depreciated (appreciate means increase in value, while depreciate mean decrease in value )
Reason: The antonym of "appreciated" is "depreciated."
7. Investing in shares requires prudence; investing all your money in shares is ____________.
Answer: foolish
Reason: The antonym of "prudence" is "foolishness." (prudence – common sense/good judgement)
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the verbs given in brackets:
1. The number of visitors __________ (was/were) really large in the last week’s School Day
celebrations.
Answer: was
Reason: "Number" is a singular subject, so the verb must also be singular.
2. The rapidity of these movements __________ (is/are) beyond expectation.

Answer: is
Reason: "Rapidity" is a singular noun, so it takes a singular verb.
3. Time and tide __________ (wait/waits) for none.

Answer: wait
Reason: "Time and tide" is a compound subject that is treated as singular.
4. Honour or reputation __________ (are/is) dearer than life.

Answer: is
Reason: "Or" indicates that the subject is singular.
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5. The ship with all the passengers __________ (were/was) sunk by the enemy.
Answer: was
Reason: The main subject "ship" is singular, which dictates the verb form.
6. Intelligence as well as industry __________ (are/is) essential for success in today’s competitive
world.
Answer: is
Reason: The phrase "as well as" does not affect the singular subject "intelligence."
7. Neither the hens nor the cock __________ (is/are) in the yard.
Answer: is
Reason: With "nor," the verb agrees with the nearest subject, which is singular.
8. Either James or I __________ (is/am) going to get the prize.

Answer: am
Reason: The subject "I" is singular, so it requires the singular verb.
9. Twenty thousand rupees __________ (is/are) the price of a good mobile.

Answer: is
Reason: A sum of money is treated as a singular entity.
10. The staff __________ (is/are) in a meeting.

Answer: is
Reason: "Staff" is a collective noun that takes a singular verb.
11. Mathematics __________ (is/are) my favourite subject.

Answer: is
Reason: "Mathematics" is a singular noun.
12. More than one person __________ (say/says) so.

Answer: says
Reason: "More than one" is treated as singular.
13. Many a flower __________ (wither/withers) unseen.

Answer: withers
Reason: The phrase "many a" is treated as singular.
14. The most readable part __________ (are/is) the last three chapters.
Answer: is
Reason: "Part" is singular, requiring a singular verb.
15. Ship after ship __________ (are/is) leaving for America.

Answer: is
Reason: The phrase indicates a singular subject.
16. The secretary and treasurer __________ (have/has) called me to the office.
Answer: has
Reason: The singular subject "the secretary and treasurer" refers to one person.
17. He is one of those who __________ (trusts/trust) everyone.

Answer: trust
Reason: "Those" is plural, so the verb must also be plural.
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18. Each of the boys __________ (sing/sings) well.

Answer: sings
Reason: "Each" is singular, thus requiring a singular verb.
19. Every one of the chocolates __________ (was/were) stale.

Answer: was
Reason: "Every one" is singular.
20. All of the pies __________ (is/are) spoilt.

Answer: are
Reason: "Pies" is plural, so the verb must be plural as well.
21. Some of the pie __________ (is/are) missing.

Answer: is
Reason: "Pie" is singular, which requires a singular verb.
22. None of the garbage __________ (was/were) picked up.

Answer: was
Reason: "Garbage" is an uncountable noun and is treated as singular.
23. Either of us __________ (is/are) capable of solving the problem.

Answer: is
Reason: "Either" is treated as singular.
24. None but fools __________ (has/have) ever believed it.

Answer: have
Reason: "Fools" is plural, thus requiring a plural verb.
25. One of the students __________ (is/are) absent.

Answer: is
Reason: "One" is singular.
26. Not only the soldiers but also the officer __________ (were/was) drunk.
Answer: was
Reason: The verb agrees with the closest subject, which is singular.
27. The politician along with the newsman __________ (is/are) expected shortly.
Answer: is
Reason: "Along with" does not affect the singular subject "politician."
28. The pair of scissors __________ (belong/belongs) to my uncle.

Answer: belongs
Reason: "Pair" is a singular noun.
29. A lot of work __________ (has/have) to be done.

Answer: has
Reason: "Work" is uncountable and treated as singular.
30. I wish I __________ (knew/know) her address.

Answer: knew
Reason: The verb "wish" is followed by the past tense to express a hypothetical situation.
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D. Sentences with Inversion
1. Not only ________________ but ________________

Answer: Not only did she win the competition, but she also set a new record.
Reason: Inversion is used here because the phrase "Not only" introduces a negative expression.
Therefore, the auxiliary verb "did" comes before the subject "she."
2. Not even once ________________

Answer: Not even once did he forget to call me during his trip.
Reason: Similar to the first example, "Not even once" necessitates inversion to emphasize the rarity
of the action.
3. On no account ________________
Answer: On no account should you reveal the secret to anyone.
Reason: The phrase "On no account" requires inversion, using "should" before the subject to convey
urgency or importance.
4. Only by running at full speed ________________

Answer: Only by running at full speed could they catch the train.
Reason: The phrase "Only by" leads to inversion, placing "could" before the subject to highlight the
necessity of the action.
5. On no occasion ________________
Answer: On no occasion has he been late to a meeting.
Reason: The expression "On no occasion" triggers inversion with "has" preceding the subject to
stress the infrequency of lateness.
6. So badly ________________
Answer: So badly did she perform in the exam that she had to retake it.
Reason: "So badly" initiates an inverted structure to emphasize the extent of the performance issue.
7. Seldom ________________
Answer: Seldom do we see such talent in a young artist.
Reason: "Seldom" requires inversion, placing the auxiliary verb "do" before the subject "we" to
stress the rarity of the observation.
8. In no circumstances ________________
Answer: In no circumstances must you enter that area.
Reason: The phrase "In no circumstances" demands inversion, using "must" before the subject to
indicate prohibition.
9. Nowhere ________________
Answer: Nowhere is the view as breathtaking as it is from the top of the mountain.
Reason: "Nowhere" prompts inversion, positioning the verb "is" before the subject to enhance the
comparison.
10. To such a pitch ________________

Answer: To such a pitch had the conflict escalated that intervention became necessary.
Reason: The phrase "To such a pitch" requires inversion, placing "had" before the subject for
emphasis.
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11. Only on that account ________________

Answer: Only on that account can we proceed with the project.
Reason: "Only on that account" leads to inversion, using "can" before the subject to indicate
conditionality.
12. Only by paying double the money ________________

Answer: Only by paying double the money could he secure the exclusive tickets.
Reason: The phrase "Only by paying double the money" necessitates inversion, placing "could"
before the subject to express a prerequisite.
E. Question Tags
1. You like me just as well, ____?

Answer: You like me just as well, don't you?
Reason: The statement is positive, so the question tag is negative.
2. Let’s be happy on this Christmas Eve, ____?

Answer: Let’s be happy on this Christmas Eve, shall we?
Reason: "Let’s" typically uses "shall we" as a question tag for suggestions.
3. You like this gift, ____?

Answer: You like this gift, don’t you?
4. None can ever count my love for you, ____?

Answer: None can ever count my love for you, can they?
Reason: The statement is negative (due to "none"), so the question tag is positive.
5. It’s dandy, ____?

Answer: It’s dandy, isn’t it?
6. Give it to me quick, ____?

Answer: Give it to me quick, won’t you?
Reason: Commands often use "won’t you" as a polite tag.
7. Come in, ____?

Answer: Come in, won’t you?
Reason: Similar to the previous example, it’s a polite invitation.
8. Their gifts were no doubt wise ones, ____?

Answer: Their gifts were no doubt wise ones, weren’t they?
9. They loved each other very much, ____?

Answer: They loved each other very much, didn’t they?
10. I look like a Coney Island chorus-girl, ____?

Answer: I look like a Coney Island chorus girl, don’t I?
Reason: The statement is positive, but the tag is an exception; it uses "don’t I" instead of "do I."
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Lesson 4
Louis Pasteur, Conqueror of Disease
E. H. Carter
A. Fill in the blanks with the opposites of the words underlined.
1. The machines were busy, but they are _________ now because there is no electricity.
o Answer: idle
o Reason: The opposite of busy is idle, indicating a lack of activity.
2. Some of the students were interested in the lesson while the rest were _______ in it.
o Answer: bored
o Reason: Bored is the opposite of interested, describing a lack of engagement.
3. We have appointed a new manager because the previous one was _________________
o Answer: dismissed
o Reason: The opposite of appointed is dismissed, indicating that the previous manager was
let go.
4. To maintain one’s health one should eat food that is fresh, not _________________
o Answer: stale
o Reason: The opposite of fresh is stale, indicating food that is no longer good to eat.
5. Someone dropped a burning cigarette on the carpet and that was the cause of the fire. The
____________ was that the whole building was burned down.
o Answer: consequence
o Reason: The opposite of cause is consequence, which refers to the result of an action.
6. The wounded tiger attacked the hunter, and he was unable to ___________ himself.
o Answer: defend
o Reason: The opposite of attack is defend, meaning to protect oneself.
7. Our army has checked the enemy’s advance, and they have no other option but to ____________
o Answer: retreat
o Reason: Retreat is the opposite of advance, indicating a withdrawal.
8. There is a progressive improvement in the school’s results since 2006; thank God it is not
______________.
o Answer: regressive
o Reason: Regressive is the opposite of progressive, indicating a decrease in performance.
B. Frame sentences to bring out the difference.

1. bravery - boldness
o Discussion: Bravery refers to the ability to face fear or danger, while boldness indicates a
willingness to take risks or act confidently.
o Sentence: Her bravery in rescuing the child from the fire was commendable, while his
boldness in confronting the bully impressed everyone.
2. quite - quiet
o Discussion: "Quite" is used to emphasize a degree or extent, whereas "quiet" refers to a low
volume or silence.
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o Sentence: The room was quiet during the exam, and I was quite nervous about finishing on
time.
3. infectious - contagious
o Discussion: "Infectious" refers to diseases that can spread from one person to another, while
"contagious" usually describes diseases that spread easily.
o Sentence: The flu is highly contagious, but not all infectious diseases are easily transmitted.
4. clever - intelligent
o Discussion: "Clever" often implies quick thinking and resourcefulness, while "intelligent"
indicates a high level of understanding or reasoning.
o Sentence: She is clever at solving puzzles, but her intelligent insights in discussions reveal
her depth of knowledge.
5. further - farther
o Discussion: "Further" is used for figurative distances, such as time or degree, while "farther"
refers to physical distances.
o Sentence: We need to look further into the issue before deciding, but the store is farther
away than I thought.
6. discovery - invention
o Discussion: "Discovery" refers to finding something that already exists, while "invention"
refers to creating something new.
o Sentence: The discovery of penicillin was a major medical breakthrough, while the
invention of the telephone changed communication forever.
7. vaccination - inoculation
o Discussion: "Vaccination" refers to the process of administering a vaccine, while
"inoculation" often refers to introducing an antigen into the body to provoke an immune
response.
o Sentence: Vaccination against measles is crucial, and the inoculation process should be
administered by a healthcare professional.
8. due to - owing to
o Discussion: Both phrases mean "because of," but "due to" is often used with nouns, while
"owing to" is typically used with verbs.
o Sentence: The event was canceled due to the rain, owing to the bad weather conditions.
9. little - a little
o Discussion: "Little" implies a small amount and often has a negative connotation, while "a
little" indicates a small but sufficient amount.
o Sentence: I have little interest in that topic, but I have a little knowledge about it.
10. between - among

o Discussion: "Between" refers to two distinct items or people, while "among" refers to being
in a group or surrounded by three or more items or people.
o Sentence: She sat between her two friends, and they enjoyed being among the crowd at the
concert.
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C. Choose the correct one-word medical terms from the box:

[euthanasia, rhinologist, anatomy, autopsy, ophthalmology, physiognomy, asphyxia, antidote, pathologist,
epidemic, oculist, amnesia, congenital, anaesthetic, urologist, gerontologist, pediatrics, amputate, panacea,
convalescence]
1. The science that deals with the diseases of children:

• Answer: pediatrics
• Reason: Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the health and medical care of infants,
children, and adolescents.
2. One who treats eye diseases:

• Answer: oculist
• Reason: An oculist, also known as an eye doctor, specializes in diagnosing and treating eye
disorders.
3. Science of the diseases of the eye:

• Answer: ophthalmology
• Reason: Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology, and
diseases of the eye.
4. One who treats the diseases of the nose:

• Answer: rhinologist
• Reason: A rhinologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of nasal and sinus disorders.
5. One who treats the diseases of kidneys:

• Answer: urologist
• Reason: A urologist is a specialist who treats diseases of the urinary tract and male reproductive
organs, including the kidneys.
6. A disease that attacks many people at the same time:

• Answer: epidemic
• Reason: An epidemic refers to an outbreak of a disease that affects many individuals in a population
at the same time.
7. To cut off a part of a person’s infected body:

• Answer: amputate
• Reason: Amputation is the surgical removal of a limb or part of a limb due to injury or infection.
8. One who studies the nature and origin of diseases:

• Answer: pathologist
• Reason: A pathologist studies the causes and effects of diseases, particularly through the
examination of tissue samples.
9. The science of the structure of the human body:

• Answer: anatomy
• Reason: Anatomy is the branch of science concerned with the physical structure of organisms.
10. The study of the human face / the art of judging character from the human face:
• Answer: physiognomy
• Reason: Physiognomy is the practice of assessing a person's character or personality from their outer
appearance, especially the face.
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11. The medicine that produces insensibility:

• Answer: anaesthetic
• Reason: Anaesthetics are drugs that induce insensitivity to pain, often used during surgical
procedures.
12. Loss of memory:

• Answer: amnesia
• Reason: Amnesia is a condition characterized by partial or total loss of memory.
13. Fainting or death due to being deprived of air:

• Answer: asphyxia
• Reason: Asphyxia occurs when the body is deprived of oxygen, leading to unconsciousness or death.
14. The examination of a dead body:

• Answer: autopsy
• Reason: An autopsy is a surgical procedure that examines a corpse to determine the cause of death.
15. A disease or weakness that one has by birth:

• Answer: congenital
• Reason: Congenital conditions are medical conditions that are present from birth.
16. A remedy for all diseases:

• Answer: panacea
• Reason: A panacea is a solution or remedy for all difficulties or diseases.
17. Killing a person (with an incurable disease) without pain:

• Answer: euthanasia
• Reason: Euthanasia refers to the practice of intentionally ending a person's life to relieve suffering,
often in the context of terminal illness.
18. Gradual recovery from illness:

• Answer: convalescence
• Reason: Convalescence is the period of recovery after illness or medical treatment.
19. One who studies the diseases of old age:

• Answer: gerontologist
• Reason: A gerontologist specializes in the study of aging and the problems associated with older
adults.
20. The medicine given to counteract poison:

• Answer: antidote
• Reason: An antidote is a substance that counteracts a form of poisoning, helping to neutralize toxic
effects.
D. Change the following into passive sentences.
1. One manufacturer consulted Pasteur about his beer which was turning out badly.
Passive: Pasteur was consulted by one manufacturer about his beer, which was turning out badly.
2. Many believed that germs had spontaneous generation.

Passive: It was believed by many that germs had spontaneous generation.
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3. A simple and clever experiment proved that Pasteur was right about germs.
Passive: It was proved by a simple and clever experiment that Pasteur was right about germs.
4. A germ, which had turned their wine sour, troubled some French wine-makers.
Passive: Some French wine-makers were troubled by a germ, which had turned their wine sour.
5. Dr. Jenner in England had already discovered vaccination for smallpox.

Passive: Vaccination for smallpox had already been discovered by Dr. Jenner in England.
6. Pasteur found out first of all that a cow could not have anthrax twice.
Passive: It was found out first of all by Pasteur that a cow could not have anthrax twice.
7. When the news spread that Pasteur had discovered a cure for anthrax, hundreds of people wrote to
him for supplies of "vaccine."
Passive: When the news spread that a cure for anthrax had been discovered by Pasteur, hundreds of
people wrote to him for supplies of "vaccine."
8. Pasteur inoculated the young boy with some weak rabies germs.
Passive: The young boy was inoculated with some weak rabies germs by Pasteur.
E. The following sentences contain wrong collocations. The wrong words have been underlined.
Correct the sentences using the appropriate collocations
1. She had her ears poked when she was just one year old.
Corrected: She had her ears pierced when she was just one year old.
2. The victims were charred to death in the fire.

Corrected: The victims were burned to death in the fire.
3. In summer, I need to have my hair chopped short.

Corrected: In summer, I need to have my hair cut short.
4. It is the bus driver who committed the accident.

Corrected: It is the bus driver who caused the accident.
5. Rice production needs to be enhanced.

Corrected: Rice production needs to be improved.
6. Teacher: I shall not engage my class tomorrow.

Corrected: Teacher: I shall not teach my class tomorrow.
7. Fish are reared on a commercial scale.

Corrected: Fish are farmed on a commercial scale.
8. He speaks chaste Kannada.

Corrected: He speaks fluent Kannada.
9. She is a far relation of mine.

Corrected: She is a distant relation of mine.
10. Parking facilities have been scraped on Ashoka Pillar Road.

Corrected: Parking facilities have been removed on Ashoka Pillar Road.
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F. Rewrite the following as directed:

1. He was too old to learn new things. (use “so……that”)
Answer: He was so old that he could not learn new things.
Reason: The phrase "so...that" is used to show cause and effect, replacing "too...to" structure.
2. He is not tall enough to touch the ceiling. (use “too… to”)

Answer: He is too short to touch the ceiling.
Reason: The sentence is rephrased using "too...to" to express the inability.
3. If they were not brave they would have lost the battle. (use “but for”)
Answer: But for their bravery, they would have lost the battle.
Reason: "But for" is used to replace a condition and means "if not for."
4. Had she been wise I should not have opposed her. (use “if’’)
Answer: If she had been wise, I should not have opposed her.
Reason: The conditional sentence is rewritten using "if."
5. You are a great fool. (change into an exclamation)
Answer: What a great fool you are!
Reason: Exclamatory sentences often begin with "What" or "How."
6. Bring it here. (change into a polite request)
Answer: Could you please bring it here?
Reason: Changing a command to a polite request requires adding words like "Could you" and
"please."
7. It is raining. (change into a probability)
Answer: It might be raining.
Reason: "Might" is used to express a possibility or probability.
8. I want to be a millionaire. (express it as a wish beginning your answer with, “I wish……..”)
Answer: I wish I were a millionaire.
Reason: "I wish" is followed by a subjunctive form to express a wish about something unreal.
9. As soon as we reached the station the train left. (use “No sooner... than”)
Answer: No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.
Reason: "No sooner...than" is used for actions that happen immediately one after another.
10. As soon as they reached the playground it began to rain. (use “Hardly”)
Answer: Hardly had they reached the playground when it began to rain.
Reason: "Hardly" introduces an action that is quickly followed by another.
11. She ran away so that she should not be married. (use “lest”)
Answer: She ran away lest she should be married.
Reason: "Lest" is used to express an action taken to avoid something.
12. If you don’t walk fast, you will miss the train. (use “otherwise”)
Answer: Walk fast; otherwise, you will miss the train.
Reason: "Otherwise" is used to present an alternative condition or consequence.
13. Besides being intelligent she is hardworking. (use “not only...but”)
Answer: Not only is she intelligent but she is also hardworking.
Reason: "Not only...but also" is used to emphasize two qualities.
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14. In spite of his riches, he is unhappy. (use “nevertheless”)

Answer: He is rich; nevertheless, he is unhappy.
Reason: "Nevertheless" is used to express a contrast between two facts.
15. To avoid punishment you must apologize. (use “or”)
Answer: You must apologize, or you will be punished.
Reason: "Or" is used to present an alternative outcome.
16. Did you see any other person at the party? (use “else”)
Answer: Did you see anyone else at the party?
Reason: "Else" is used to express "in addition to" or "other than."
17. He earned a lot but he became greedier. (use “the more……the more”)
Answer: The more he earned, the greedier he became.
Reason: "The more...the more" is used to express increasing proportions.
18. He told them to come early. (use “suggested”)
Answer: He suggested that they come early.
Reason: "Suggested" is followed by a "that-clause" for advice or a proposal.
19. I forbid you the use of my laptop. (use “mustn’t”)
Answer: You mustn’t use my laptop.
Reason: "Mustn’t" expresses prohibition.
20. Let’s try to do it the other way. (use “How about”)
Answer: How about trying it the other way?
Reason: "How about" is used to make a suggestion.
21. It would be advisable to start early. (use “had better”)
Answer: You had better start early.
Reason: "Had better" is used to give strong advice or a recommendation.
22. Shall I go home early this afternoon? (use “would you mind”)
Answer: Would you mind if I went home early this afternoon?
Reason: "Would you mind" is used to ask for permission politely.
23. I am sorry to inform you that your son has failed. (use “I’m afraid”)
Answer: I’m afraid your son has failed.
Reason: "I’m afraid" is used to introduce bad news.
24. I am sorry I don’t know how to do it. (begin with “I wish…..”)
Answer: I wish I knew how to do it.
Reason: "I wish" followed by the past tense expresses regret.
25. I prefer to stay at home. (use “would rather”)
Answer: I would rather stay at home.
Reason: "Would rather" expresses a preference.
26. We hid behind some bushes so that the enemy should not see us. (use “for fear”)
Answer: We hid behind some bushes for fear that the enemy would see us.
Reason: "For fear" is used to express an action taken to avoid a feared outcome.
27. The dog is the best friend of man. (change using “good”)
Answer: The dog is a good friend of man.
Reason: Replacing "best" with a positive but not superlative expression.
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28. Darjeeling is more beautiful than many other hill stations in India. (change using “as….as”)
Answer: Many other hill stations in India are not as beautiful as Darjeeling.
Reason: "As...as" is used to compare equal or unequal qualities.
29. Some students don’t bring the text unless the teacher compels them to. (change using “if”)
Answer: Some students will bring the text only if the teacher compels them to.
Reason: "If" is used to express a condition.
30. The students were too tired to sit in the class. (change using “so…that”)
Answer: The students were so tired that they could not sit in the class.
Reason: Replacing "too...to" with "so...that."
31. Life is so beautiful that I cannot think of ugly things. (change using “too…to”)
Answer: Life is too beautiful to think of ugly things.
Reason: "Too...to" expresses an overwhelming quality that prevents the action.
32. These mangoes are so cheap that they cannot be good. ( change using “too…to”)
Answer: These mangoes are too cheap to be good.
Reason: Same reason as above.
33. Bring the chair here. (change into a polite request)
Answer: Could you please bring the chair here?
Reason: Adding "please" and "could you" makes it polite.
34. I want to go out for a few minutes. (change it into a polite request for permission)
Answer: May I go out for a few minutes, please?
Reason: Asking permission requires "may."
35. As soon as he saw the warden, he ran away. (change using “no sooner….than”)
Answer: No sooner had he seen the warden than he ran away.
Reason: "No sooner...than" shows an immediate reaction.
36. As soon as he stood up to speak the people started shouting (change using “Hardly”)
Answer: Hardly had he stood up to speak when the people started shouting.
Reason: "Hardly...when" expresses an action that follows another immediately.
37. Write it down so that you may not forget all about it. (change using “lest”)
Answer: Write it down lest you forget all about it.
Reason: "Lest" is used to express precaution.
38. It is possible that he will be troublesome. (change using “possibility”)
Answer: There is a possibility that he will be troublesome.
Reason: "Possibility" is used as a noun to express potentiality.
39. She replied very courteously. (change using “courteous”)
Answer: She was very courteous in her reply.
Reason: Adjective "courteous” is used instead of the adverb.
40. I know that I am indebted to him. (change using “indebtedness”)
Answer: I am aware of my indebtedness to him.
Reason: "Indebtedness" as a noun replaces the verb "indebted."
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Lesson 5
What is Moral Action?
M.K. Gandhi
A. Discuss in pairs the similarity or difference in meaning/usage between the following pairs of words:
i) say - tell
Answer: "Say" is used to express something verbally, often without specifying the listener. "Tell" is used
when you inform someone about something, and it often requires a listener.
Reason: "Say" focuses on the act of speaking, while "tell" focuses on delivering information to someone.
ii) moral - morale

Answer: "Moral" refers to the principles of right and wrong, while "morale" refers to the mental and
emotional state of a group or individual.
Reason: "Moral" is related to ethics, and "morale" relates to confidence or spirit.
iii) custom - habit

Answer: "Custom" is a tradition or practice common to a culture or society. "Habit" is a personal behavior
regularly performed by an individual.
Reason: "Custom" is collective, while "habit" is individual.
iv) between - among

Answer: "Between" is used when referring to two things, while "among" is used when referring to more
than two.
Reason: "Between" indicates a direct relationship, while "among" refers to being part of a group.
v) enough - sufficient
Answer: "Enough" and "sufficient" both mean adequate, but "sufficient" is more formal.
Reason: They are synonyms, but "sufficient" is often used in formal contexts.
vi) same - similar

Answer: "Same" means identical, whereas "similar" means having resemblance but not identical.
Reason: "Same" indicates no difference, while "similar" shows likeness.
vii) culture - civilisation

Answer: "Culture" refers to the beliefs, customs, and arts of a society, while "civilisation" refers to a
complex society with an advanced state of cultural and technological development.
Reason: Culture is a component of civilisation, but civilisation is broader and includes societal
advancements.
viii) rise - raise

Answer: "Rise" means to go up by itself, while "raise" means to lift something up.
Reason: "Rise" is intransitive (does not require an object), while "raise" is transitive (requires an object).
ix) sympathy - empathy

Answer: "Sympathy" is feeling compassion for someone's suffering, while "empathy" is the ability to
understand and share someone’s feelings.
Reason: Sympathy involves feeling for someone, and empathy involves feeling with someone.
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x) practice - practise
Answer: In American English, both are spelled "practice." In British English, "practice" is the noun, and
"practise" is the verb.
Reason: The difference is based on the type of English being used.
xi) pardon - forgive, excuse

Answer: "Pardon" is to formally release someone from blame or punishment. "Forgive" is to stop feeling
angry at someone. "Excuse" is to accept reasons for someone’s fault.
Reason: "Pardon" is formal, "forgive" is personal, and "excuse" is conditional on an explanation.
xii) mistake - error, blunder

Answer: A "mistake" is a general term for something done incorrectly. An "error" is a more formal or
technical mistake. A "blunder" is a careless or foolish mistake.
Reason: "Blunder" has an added connotation of being significant and foolish.
xiii) conscience - consciousness, conscientious

Answer: "Conscience" is the sense of right and wrong. "Consciousness" is the state of being aware.
"Conscientious" describes someone who is diligent and careful.
Reason: "Conscience" is about morality, "consciousness" about awareness, and "conscientious" about
responsibility.
B. Give one-word substitutes for the following:
1. The absence of government

Answer: Anarchy
Reason: "Anarchy" refers to a state where there is no governing authority.
2. A story that gives a moral

Answer: Fable
Reason: A "fable" is a short story that conveys a moral lesson, often with animals as characters.
3. One who takes delight in the suffering of others

Answer: Sadist
Reason: A "sadist" derives pleasure from inflicting pain or seeing others suffer.
4. Making atonement for one’s sins

Answer: Penance
Reason: "Penance" is an act of self-punishment to show regret for wrongdoings.
5. A decision which cannot be changed

Answer: Irrevocable
Reason: "Irrevocable" means something that cannot be undone or altered.
C. Choose the most appropriate form of the verbs given in brackets and fill in the blanks:
1. I ——— (light) the lamp at 5 and it —— (burn) brightly when Hari came in at 7.
Answer: "I lit the lamp at 5, and it was burning brightly when Hari came in at 7."
Reason: "Lit" is in the past simple for a completed action, and "was burning" is in the past
continuous for an action in progress at a specific time in the past.
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2. I ——— (make) coffee when the light —— (go) out.

Answer: "I was making coffee when the light went out."
Reason: "Was making" is in the past continuous for the interrupted action, and "went" is in the past
simple for the action that caused the interruption.
3. I —— (not want) to meet Aziz, so when he entered the room, I —— (leave).

Answer: "I did not want to meet Aziz, so when he entered the room, I left."
Reason: Both actions are in the past simple as they happened sequentially in the past.
4. The car had nobody in it, but the engine —— (run).

Answer: "The car had nobody in it, but the engine was running."
Reason: "Was running" is in the past continuous to describe the state of the engine.
5. My friend and I —— (talk) about you the other day.

Answer: "My friend and I were talking about you the other day."
Reason: "Were talking" is in the past continuous for an ongoing action at a specific time in the past.
6. She suddenly ——— (realize) that she —— (travel) in the wrong direction.
Answer: "She suddenly realized that she was traveling in the wrong direction."
Reason: "Realized" is in the past simple for a completed action, and "was traveling" is in the past
continuous for the ongoing action.
7. When I —— (look) for my passbook, I —— (find) this old photograph.

Answer: "When I was looking for my passbook, I found this old photograph."
Reason: "Was looking" is in the past continuous for the ongoing action, and "found" is in the past
simple for the completed action.
8. “How did you —— (damage) your car so badly?” “I —— (run) into a lamp post yesterday.”
Answer: "How did you damage your car so badly?" "I ran into a lamp post yesterday."
Reason: Both actions are in the past simple to indicate completed actions.
9. As I —— (cross) the road, I —— (step) on a banana skin and —— (fall) heavily.

Answer: "As I was crossing the road, I stepped on a banana skin and fell heavily."
Reason: "Was crossing" is in the past continuous to show the ongoing action, and "stepped" and
"fell" are in the past simple for completed actions.
10. While the guests ——— (watch T.V), thieves —— (break) into the house and —— (steal) a lot of
gold.
Answer: "While the guests were watching TV, thieves broke into the house and stole a lot of gold."
Reason: "Were watching" is in the past continuous for an ongoing action, and "broke" and "stole"
are in the past simple for actions completed during that time.
D. Choose the most appropriate form of the verbs given in brackets and fill in the blanks:
1. He —— (discover) to his horror that his child —— (swallow) a coin.

Answer: "He discovered to his horror that his child had swallowed a coin."
Reason: "Discovered" is in the past simple for a completed action, and "had swallowed" is in the
past perfect to indicate that the swallowing happened before the discovery.
2. The little girl —— (ask), what —— (happen) to her ice cream.

Answer: "The little girl asked, 'What has happened to her ice cream?'"
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Reason: "Asked" is in the past simple to show a completed action, and "has happened" is in the
present perfect to indicate the event has just occurred.
3. It —— (be) the mad man who —— (do) the killing.

Answer: "It was the mad man who did the killing."
Reason: Both "was" and "did" are in the past simple to indicate a completed action in the past.
4. Before I —— (reach) the class, the teacher —— (begin) the lesson.

Answer: "Before I reached the class, the teacher had begun the lesson."
Reason: "Reached" is in the past simple to indicate the action of arriving, and "had begun" is in the
past perfect to show that the lesson had started before the arrival.
5. When I —— (reach) the bus stop, I —— (tell) that the bus —— (leave) already.
Answer: "When I reached the bus stop, I was told that the bus had left already."
Reason: "Reached" is in the past simple for a completed action, "was told" is in the passive voice,
and "had left" is in the past perfect to indicate an earlier event.
6. The test —— (be) much easier than I —— (think) first.

Answer: "The test was much easier than I had thought first."
Reason: "Was" is in the past simple to indicate the current state of the test, and "had thought" is in
the past perfect to show the prior expectation.
7. He —— (refuse) to admit that he —— (steal) the mobile.

Answer: "He refused to admit that he had stolen the mobile."
Reason: "Refused" is in the past simple for the completed action, and "had stolen" is in the past
perfect to indicate that the theft happened before the refusal.
8. He —— (give) me back the book, —— (thank) me for lending it to him and —— (say) that he ——
(enjoy) it very much; but I —— (know) that he —— (not read) it because most of the pages ——
(be) still uncut.
Answer: "He gave me back the book, thanked me for lending it to him, and said that he had
enjoyed it very much; but I knew that he had not read it because most of the pages were still
uncut."
Reason: "Gave," "thanked," and "said" are in the past simple for completed actions, "had enjoyed"
and "had not read" are in the past perfect to show actions that were completed before the book was
returned, and "were" is in the past simple to indicate the state of the pages.
9. I —— (think) my train —— (leave) at 2 and —— (be) very disappointed when I —— (arrive) at

1:45 and —— (learn) that it just —— (leave). I found later that I —— (use) an out-of-date timetable.
Answer: "I thought my train was leaving at 2 and was very disappointed when I arrived at 1:45
and learned that it just had left. I found later that I had used an out-of-date timetable."
Reason: "Thought," "arrived," "learned," and "was" are in the past simple for completed actions,
"was leaving" is in the past continuous for a scheduled event, "had left" is in the past perfect for the
event that happened before arriving, and "had used" is in the past perfect to show the error made
earlier.
10. A woman —— (come) in with a baby, who she —— (say) just —— (swallow) a safety pin.
Answer: "A woman came in with a baby, who she said just had swallowed a safety pin."
Reason: "Came" and "said" are in the past simple for completed actions, and "had swallowed" is in
the past perfect to indicate that the swallowing happened before she reported it.
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Lesson 6
The Eyes are not Here
Ruskin Bond
A. Make sentences using the following idioms and phrases.
1. to see one off

Answer: "I went to the station to see my friend off before his long journey."
Reason: The phrase "to see one off" means to accompany someone to the place of departure to say
goodbye.
2. to pull out of
Answer: "The company decided to pull out of the project due to financial issues."
Reason: "To pull out of" means to withdraw from an agreement or situation.
3. to take in
Answer: "She was so kind to take in the stray puppy and care for it."
Reason: "To take in" means to provide shelter or care, or to understand something.
4. to call on
Answer: "The teacher called on me to answer the question."
Reason: "To call on" means to ask someone to speak or participate.
5. to break into
Answer: "The thief broke into the house late at night."
Reason: "To break into" means to enter a place forcefully or illegally.
6. to be deprived of
Answer: "Children should not be deprived of education."
Reason: "To be deprived of" means to be denied or lacking something essential.
7. in front of
Answer: "The car parked in front of the store was blocking the entrance."
Reason: "In front of" refers to something positioned directly ahead of another object or person.
8. to be covered with
Answer: "The mountain was covered with snow after the heavy storm."
Reason: "To be covered with" means to be fully blanketed or overlaid by something.
9. to move away
Answer: "After living in the city for years, she decided to move away to a quieter place."
Reason: "To move away" means to relocate or shift to a different place.
10. to take up
Answer: "He decided to take up painting as a hobby after retirement."
Reason: "To take up" means to begin or start an activity or hobby.
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B. Find the difference between the following pairs of words and make sentences to bring
out the difference.
1. anxious - curious
Answer: "I am anxious about my exam results, but curious to know how my friends performed."
Reason: "Anxious" refers to being worried or nervous, while "curious" means eager to learn or know
something.
2. praise - flattery
Answer: "She accepted the praise for her hard work but ignored the flattery."
Reason: "Praise" is genuine admiration, while "flattery" is often excessive or insincere compliments.
3. lonely - alone
Answer: "He felt lonely even though he wasn’t alone in the crowded room."
Reason: "Alone" refers to being by oneself, while "lonely" refers to feeling isolated emotionally.
4. change - alter
Answer: "I need to change my shirt because it's dirty, but I only need to alter the pants to make them
shorter."
Reason: "Change" means to make something different, while "alter" means to modify something
slightly.
5. vendor - hawker
Answer: "The vendor sells fresh fruits at the market, while the hawker moves through the streets
selling snacks."
Reason: A "vendor" operates at a fixed location, whereas a "hawker" moves around selling goods.
6. probable - possible
Answer: "It's probable that it will rain today, but it's also possible it might not."
Reason: "Probable" suggests something is likely, while "possible" means it can happen, but there's
no certainty.
7. look - see
Answer: "I looked out the window and saw the sunset."
Reason: "Look" involves deliberate attention, while "see" is passive perception.
8. hear - listen
Answer: "I heard the music playing, but I didn’t listen to the lyrics."
Reason: "Hear" refers to perceiving sounds, while "listen" means paying attention to them.
9. loud - aloud
Answer: "The music was too loud, so I read the poem aloud to be heard."
Reason: "Loud" refers to high volume, while "aloud" refers to speaking or reading so others can
hear.
10. hanged - hung
Answer: "The painting was hung on the wall, but the criminal was hanged for his crimes."
Reason: "Hanged" refers to execution by hanging, while "hung" is used for suspending objects.
11. break - brake
Answer: "I had to brake suddenly to avoid a car, but I didn’t break any traffic rules."
Reason: "Brake" refers to the device used to stop a vehicle, while "break" means to destroy or
damage.
12. desert (n) - desert (v) - deserts (n) - dessert (n)
Answer: "The vast desert (n) stretched before us, but we didn’t desert (v) our mission. After a long
day, we enjoyed our just deserts (n) with a sweet dessert (n)."
Reason: "Desert (n)" is a dry area, "desert (v)" means to abandon, "deserts (n)" refers to deserved
rewards or punishment, and "dessert (n)" is a sweet course.
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C. Following is a list of words which refer to different sounds made with the help of the
mouth and nose. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the list:
puff, pant, blow, sigh, sob, snore, yawn, splutter, stutter, stammer, sniff, cough, sneeze, hiccup
1. We _______ and _______ when we are out of breath.

Answer: pant and puff
Reason: When someone is out of breath, they "pant" (breathe heavily) and "puff" (breathe with
difficulty due to exhaustion).
2. We _______ if we fall into water unexpectedly.

Answer: splutter
Reason: "Splutter" refers to making short, explosive sounds, often when trying to clear water from
the mouth and throat.
3. We _______ when we are bored.

Answer: yawn
Reason: "Yawn" is an involuntary action where the mouth opens wide, often occurring when
someone is tired or bored.
4. We _______ and _______ when we have a bad cold.

Answer: sneeze and cough
Reason: "Sneeze" and "cough" are common reflex actions when someone has a cold, as the body
attempts to expel irritants from the respiratory system.
5. We _______ or _______ when we have difficulty in saying certain words.

Answer: stutter or stammer
Reason: Both "stutter" and "stammer" are speech disorders where a person repeats sounds or
syllables, often because of anxiety or speech problems.
6. We _______ when we have no handkerchief and need to blow our nose.

Answer: sniff
Reason: "Sniff" refers to quickly inhaling through the nose, typically when someone needs to clear
their nose but doesn't blow it.
7. We _______ at night if we lie on our backs and with our mouths open.
Answer: snore
Reason: "Snore" is the sound made during sleep when air passes through a partially obstructed
airway, often when lying on the back.
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D. Complete the following sentences with the most appropriate alternatives.

1. _________ our many faults, our parents love us.
a) Besides
b) Even though
c) In spite of
d) Having
Answer: c) In spite of
Reason: "In spite of" is used to show contrast, indicating that despite the faults, parents still love us.
2. It's late to go for a walk now; _______________ it has started raining.
a) in case
b) besides
c) however
d) even though
Answer: b) besides
Reason: "Besides" adds extra information that reinforces why the walk is a bad idea.
3. Do you enjoy __________ cricket?
a) to play
b) to playing
c) for playing
d) playing
Answer: d) playing
Reason: The verb "enjoy" is followed by the gerund form of a verb, so "playing" is correct.
4. We are really looking forward _________ you again.
a) to seeing
b) to see
c) see
d) seeing
Answer: a) to seeing
Reason: "Look forward to" is followed by a gerund, so "seeing" is the correct form.
5. Esther _______ with the dog.
a) befriended
b) made friends
c) made friend
d) made friendly
Answer: b) made friends
Reason: The correct expression is "made friends with," meaning to become friends.
6. The balloon ________ when the child stepped on it.
a) burst
b) bursted
c) has bursted
d) had bursted
Answer: a) burst
Reason: "Burst" is an irregular verb where the past tense is the same as the base form.
7. He would have attended the meeting if he _______ time.
a) has had
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b) had had
c) would have had
d) had
Answer: b) had had
Reason: The correct form is "had had" to indicate a past unreal condition.
8. There were _______ guests today compared to yesterday.
a) less
b) lesser
c) few
d) fewer
Answer: d) fewer
Reason: "Fewer" is used for countable nouns like guests.
9. “Where are you? I have been _______ you the whole morning.”
a) searching
b) searching for
c) searched
d) searched for
Answer: b) searching for
Reason: The phrase "search for" means to look for something or someone.
10. Reaching the top of the mountain, we ________ energy left for the descent.
a) had hardly any
b) hadn’t hardly any
c) had hardly no
d) hadn't hardly no
Answer: a) had hardly any
Reason: "Had hardly any" is the correct phrase to indicate very little energy left.
11. Everyone brought __________ lunch to the picnic.
a) their
b) there
c) theirs
d) his/her
Answer: a) their
Reason: "Their" is the correct pronoun to refer to a collective group in a singular context.
12. The package containing books and records _______ last week.
a) is delivered
b) was delivered
c) are delivered
d) were delivered
Answer: b) was delivered
Reason: "Package" is singular, so "was delivered" is the correct form.
13. Which hand do you write ____________ ?
a) in
b) with
c) on
d) about
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Answer: b) with
Reason: The correct preposition is "with" when referring to the hand used for writing.
14. Noel, the little 'Power Ranger' shot ______ the criminal but he escaped.
a) on
b) at
c) for
d) no preposition
Answer: b) at
Reason: "Shot at" is the correct phrase when someone fires towards a target.
15. I have been trying to learn to play the guitar for so many years, but I ________________ yet.
a) did not succeed
b) will not succeed
c) have not succeeded
d) had not succeeded
Answer: c) have not succeeded
Reason: Present perfect tense is used to show that the action has not been achieved up to now.
16. It was difficult to see through the ____________ of the headlights of the vehicles.
a) brilliance
b) dazzle
c) shine
d) glare
Answer: d) glare
Reason: "Glare" refers to a strong, dazzling light, especially from headlights.
17. The idea of a balanced diet is very difficult to _________ to anyone who is illiterate.
a) put through
b) put across
c) take in
d) make over
Answer: b) put across
Reason: "Put across" means to explain or convey an idea clearly.
18. I had scarcely passed my twelfth birthday when I entered the inhospitable regions of
examinations, through which for the next seven year I ________ to journey.
a) will be destined
b) would be destined
c) was destined
d) destined
Answer: c) was destined
Reason: The sentence talks about a past event, so "was destined" is the correct choice.
19. Growing up means _________ getting larger, _______ using our senses and brains to become
more aware of the things around us.
a) neither nor
b) either ..... or
c) not only..... but also
d) both ..... as well as
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Answer: c) not only..... but also

Reason: "Not only... but also" shows the two different aspects of growing up.
20. I am not too sure but, I think these are those ___________ books.
a) boys'
b) boy's
c) boys
d) boyes
Answer: a) boys'
Reason: The apostrophe after "boys" indicates possession for plural "boys."
21. When asked about the mischief, the three boys looked at _______
a) each other
b) one another
c) the other
d) one other
Answer: b) one another
Reason: "One another" is used when referring to more than two people interacting.
22. My first impression _______ at the site was one of disillusionment.
a) on arriving
b) at arriving
c) while arriving
d) when arriving
Answer: a) on arriving
Reason: "On arriving" is the correct prepositional phrase to express time.
23. ___________ my good advice, Latha walked home in the rain.
a) Rejecting herself of
b) Away from
c) Contrary to
d) With
Answer: c) Contrary to
Reason: "Contrary to" means doing the opposite of what was advised.
24. If you ask nicely, mother will probably _______ the chocolate.
a) let you to have
b) allow you have
c) allow that you have
d) let you have
Answer: d) let you have
Reason: "Let" is followed by the base form of the verb, without "to."
25. Of the two toys, the child chose ________
a) the one most expensive
b) the less expensive
c) the least expensive
d) the most expensive of them
Answer: b) the less expensive
Reason: When comparing two items, "less expensive" is correct.
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Lesson 7
The Girl who was Anne Frank
Louis De Jong
A. Give one word substitutes for the following (Look for the words in the lesson):
1. The stage of life between childhood and adulthood……………….
Answer: Adolescence
Reason: Adolescence is the term used to describe the transitional phase of human development that
occurs between childhood and adulthood.
2. Accusing somebody officially about something…………............
Answer: Allegation
Reason: An allegation is a formal accusation made against someone regarding a wrongdoing or
crime.
3. A name that is not made public…………
Answer: Anonymity
Reason: Anonymity refers to the state of being unnamed or unidentified, often used to protect the
identity of a person.
4. Treating somebody in a cruel way because of their race, their political or religious beliefs……..
Answer: Discrimination
Reason: Discrimination involves treating someone unfairly based on characteristics such as race,
religion, or political beliefs.
5. To leave one’s own country and go to live permanently in another………...
Answer: Emigrate
Reason: Emigrate means to leave one's country to settle in another, often permanently.
6. An order having the force of law………
Answer: Ordinance
Reason: An ordinance is a law or decree enacted by a local government, having the force of law.
7. A building that is added to a larger one…….
Answer: Extension
Reason: An extension is an additional building that is connected to or enlarges an existing structure.
8. Forcing somebody to leave a country because they have no legal right to be there………..
Answer: Deportation
Reason: Deportation is the act of expelling a foreigner from a country for legal violations.
9. The state of being extremely tired………
Answer: Fatigue
Reason: Fatigue describes a state of exhaustion or extreme tiredness.
10. To see that something is going to happen in the future………….
Answer: Foresee
Reason: Foresee means to predict or anticipate something before it happens.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the words given in brackets.
1. Gandhiji, more than any other leader, _______ India’s struggle for freedom. (symbol)
Answer: symbolized
Reason: The past tense form "symbolized" indicates that Gandhiji represented India's struggle.
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2. I don’t like his _______ nature. (argument)

Answer: argumentative
Reason: "Argumentative" describes a person who tends to argue or engage in disputes.
3. The people gave a ______ welcome to their hero. (rapture)
Answer: rapturous
Reason: "Rapturous" is the adjective form that conveys a feeling of intense joy or enthusiasm.
4. The standard of living of many labourers remains _____ low. (pity)
Answer: pitiably
Reason: "Pitiably" is the adverb form that describes a condition deserving pity or sympathy.
5. The landscape was covered with ____ mist. (autumn)
Answer: autumnal
Reason: "Autumnal" is the adjective that describes something characteristic of autumn.
6. The ____ of the document is beyond doubt. (authentic)
Answer: authenticity
Reason: "Authenticity" is the noun form that refers to the quality of being genuine or real.
7. The rising tides looked _____. (omen)
Answer: ominous
Reason: "Ominous" describes something that suggests something bad is going to happen, fitting the
context of rising tides.
8. The civic authorities should be ______ to the needs of the people. (response)
Answer: responsive
Reason: "Responsive" is the adjective form that means reacting quickly and positively to a situation.
9. He was awarded a prize for being the most _____ cricketer of the year. (promise)
Answer: promising
Reason: "Promising" is the adjective that indicates someone has potential for future success.
10. Such a simple occurrence has been _____ by the media. (drama)
Answer: dramatized
Reason: "Dramatized" means to present a situation in a way that makes it seem more exciting or
important than it is.
C. Complete the sentences using the verbs make, do, or take. In many cases, you need to
change the form of the verb.
1. They’re _____ a lot of noise, but so far they haven’t _____ any progress.
Answer: They’re making a lot of noise, but so far they haven’t made any progress.
Reason: "Making" is used for producing noise, while "made" refers to the completion of progress.
2. The company is _____ a large profit, but in the meantime they’re _____ a lot of damage to the
environment.
Answer: The company is making a large profit, but in the meantime they’re doing a lot of damage
to the environment.
Reason: "Making" describes the production of profit, while "doing" indicates the action causing
damage.
3. Esther was asked to _____ a quick meal, but she _____ her own sweet time.
Answer: Esther was asked to make a quick meal, but she took her own sweet time.
Reason: "Make" is commonly used with "meal," while "took" refers to spending time.
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4. After we’ve _____ our homework, I think we should _____ the washing up.
Answer: After we’ve done our homework, I think we should do the washing up.
Reason: "Done" is used with "homework," while "do" is appropriate for tasks like washing up.
5. _____ a look at all these mistakes you’ve made.
Answer: Take a look at all these mistakes you’ve made.
Reason: "Take a look" is a common expression for examining something.
6. Shall we _____ a taxi or go by train?
Answer: Shall we take a taxi or go by train?
Reason: "Take" is typically used when referring to transportation options.
7. At first, he _____ a great effort to _____ an interest in his lessons.
Answer: At first, he made a great effort to take an interest in his lessons.
Reason: "Made" is used for making an effort, and "take" is standard with "interest."
8. This is a photograph I _____ of some friends we made when we were on holiday.
Answer: This is a photograph I took of some friends we made when we were on holiday.
Reason: "Took" is the correct past tense for capturing a photo.
9. She told me to _____ a seat, and then went to _____ some phone calls.
Answer: She told me to take a seat, and then went to make some phone calls.
Reason: "Take" is used for seating, and "make" is appropriate for phone calls.
10. Taking a test is a bit like _____ a crossword: you finish it eventually!
Answer: Taking a test is a bit like doing a crossword: you finish it eventually!
Reason: "Doing" is appropriate for activities like completing a crossword.
11. The policeman _____ my name and address, and _____ a few notes.
Answer: The policeman took my name and address, and made a few notes.
Reason: "Took" is used for gathering information, while "made" refers to creating notes.
12. We had to _____ a lot of work before we began to _____ any money.
Answer: We had to do a lot of work before we began to make any money.
Reason: "Do" fits with completing work, and "make" refers to generating income.
13. The conference will _____ place in January.
Answer: The conference will take place in January.
Reason: "Take place" is a standard phrase for events occurring at a specific time.
14. You really should _____ my advice and hire somebody to _____ your ironing, washing, and other
housework.
Answer: You really should take my advice and hire somebody to do your ironing, washing, and
other housework.
Reason: "Take" is commonly used with advice, while "do" refers to household tasks.
15. After I had _____ the bed, he lay down and _____ his medicine.
Answer: After I had made the bed, he lay down and took his medicine.
Reason: "Made" is the correct term for preparing a bed, and "took" refers to taking medicine.
16. It won’t do any harm to _____ some enquiries.
Answer: It won’t do any harm to make some enquiries.
Reason: "Make" is the appropriate verb for initiating inquiries.
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17. Our company _____ a loss in its first year, but now we’re _____ well.
Answer: Our company made a loss in its first year, but now we’re doing well.
Reason: "Made" refers to the past loss, while "doing" indicates current success.
D. In pairs, discuss the following pairs of sentences and answer the questions given below
them:
1. a) Will you do me a favour?
b) Would you do me a favour?
Which of the two sentences is more polite?
Answer: b) Would you do me a favour?
Reason: "Would" is considered more polite and formal than "will," as it softens the request and
implies a greater level of courtesy.
2. a) Ramesh can eat ten chapathis.
b) Ramesh could eat ten chapathis.
Which of the two may suggest that Ramesh is no more young and energetic enough to eat ten
chapathis?
Answer: b) Ramesh could eat ten chapathis.
Reason: The use of "could" suggests a past ability, indicating that he might no longer have the same
energy or youthfulness to eat that much now.
3. a) My father will go to Mumbai next week.
b) My father is going to Mumbai next week.
Which of the two may suggest that my father has already a train reservation?
Answer: b) My father is going to Mumbai next week.
Reason: "Is going to" implies a planned action, often indicating that arrangements, like a train
reservation, have already been made.
4. a) My tea was already sweetened, so I didn’t need to add any sugar.
b) My tea was already sweetened, so I needn’t have to add any sugar.
In which of the two was the tea too sweet?
Answer: a) My tea was already sweetened, so I didn’t need to add any sugar.
Reason: The phrase suggests that the tea was adequately sweetened, while "needn’t have to add any
sugar" could imply that the tea was excessively sweet.
5. a) Can I come in?
b) May I come in?
Which of the two would you use in a not-so-formal situation?
Answer: a) Can I come in?
Reason: "Can" is more casual and informal, making it appropriate for less formal situations
compared to "may," which is more formal.
6. a) You’ll come and see us again.
b) You may come and see us again.
c) You should come and see us again.
d) You must come and see us again.
Which of the above expresses:
1. suggestion: c) You should come and see us again.
2. obligation: d) You must come and see us again.
3. prediction: a) You’ll come and see us again.
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4. permission: b) You may come and see us again.

Reason: Each sentence uses modal verbs that convey different meanings: "should" for
suggestion, "must" for obligation, "will" for prediction, and "may" for permission.
7. a) I must be there at ten o’clock.
b) I have to be there at ten o’clock.
Which of the two would suggest that there is some pressure from my boss to be there by ten
o’clock?
Answer: b) I have to be there at ten o’clock.
Reason: "Have to" indicates an external obligation or necessity, suggesting pressure from someone
else, like a boss, while "must" can also imply personal conviction.
8. a) I should work hard.
b) I must work hard.
Which of the two suggests a sense of duty?
Answer: b) I must work hard.
Reason: "Must" indicates a stronger sense of obligation or duty compared to "should," which implies
a recommendation rather than a necessity.
9. a) Joshua may be at home now.
b) Joshua will be at home now.
c) Joshua might be at home now.
d) Joshua would be at home now.
Answer: a) Joshua may be at home now.
Reason: "May" suggests a possibility without certainty, while "will" expresses a strong likelihood,
and "might" indicates a lower possibility than "may." "Would" is often used in conditional sentences
and does not fit well here.
E. Complete the following using the appropriate forms of the verbs given in brackets.
1. The prisoner _____ for the final verdict. (bring)
Answer: The prisoner is being brought for the final verdict.
Reason: The present continuous passive form "is being brought" is used here to indicate that the
action is currently happening.
2. Wheat and rice ____ in a small quantity in India. (produce)
Answer: Wheat and rice are produced in a small quantity in India.
Reason: The passive voice "are produced" indicates that the action of producing wheat and rice
happens regularly in India.
3. Bharatanatyam ____ the best form of traditional dance of our country. (consider)
Answer: Bharatanatyam is considered the best form of traditional dance of our country.
Reason: The passive voice "is considered" shows that this is a common belief about Bharatanatyam
in the present.
4. Mark is the currency that ____ in Germany. (use)
Answer: Mark is the currency that is used in Germany.
Reason: The passive form "is used" indicates that Mark is the currency actively utilized in Germany.
5. Nowadays smart phones and tablets ____ the place of computers. (take)
Answer: Nowadays smart phones and tablets are taking the place of computers.
Reason: The present continuous active form "are taking" is used to show that this is an ongoing
trend in the present time.
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Lesson 8
A Village Cricket Match
A.G. Macdonell
A. Fill in the blanks with the antonyms of the words underlined.
1. We live on the terrestrial sphere; heavenly bodies are on the _________ sphere.
Answer: We live on the terrestrial sphere; heavenly bodies are on the celestial sphere.
Reason: The antonym of "terrestrial" (relating to the Earth) is "celestial" (relating to the sky or outer
space).
2. The Indian team was very hopeful of winning but their defeat left them ——.
Answer: The Indian team was very hopeful of winning but their defeat left them despondent.
Reason: The antonym of "hopeful" is "despondent," meaning in low spirits or without hope.
3. The young have vitality but the old have to cope with their ——.
Answer: The young have vitality but the old have to cope with their weakness.
Reason: The antonym of "vitality" (energy and liveliness) is "weakness" (lack of strength).
4. The heroic mood was lost after the —— battle.

Answer: The heroic mood was lost after the defeating battle.
Reason: The antonym of "heroic" (courageous or brave) is "defeating" (which indicates a loss).
5. Don’t be reckless; be ——.

Answer: Don’t be reckless; be cautious.
Reason: The antonym of "reckless" (careless) is "cautious" (careful).
6. Joshua remains ——— even in highly perturbable situations.

Answer: Joshua remains calm even in highly perturbable situations.
Reason: The antonym of "perturbable" (easily disturbed) is "calm" (not disturbed).
7. Don’t be crooked; be open and ———.

Answer: Don’t be crooked; be open and honest.
Reason: The antonym of "crooked" (dishonest or corrupt) is "honest" (truthful).
8. Peter, a highly indisciplined chap, could never be a part of the highly ——— residential school.
Answer: Peter, a highly indisciplined chap, could never be a part of the highly disciplined
residential school.
Reason: The antonym of "indisciplined" (lacking discipline) is "disciplined" (having self-control or

order).
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B. Make humorous sentences making use of the following sentence openers. Share any two
most laughable sentences you have heard or can create with all your classmates.
1. I like people who ____________.

Answer: I like people who bring snacks to class without sharing.
Reason: This is humorous because it highlights the irony of enjoying someone's company while also
wanting to enjoy their snacks.
2. Last night, I ____________.

Answer: Last night, I dreamed I was a superhero, but my superpower was napping.
Reason: This is funny because it plays on the idea of superheroes having extraordinary abilities,
while the dreamer's "power" is something mundane.
3. I have never ____________.

Answer: I have never understood why people say 'break a leg' before a performance; I prefer
'don’t trip over your shoelaces'.
Reason: This sentence humorously twists a common phrase, showing the absurdity of wishing
someone good luck by suggesting they get injured.
4. In future, I will ____________.

Answer: In future, I will wear a superhero cape to school, so no one will question my snack-
stealing abilities.
Reason: The absurdity of wearing a cape for a mundane purpose is funny and imaginative.
5. A good student should ____________.

Answer: A good student should know how to turn in homework late without getting caught.
Reason: This is humorous because it implies that being a good student is about cleverness rather
than academics.
6. It’s unhealthy to ____________.

Answer: It’s unhealthy to eat pizza every day, but my heart says, ‘yes, please’.
Reason: This combines a common health warning with the humorous idea of an inner voice urging
indulgence.
7. He will fail in SSLC because ____________.

Answer: He will fail in SSLC because he thought 'study hard' was a type of exercise.
Reason: This is funny because it plays on a misunderstanding of the phrase, implying he confused
studying with physical fitness.
8. When my parents scold me, I ____________.

Answer: When my parents scold me, I practice my puppy eyes to distract them.
Reason: This is humorous because it reflects a playful and exaggerated attempt to avoid punishment.
9. I hate people who ____________.

Answer: I hate people who pretend to like my cooking when they actually just want pizza.
Reason: This sentence is funny because it reveals the ridiculousness of pretending to enjoy
something just to be polite.
10. It was on account of my friends that I ____________.

Answer: It was on account of my friends that I learned how to nap during class without getting
caught.
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Reason: This combines humor with a relatable school experience, emphasizing cleverness in a
lighthearted way.
11. Before I go to bed, I ____________.

Answer: Before I go to bed, I make sure my snacks are hidden from the midnight monster—my
hunger.
Reason: This personifies hunger as a monster, making it a funny exaggeration of a common
nighttime struggle.
12. On Sundays, I ____________.

Answer: On Sundays, I transform into a couch potato with advanced remote control skills.
Reason: This is humorous because it exaggerates the laziness associated with Sundays in a playful
way.
13. If I were the H.M. of my school, ____________.

Answer: If I were the H.M. of my school, I would declare every Friday a no-homework day, to
celebrate surviving the week.
Reason: This is funny because it imagines an unrealistic but desirable scenario, highlighting
students' desire for less homework.
14. As soon as I saw the teacher near the theatre, I ____________.

Answer: As soon as I saw the teacher near the theatre, I remembered that my backpack was
actually a secret spaceship.
Reason: This sentence is humorous because it absurdly suggests a child's imagination during a
stressful situation.
15. I like my school because ____________.

Answer: I like my school because it’s the only place where I can lose track of time while
pretending to listen.
Reason: This humorously highlights the common experience of daydreaming in class, which many
can relate to.
GRAMMAR REVISITED: (Synthesis of Sentences)

A. Combine each set of the following simple sentences into one simple sentence by using at least one
participle. The first one is done for you. Your teacher will help you with the rest.
1. i) He first selected a site. ii) Then he levelled it. iii) Then he dug the earth for foundation. iv) Finally
he began to build a house.
Answer: Having selected a site, he levelled it and dug the earth for the foundation, and finally began
to build a house.
Reason: The use of the participle "Having selected" allows for a more concise sentence that conveys
the order of actions.
2. i) Policemen and firemen combed the smoking rubble. ii) They found guns. iii) They found spent
cartridges. iv) They found a charred corpse.
Answer: Combing the smoking rubble, policemen and firemen found guns, spent cartridges, and a
charred corpse.
Reason: The participle "Combing" emphasizes the action performed by the subjects while
maintaining a single sentence structure.
3. i) Strip mining completely alters the topography. ii) It destroys all original vegetation. iii) It also
destroys most of the animal life. iv) It leaves barren rubble behind.
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Answer: Altering the topography, strip mining destroys all original vegetation, animal life, and
leaves barren rubble behind.
Reason: The participle "Altering" highlights the continuous effect of strip mining on the
environment.
4. i) Shells boomed. ii) The shells were artillery. iii) The booming was in the distance. iv) The shells
shook the ground. v) The shelling was slight.
Answer: Booming in the distance, the artillery shells shook the ground slightly.
Reason: The participle "Booming" effectively combines the actions while indicating the cause of the
shaking ground.
5. i) One of the soldiers was playing the harmonica. ii) Its sounds were a counterpoint to the boom. iii)
The boom was in the distance. iv) The counterpoint was strangely cheerful. v) The boom was ugly.
vi) The boom was menacing.
Answer: Playing the harmonica, one of the soldiers provided a strangely cheerful counterpoint to the
menacing and ugly boom in the distance.
Reason: The participle "Playing" helps to merge multiple actions and characteristics into a cohesive
thought.
B. Combine each set of the following simple sentences into one simple sentence by using at least one
absolute phrase. The first one is done for you. Your teacher will help you with the rest.
1. i) The evening grew more menacing. ii) The breeze became gustier. iii) Whitecaps gave the lake a
frothy, sinister appearance.
Answer: The evening grew more menacing, the breeze becoming gustier and whitecaps giving the
lake a frothy, sinister appearance.
Reason: The absolute phrases "the breeze becoming gustier" and "whitecaps giving" add descriptive
details while connecting the actions to the overall context.
2. i) The prisoner was questioned. ii) No witnesses came forward. iii) The judge dismissed the case.
Answer: The prisoner being questioned and no witnesses coming forward, the judge dismissed the
case.
Reason: The absolute phrases create a cause-and-effect relationship that succinctly conveys the
situation leading to the judge's decision.
3. i) The morning had been cool. ii) It had been comfortable. iii) The afternoon was growing sultry.
Answer: The morning having been cool and comfortable, the afternoon was growing sultry.
Reason: The absolute phrase "having been cool and comfortable" provides context for the shift in
weather.
4. i) The fish didn’t take the lines. ii) They periodically teased the boys. iii) They nibbled the bait. iv)
They jumped. v) The jumping was within arm’s reach of the boys. vi) The boys were on the bank.
Answer: The fish not taking the lines, they periodically teased the boys by nibbling the bait and
jumping within arm's reach of them on the bank.
Reason: The absolute phrase "not taking the lines" summarizes the fish's actions and their effect on
the boys.
5. i) The boys tried changing bait. ii) They tried changing rods. iii) They tried changing places. iv)
Nothing worked.
Answer: The boys tried changing bait, rods, and places, nothing working.
Reason: The absolute phrase "nothing working" effectively concludes the actions and their futility in
a compact form.
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C. Combine each set of the following simple sentences into one simple sentence by using at least one appositive.
1. i) Milton was a blind poet. ii) He wrote Paradise Lost. iii) It is one of the finest epics in the English
language.
Answer: Milton, a blind poet, wrote Paradise Lost, one of the finest epics in the English language.
Reason: The appositive "a blind poet" provides additional information about Milton while keeping
the sentence unified.
2. i) They were slim. ii) They were tanned. iii) They were Levi-clad. iv) They rode motorcycles while
swigging their colas. v) They rode surfboards while swigging their colas. vi) They were the Pepsi
generation. vii) They were the flower children of the sixties.
Answer: The Pepsi generation, slim, tanned, and Levi-clad, rode motorcycles and surfboards while
swigging their colas, the flower children of the sixties.
Reason: The appositive phrase "the Pepsi generation" summarizes the group's characteristics while
linking their actions.
3. i) The Pepsi generation changed the lifestyle of America. ii) The change was profound. iii) The Pepsi
generation was the product of the baby boom. iv) The baby boom was post-war.
Answer: The Pepsi generation, a product of the post-war baby boom, changed the lifestyle of
America, profoundly.
Reason: The appositive "a product of the post-war baby boom" gives context to the statement about
the generation's impact.
4. i) The Pepsi generation was affluent. ii) They were numerous. iii) Manufacturers catered to their
whims. iv) Advertisers pandered to their fancies.
Answer: The Pepsi generation, affluent and numerous, had manufacturers catering to their whims
and advertisers pandering to their fancies.
Reason: The appositive provides a concise summary of the group's characteristics and the actions
directed toward them.
5. i) Joshua is young. ii) Joshua is a soccer enthusiast. iii) Joshua adores Leo Messi. iv) Leo Messi is
the world’s greatest player. v) Messi plays for Barcelona.
Answer: Joshua, a young soccer enthusiast who adores Leo Messi, believes he is the world’s
greatest player and plays for Barcelona.
Reason: The appositive adds depth to Joshua's character while connecting his admiration for Messi.
D. Combine each set of the following simple sentences into one simple sentence by using at least one
prepositional phrase/ infinitive phrase.
1. i) Julius Caesar entered the forum. ii) Julius Caesar was as majestic as usual. iii) The conspirators
closed in behind him. iv) They were determined to assassinate him.
Answer: The conspirators, being determined to assassinate Caesar, closed in behind him upon his
entering the Forum with his usual majesty.
Reason: The prepositional phrase "upon his entering the Forum" adds detail about the timing of the
actions.
2. i) Your son doesn’t have enough diligence. ii) Therefore he has lost his place as a topper. iii) He does
not even figure in the top ten list.
Answer: Lacking enough diligence, your son has lost his place as a topper and does not even figure
in the top ten list.
Reason: The prepositional phrase "Lacking enough diligence" explains the cause of the son's
academic issues succinctly.
43
3. i) It is very easy in our films. ii) You can tell the heroes from the villains. iii) The heroes always do
only good. iv) The villains always do only bad.
Answer: In our films, it is very easy to tell the heroes from the villains, as the heroes always do only
good while the villains do only bad.
Reason: The prepositional phrase "In our films" sets the context for the statement being made about
character roles.
4. i) Most do agree with this. ii) The clothes you wear identify your social status. iii) The clothes you
wear identify your authority. iv) The clothes you wear identify your sophistication.
Answer: Most agree that the clothes you wear identify your social status, authority, and
sophistication.
Reason: The prepositional phrase "that the clothes you wear" connects the agreement with the point
being made.
5. i) You may want to move up the corporate ladder. ii) Then be prepared for this. iii) Dress properly in
suits. iv) The suits are dark. v) The suits are pinstriped.
Answer: To move up the corporate ladder, you may want to dress properly in dark pinstriped suits
and be prepared for this.
Reason: The infinitive phrase "To move up the corporate ladder" introduces the main idea of the
sentence.
6. i) Her husband died. ii) She heard the news. iii) She was shocked. iv) She fainted.
Answer: Upon hearing the news of her husband's death, she was shocked and fainted.
Reason: The prepositional phrase "Upon hearing the news of her husband's death" explains the cause
of her shock and fainting.
E. Combine each set of the following simple sentences into one simple sentence by using at least one
adverbial phrase.
1. i) Vishwanathan Anand is one of the best chess players in the world. ii) There is no doubt about it.
Answer: Vishwanathan Anand is, undoubtedly, one of the best chess players in the world.
Reason: The adverbial phrase "undoubtedly" emphasizes the certainty of his status as a chess player.
2. i) He forgot to bring the keys. ii) That was unfortunate. iii) The keys were of the main gate and the
main door.
Answer: Unfortunately, he forgot to bring the keys to the main gate and the main door.
Reason: The adverbial phrase "Unfortunately" sets a tone of regret about the situation.
3. i) The sun set. ii) The boys had not reached home. iii) The boys were naughty.
Answer: As the sun set, the naughty boys had not yet reached home.
Reason: The adverbial phrase "As the sun set" provides a temporal context for the boys' actions.
4. i) The villains attacked our hero. ii) The blows were cruel. iii) The villains had masked their faces.
iv) There was no reason for their attack.
Answer: Masking their faces, the villains cruelly attacked our hero for no reason.
Reason: The adverbial phrase "Masking their faces" connects the villains' actions and motives in one
sentence.
5. i) He has succeeded. ii) He has worked hard. iii) His success has been beyond our expectations.
Answer: Having worked hard, he has succeeded beyond our expectations.
Reason: The adverbial phrase "Having worked hard" highlights the effort leading to his success.
44
Lesson 9
Consumerist Culture
Cheriyan Alexander
A. Select from the box, two synonyms for the words given below:
display, different, come up, tempt, plentiful, varied, broadcast, attract, excessive, develop, bear, existence,
perplexing, unheard of, support, singular, forceful, confusing, pushing, survival.
1. lure : attract, tempt

Reason: "Lure" means to draw or entice someone, which is similar to "attract" and "tempt."
2. abundant : plentiful, excessive

Reason: "Abundant" means existing in large quantities, which can be synonymous with "plentiful" and
"excessive."
3. sprout : come up, develop

Reason: "Sprout" refers to the early growth of something, often plants, which can be described as "come
up" or "develop."
4. diverse : different, varied

Reason: "Diverse" indicates showing variety or being different, which aligns with both "different" and
"varied."
5. advertise : broadcast, display

Reason: "Advertise" means to promote or publicize something, which can be done by "broadcast" or
"display."
6. bewildering : confusing, perplexing

Reason: "Bewildering" refers to something that causes confusion, making "confusing" and "perplexing"
appropriate synonyms.
7. unprecedented : unheard of, singular

Reason: "Unprecedented" means something that has never been done before, often described as
"unheard of" or "singular."
8. subsistence : survival, existence

Reason: "Subsistence" means the state of maintaining life, which is synonymous with "survival" and
"existence."
9. aggressive : forceful, pushing

Reason: "Aggressive" refers to being assertive or forceful, which can also mean "pushing."
10. sustain : bear, support

Reason: "Sustain" means to uphold or maintain something, often expressed as "bear" or "support."
B. Find out from the lesson, one word for the following definitions.
1. the preoccupation of society with buying goods _____________

Answer: consumerism
Reason: "Consumerism" reflects the focus of society on purchasing and owning goods, which is
emphasized as a defining cultural behavior.
45
2. goods for sale ______________

Answer: merchandise
Reason: "Merchandise" is the term used to describe products that are available for sale in the market.
3. borderless economic order ______________

Answer: globalization
Reason: "Globalization" represents an economic system where trade and capital move freely across
borders, creating a borderless economy.
4. foreign trading companies which export capital along with their products __________
Answer: multinational corporations
Reason: "Multinational corporations" are companies that operate across several countries, exporting
both capital and goods internationally.
5. anything that is meant for the public ______________

Answer: publicity
Reason: "Publicity" refers to information or materials that are made available to the general public,
often for promotional purposes.
C. Fill in the blanks with the opposites of the words given in brackets.
In a largely uncertain (certain) world, even with gold prices moving upwards, the craze for the yellow metal
remains unabated (abated). A key reason is the disenchantment (enchantment) with other investments. A
large percentage of savings are held in unproductive (productive) gold assets and a lot of banks and non-
banking (banking) companies are offering loans against gold. But the supply is sadly inadequate (adequate),
in spite of unbridled (bridled) mining. Gold attracts unwanted (wanted) attention and is its major
disadvantage (advantage). So, do you feel that gold is non-essential? (essential).
D. Bring out the difference in meaning between the words in pairs, by using each of the following in
sentences of your own.
1. Present (n) – Presence
o Present (n): "The teacher gave each student a present on their birthday."
▪ Reason: The word present refers to a gift given to someone, usually during
celebrations like birthdays.
o Presence: "Her presence at the event made everyone feel more comfortable."
▪ Reason: The word presence refers to the state of being in a particular place or
situation. It emphasizes that someone is physically or emotionally involved in an
event.
2. Cloth – Clothes
o Cloth: "I bought a piece of cloth to make a tablecloth for the dining room."
▪ Reason: Cloth refers to a piece of fabric used to make items like clothes, curtains, etc.
o Clothes: "I need to buy new clothes for the upcoming winter season."
▪ Reason: Clothes refers to garments or items of clothing worn on the body.
46
3. Later – Latter
o Later: "We can discuss this topic later when everyone is here."
▪ Reason: Later indicates a time further along, usually after the present or current
moment.
o Latter: "Between the two options, I prefer the latter because it seems more practical."
▪ Reason: Latter refers to the second of two things mentioned, differentiating between
two options.
4. Alternate – Alternative
o Alternate: "We can use an alternate route to avoid the traffic jam."
▪ Reason: Alternate refers to another option that is used or chosen in place of the
original, often switching back and forth.
o Alternative: "As an alternative to coffee, I decided to drink tea this morning."
▪ Reason: Alternative refers to a different option or choice among several possibilities,
emphasizing a complete replacement.
5. Decent – Descent
o Decent: "He has a decent job that pays well and offers good benefits."
▪ Reason: Decent refers to something of good quality, acceptable, or respectable in
nature.
o Descent: "The plane began its descent towards the airport as it prepared to land."
▪ Reason: Descent refers to the act of moving downward, commonly used in the
context of physical decline, such as a plane lowering altitude.
6. Lonely – Alone
o Lonely: "After moving to a new city, she felt lonely without her friends nearby."
▪ Reason: Lonely describes a feeling of sadness due to being isolated or lacking
companionship.
o Alone: "I enjoy being alone sometimes to recharge and reflect."
▪ Reason: Alone refers to the state of being by oneself, but it doesn’t necessarily carry
the emotional weight of loneliness.
7. Career – Carrier
o Career: "She is building a successful career in marketing and communications."
▪ Reason: Career refers to a profession or long-term pursuit in a specific field, often
with goals and advancements.
o Carrier: "The postal worker used a carrier to deliver the mail efficiently."
▪ Reason: Carrier refers to a person or thing that transports goods or information from
one place to another.
8. Advice – Advise
o Advice: "She gave me some valuable advice on how to prepare for the exam."
▪ Reason: Advice is a noun referring to a recommendation or suggestion about what
should be done in a certain situation.
o Advise: "I would advise you to start studying early to avoid last-minute stress."
▪ Reason: Advise is a verb meaning to offer a suggestion or guidance to someone on
what action they should take.
47
E. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate idioms given in the box.
keep a level head, leave no stone unturned, go around in circles, have the last laugh, full of beans, jump on
the bandwagon.
1. All his relatives made fun of Charles when his grandmother left him only her old wooden box, but he
___________. It contained all her savings.
o Answer: had the last laugh.
o Reason: "Had the last laugh" means to ultimately succeed or prove others wrong after being
doubted or ridiculed.
2. We have been trying all day to find a solution to this problem, but we just keep ________________.
o Answer: going around in circles.
o Reason: "Going around in circles" means to be in a situation where no progress is being
made, often due to repetitive actions without a resolution.
3. Sriram seems to have fully recovered from his illness. When I saw him, he was _______________.
o Answer: full of beans.
o Reason: "Full of beans" means to be lively, energetic, and in good spirits, often used to
describe someone who appears healthy and enthusiastic.
4. He has had a successful career, partly because he always __________________ at the correct time.
o Answer: jumped on the bandwagon.
o Reason: "Jumped on the bandwagon" means to join a popular activity or trend, often to take
advantage of its success or popularity.
5. Even in the middle of the fire, he _____________, and saved many lives.
o Answer: kept a level head.
o Reason: "Kept a level head" means to remain calm and composed in a stressful situation,
allowing for rational decision-making.
6. The minister said he would _______________________ in his attempts to improve the standard of
education.
o Answer: leave no stone unturned.
o Reason: "Leave no stone unturned" means to make every possible effort to achieve a goal,
indicating thoroughness and determination in seeking a solution.
48
Lesson 10
The Pie and the Tart
Hugh Chesterman
A. Homophones along with their meanings and the differences between the two words:
1. pale – (adj.) light in color or shade; not bright or strong.

pail – (n.) a container, usually with a handle, used for carrying liquids or other substances.
Difference: "Pale" refers to color, while "pail" refers to a physical object used for carrying.
2. die – (v.) to cease living; (n.) a small cube with numbers on each face, used in games.
dye – (v.) to color or change the color of something, usually fabric or hair.
Difference: "Die" can refer to a cessation of life or a gaming object, while "dye" pertains to the
process of coloring materials.
3. pray – (v.) to speak to a deity in worship or supplication.

prey – (n.) an animal hunted or seized for food; (v.) to hunt or seize another animal.
Difference: "Pray" involves communication with a higher power, while "prey" refers to the act of
being hunted or the hunter's target.
4. sale – (n.) the exchange of goods or services for money; a period during which items are sold at
reduced prices.
sail – (n.) a piece of fabric used to catch the wind and propel a boat; (v.) to travel by boat using sails.
Difference: "Sale" is related to commerce, whereas "sail" pertains to boating.
5. blue – (adj.) a color between green and violet in the spectrum; often associated with sadness.
blew – (v.) past tense of blow; to force air out from the mouth or to move something using the wind.
Difference: "Blue" describes a color, while "blew" indicates the action of expelling air.
6. meet – (v.) to come together with someone at a specific time and place.
meat – (n.) the flesh of animals used as food.
Difference: "Meet" is an action of gathering, while "meat" refers to a type of food.
7. ail – (v.) to suffer from illness or discomfort.

ale – (n.) a type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method.
Difference: "Ail" relates to health issues, while "ale" refers to a specific beverage.
8. flu – (n.) short for influenza, a contagious viral infection causing respiratory illness.
flew – (v.) past tense of fly; to move through the air using wings.
Difference: "Flu" refers to an illness, while "flew" describes the action of flying.
49
9. hail – (n.) small balls of ice or frozen rain; (v.) to call out to someone to attract attention or greet
them.
hale – (adj.) free from disease; healthy and vigorous.
Difference: "Hail" involves weather phenomena or greetings, while "hale" refers to being in good
health.
10. tear – (n.) a drop of clear salty liquid that comes from the eyes; (v.) to rip or damage something by
pulling it apart.
tier – (n.) a row or layer of a structure, often used in seating or layered arrangements.
Difference: "Tear" can refer to a liquid or the action of ripping, while "tier" refers to levels or layers.
11. beer – (n.) an alcoholic beverage made from fermented grains, flavored with hops.
bier – (n.) a framework for the coffin of a dead person, used during a funeral.
Difference: "Beer" is a drink, whereas "bier" is a term associated with funerals.
12. pain – (n.) a feeling of physical discomfort or suffering.

pane – (n.) a sheet of glass in a window or door.
Difference: "Pain" refers to discomfort, while "pane" pertains to glass.
13. bail – (n.) money or property given as a guarantee to release someone from jail; (v.) to remove water
from a boat or to abandon a situation.
bale – (n.) a large bundle of goods, typically hay, straw, or cotton, tightly bound.
Difference: "Bail" relates to legal or rescue contexts, while "bale" refers to a bundle of material.
14. gate – (n.) a movable barrier that allows entrance or exit from an area.
gait – (n.) the manner of walking or moving on foot.
Difference: "Gate" is a physical object for entry, while "gait" describes how someone walks.
15. fate – (n.) the development of events beyond a person's control, often regarded as predetermined.
fête – (n.) a celebration or festival, often held outdoors.
Difference: "Fate" involves destiny, while "fête" refers to a festive event.
16. sweet – (adj.) having a pleasant taste, typically sugary; also used to describe a kind or endearing
person.
suite – (n.) a set of rooms designated for one person's or family's use; often includes a bedroom and
living area.
Difference: "Sweet" describes taste or personality, while "suite" refers to a collection of rooms.
50
FUN WITH LANGUAGE: (humour in subtlety)
B. Read the following pairs of sentences carefully and answer the questions given below them.
1. a) The judge was completely disinterested.

b) The judge was completely uninterested.
Which of the two is a good judge?
Answer: a) The judge was completely disinterested.
Reason: A disinterested judge is impartial and objective, while an uninterested judge lacks interest.
2. a) My husband likes beer more than I.

b) My husband likes beer more than me.
Which of the two might be grounds for divorce?
Answer: b) My husband likes beer more than me.
Reason: This suggests that the husband prefers beer over his spouse, which could indicate a serious
relationship issue.
3. a) In the theatre there were five people beside me.

b) In the theatre there were five people besides me.
Which of the two suggests that there were only six people in the theatre?
Answer: a) In the theatre there were five people beside me.
Reason: "Beside me" implies that the speaker is counting themselves, indicating a total of six
people.
4. a) The dog smells bad.

b) The dog smells badly.
Which of the two dogs is definitely not a blood-hound?
Answer: b) The dog smells badly.
Reason: A bloodhound has a good sense of smell, so saying it "smells badly" (referring to how it
smells rather than its olfactory ability) is nonsensical for that breed.
5. a) No Indian batsman is so great as Sachin.

b) No other Indian batsman is so great as Sachin.
Which of the two suggests that Sachin is not an Indian?
Answer: a) No Indian batsman is so great as Sachin.
Reason: This statement implies Sachin may not be included in the category of Indian batsmen.
6. a) Esther is fairly tall for her age.

b) Esther is rather tall for her age.
Which of the two is not a compliment to Esther?
Answer: a) Esther is fairly tall for her age.
Reason: "Fairly" can imply only moderately tall, while "rather" can suggest a more significant
height, thus being more complimentary.
7. a) I saw a black horse and cow.

b) I saw a black horse and a cow.
Which of the two says that the cow too was black?
Answer: a) I saw a black horse and cow.
Reason: The phrasing suggests that both animals are black due to the lack of the article before
"cow."
51
8. a) I am going to hospital.
b) I am going to the hospital.
Which of the two suggests that I am not sick?
Answer: a) I am going to hospital.
Reason: This phrase typically indicates a visit (not for treatment), whereas "the hospital" implies a
visit for medical reasons.
9. a) I lay on the psychiatrist’s couch for almost an hour.

b) I lied on the psychiatrist’s couch for almost an hour.
Which of the two required imagination?
Answer: b) I lied on the psychiatrist’s couch for almost an hour.
Reason: "Lied" (past tense of lie) implies deception, requiring creative thought or imagination.
10. a) You’ll find the mountain trail easy.

b) You’ll find the mountain trail easily.
Which one assures you of an easy climb?
Answer: a) You’ll find the mountain trail easy.
Reason: This directly states that the trail is easy, while the other implies ease of finding the trail.
11. a) No other leader of India was as great as Gandhi.

b) No other leader of India was greater than Gandhi.
Which of the two says that Gandhi was the greatest leader of India?
Answer: a) No other leader of India was as great as Gandhi.
Reason: This phrase asserts that Gandhi holds the highest position without comparison.
12. a) He will get better.

b) He is going to get better.
Which of the two implies that there are signs of recovery?
Answer: b) He is going to get better.
Reason: This indicates a future outcome based on current indications of improvement.
13. None but a fool would say this. This sentence means,
a) No fool would say this.
b) Only a fool would say this.
Answer: b) Only a fool would say this.
Reason: This implies exclusivity; only a fool would express that sentiment.
14. Is not virtue its own reward? This sentence means

a) Virtue is its own reward.
b) Virtue is not its own reward.
Answer: b) Virtue is not its own reward.
Reason: The phrasing questions the idea that virtue brings its own reward.
15. Oh, that I were a bird! This sentence means

a) I hope I were a bird.
b) I wish I were a bird.
Answer: b) I wish I were a bird.
Reason: This expresses a desire for an impossible condition, wishing to be a bird.
52

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A. Antonyms - Fill in the blanks

2. The busy farmers laughed at the __________ artist.

3. Some students always work hard but many __________ do so.

B. Fill in the blanks with ‘a’ or ‘an’:

1. His long nose gives him ___ unique feature.

2. Looking at him I said that he must be ___ European.

3. I met him ___ year ago.

5. It was ___ unanimous decision.

6. Ivanhoe is ___ historical novel.

7. We had ___ hour of English.

8. Modesty is ___ womanly grace.

9. The Cyclop was ___ one-eyed monster.

10. My sister is ___ M.A in English.

11. Satish was ___ N.C.C. cadet.

12. On his doctor's advice, he had ___ X-ray taken.

13. This doctor is ___ F.R.C.S.

14. My name begins with ___ “H”.

15. It surely was ___ historical event.

1. There is ___ fly in ___ coffee.

2. ___ book you wanted is not in the library.

3. ___ cow is ___ useful animal.

4. ___ Mount Everest is ___ tallest peak in ___ Himalayas.

5. “Where is Esther?” She has gone to ___ school.

6. ___ Cauvery flows into ___ Bay of Bengal.

7. I love stories from ___ Ramayana and ___ Mahabharata.

8. Hamlet is ___ greatest tragedy of ___ Shakespeare.

10. The climax is in ___ 10th chapter, not in ___ chapter 9.

13. “Dad, is ___ aunt coming with ___ uncle?”

D. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

1. This table is made ___ wood.

2. I expected ___ him a better performance.

3. He is a man ___ a fine sense of humour.

4. I saw a beautiful girl ___ a limp.

5. The purse fell out ___ his pocket.

6. She often quotes ___ Shakespeare.

7. Our examinations begin ___ 15th April.

8. I had a message ___ a friend.

9. He hit her ___ the head with a bottle.

10. Neeta was angry ___ what I had said.

11. This is an idea I entirely agree ___

12. Please convey my best wishes ___ him.

13. He enquired ___ me what he should do.

14. Please inform me ___ the details of the scheme.

15. I request you to intimate ___ me what he should do.

17. He prayed ___ God for help.

18. They presented him ___ a gold watch.

19. Please refer ___ your letter of July.

20. This figure is wrong; please strike it ___

A. Fill in the blanks with the antonyms of the words underlined:

1. The rain-fed tanks are deep, not ____________.

A. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given in the box:

1. Della’s despair ____________ to ecstatic joy.

2. The take-off was delayed ____________ the bad weather.

3. We are ____________ new opportunities.

4. Her conduct is so strange that it ____________.

5. I have some urgent work ____________.

6. ____________ we reached home.

7. The burglar had ____________ the house ____________.

1. There is _ fly in _ coffee.

3. _ cow is _ useful animal.

4. _ Mount Everest is _ tallest peak in ___ Himalayas.

6. _ Cauvery flows into _ Bay of Bengal.

7. I love stories from _ Ramayana and _ Mahabharata.

8. Hamlet is _ greatest tragedy of _ Shakespeare.

10. The climax is in _ 10th chapter, not in _ chapter 9.

13. “Dad, is _ aunt coming with _ uncle?”

7. The burglar had the house .

1. Not only but