Current Ethernet Specifications

Lecture-4
Computer Network & Communication (I)
Contents
• Network Basics
• Ethernet Basics
• Ethernet at the Data Link Layer
• Ethernet at the Physical Layer
• Ethernet over Other Standards
Network Communication Basics

• How will Bob communicate with Sally? Bob Sally

• by name, by IP, by MAC address? How does Bob know

all these addresses?

Hub
Bob Communicates to Sally
• Here’s the output from a network analyzer depicting a simple name-resolution process from Bob to Sally:
Time Source Destination Protocol Info
53.892794 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.255 NBNS Name query NB SALLY<00>
• Because the two hosts are on a local LAN, Windows (Bob) will broadcast to resolve the name Sally (the destination 192.168.0.255 is a broadcast
address).
• Let’s take a look at the rest of the information:
EthernetII,Src:192.168.0.2(00:14:22:be:18:3b),Dst:Broadcast(ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
• Before the name is resolved, the first thing Bob has to do is broadcast on the LAN to get Sally’s MAC address so he can communicate to her PC and
resolve her name to an IP address:
Time Source Destination Protocol Info
5.153054 192.168.0.2 Broadcast ARP Who has 192.168.0.3? Tell 192.168.0.2

Next, check out Sally’s response:

Time Source Destination Protocol Info
5.153403 192.168.0.3 192.168.0.2 ARP 192.168.0.3 is at 00:0b:db:99:d3:5e
5.53.89317 192.168.0.3 192.168.0.2 NBNS Name query response NB 192.168.0.3
Collision and Broadcast Domains
• The term collision domain is an Ethernet term that refers to a particular network scenario wherein one
device sends a packet out on a network segment, thereby forcing every other device on that same
physical network segment to pay attention to it.
• Ethernet uses both Data Link and Physical layer specifications.

• A broadcast domain refers to the set of all devices on a network segment that hear all the broadcasts
sent on that segment. Even though a broadcast domain is typically a boundary delimited by physical
media like switches and repeaters, it can also reference a logical division of a network segment where
all hosts can reach each other via a Data Link layer (hardware address) broadcast.
• Broadcast domains are made smaller by routers.
 CSMA/CD
A B C D
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection – media access control method, helps
devices share bandwidth evenly.
• Hubs propagate transmissions throughout the
entire network. A B C D

• Host wants to transmit -> checks first -> if clear

proceeds to transmit -> if not sends out extended
jam signal -> all hosts stop transmitting -> starts
back off timer, after 15 tries timeout A B C D

Heavy collisions: Collision

• delay A B C D
• low throughput
• congestion
Jam Jam Jam Jam Jam Jam Jam Jam
Wavelength

• Each wave pattern has a certain shape and

length. The distance between peaks (high
points) is called wavelength.
Half and Full Duplex
• Basically, when you run half-duplex, you’re using only one wire pair
with a digital signal either transmitting or receiving.
• In contrast, full-duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires at the same
time instead of one measly wire pair like half duplex employs.
Full Duplex
• Full-duplex Ethernet can be used in many situations; here are some
examples:
• With a connection from a switch to a host
• With a connection from a switch to a switch
• With a connection from a host to a host using a crossover cable
• You can run full duplex with just about any device except a hub.
You can manually set both the speed and
duplex type on the Network Interface Card
(NIC) card
Ethernet at the Data Link Layer
• Ethernet at the Data Link layer is responsible for Ethernet addressing,
commonly referred to as hardware addressing or MAC addressing .
• Ethernet is also responsible for framing packets received from the
Network layer and preparing them for transmission on the local
network.
• Ethernet MAC addresses are made up of hexadecimal addresses.
Binary to Decimal to Hex
• Each digit used is limited to either a 1 (one) or a 0 (zero), and each
digit is called 1 bit (short for binary digit). Typically, you count either 4
or 8 bits together, with these being referred to as a nibble and a byte,
respectively.
Binary to Decimal
• What all this means is that if a one digit (1) is placed in a value spot, then
the nibble or byte takes on that decimal value and adds it to any other
value spots that have a 1. And if a zero (0) is placed in a bit spot, you
don’t count that value.
• Let’s work through an example:
10010110
• Which bits are on? The 128, 16, 4, and 2 bits are on, so we’ll just add
them up:
128 + 16 + 4 + 2 = 150.
Binary to Decimal Chart
Hex to Binary to Decimal
Ethernet Addressing
• MAC address – Media Access Control address – 48-bit (6-bytes) long in hex format
• Individual group – identify if unicast (0) individual address or multicast/broadcast (1)
group address
• Local global Bit – identify if burned in address (BIA) or address has been changed locally
• OUI – unique to each manufacturer
• Low order 24 bits – locally administered by manufacturer – start with 24 0s continues
up until 24 1s (16,777,216th) – serial number on the card

24 bits 24 bits
47 46

Organizationally Unique
I/G L/G Identifier (OUI) Vendor assigned
(Assigned by IEEE)
Ethernet Frames at the Data link layer
Ethernet_II

Preamble SOF Destination Source Type Data and Pad FCS

7 1 6 6 2 46 – 1500 4

802.3_Ethernet

Preamble SOF Destination Source Length Data and Pad FCS

7 1 6 6 2 46 – 1500 4

• Data link layer -> bits into bytes into frames

• Frame encapsulation
• in octets
Ethernet at the Physical Layer
• Ethernet was first implemented by a group called DIX (Digital, Intel, and Xerox). They
created and implemented the first Ethernet LAN specification, which the IEEE used to
create the IEEE 802.3 Committee. This was a 10 Mbps network that ran on coax, then
on twisted-pair, and finally on fiber physical media.
• The IEEE extended the 802.3 Committee to two new committees known as 802.3u (Fast
Ethernet), 802.3ab (Gigabit Ethernet on Category 5+), and then finally to 802.3ae (10
Gbps over fiber and coax).
Ethernet Physical layer specifications
Figure 4.6
802.3
Data Link
Ethernet

(MAC Layer)

100BaseTX

100BaseT4
100BaseFX
10Base2

10Base5

10BaseT

10BaseF
Physical
IEEE Ethernet Standards
• 100Base-TX (IEEE 802.3u)
• 100Base-TX, most commonly known as Fast Ethernet, uses EIA/TIA Category 5, 5E, or 6, UTP two-pair wiring. One user per
segment; up to 100 meters long. It uses an RJ-45 connector with a physical star topology and a logical bus.

• 100Base-FX (IEEE 802.3u)

• Uses fiber cabling 62.5/125-micron multimode fiber. Point-to-point topology; up to 412 meters long. It uses ST and SC
connectors, which are media-interface connectors.

• 1000Base-CX (IEEE 802.3z)

• Copper twisted-pair called twinax (a balanced coaxial pair) that can run only up to 25 meters and uses a special 9-pin
connector known as the High-Speed Serial Data Connector (HSSDC).

• 1000Base-T (IEEE 802.3ab)

• Category 5, four-pair UTP wiring up to 100 meters long.
IEEE Standards (cont.)
• 1000Base-SX (IEEE 802.3z)
• The implementation of Gigabit Ethernet running over multimode fiber-optic cable (instead of copper twisted-pair cable)
and using short wavelength laser. Multimode fiber (MMF) using 62.5- and 50-micron core; uses an 850 nanometer (nm)
laser and can go up to 220 meters with 62.5-micron, 550 meters with 50-micron.

• 1000Base-LX (IEEE 802.3z)

• Single-mode fiber that uses a 9-micron core and 1300 nm laser and can go from 3 km up to 10 km.

• 10GBase-T
• 10GBase-T is a standard proposed by the IEEE 802.3an committee to provide 10Gbps connections over conventional
UTP cables (Category 5e, 6, or 7 cables). 10GBase-T allows the conventional RJ-45 used for Ethernet LANs. It can support
signal transmission at the full 100-meter distance specified for LAN wiring.
IEEE Standards (cont.)
• 10GBase-SR
• An implementation of 10 Gigabit Ethernet that uses short-wavelength lasers at 850 nm over multimode fiber. It has a
maximum transmission distance of between 2 and 300 meters, depending on the size and quality of the fiber.

• 10GBase-LR
• An implementation of 10 Gigabit Ethernet that uses long-wavelength lasers at 1,310 nm over single-mode fiber. It also
has a maximum transmission distance between 2 meters and 10 km, depending on the size and quality of the fiber.

• 10GBase-ER
• An implementation of 10 Gigabit Ethernet running over single-mode fiber. It uses extra-long-wavelength lasers at 1,550
nm. It has the longest transmission distances possible of the 10-Gigabit technologies: anywhere from 2 meters up to 40
km, depending on the size and quality of the fiber used.
802.3 Standards (cont.)
• 10GBase-SW
• 10GBase-SW, as defined by IEEE 802.3ae, is a mode of 10GBase-S for MMF with a 850 nm laser transceiver with a
bandwidth of 10Gbps. It can support up to 300 meters of cable length. This media type is designed to connect to SONET
equipment.
• 10GBase-LW
• 10GBase-LW is a mode of 10GBase-L supporting a link length of 10 km on standard single-mode fiber (SMF) (G.652).
This media type is designed to connect to SONET equipment.
• 10GBase-EW
• 10GBase-EW is a mode of 10GBase-E supporting a link length of up to 40 km on SMF based on G.652 using optical-
wavelength 1550 nm. This media type is designed to connect to SONET equipment.
Ethernet over Power Line
• In February 2011, the IEEE finally published a standard for Powerline adapter sets
Broadband over Power Line (BPL) called IEEE 1901, also referred Figure 4.7
to as Power Line Communication (PLC) or even Power Line
Digital Subscriber Line (PDSL).
• This technology can be used to deliver Internet access to the
home as well. For a computer (or any other device), you would
simply need to plug a BPL modem into any outlet in an equipped
building to have high-speed Internet access.
Basic BPL installation
Figure 4.8
Basic BPL Installation

.
.

BPL Modem
Internet
Existing Electrical Wiring

Broadband Coaxial
Service Router BPL Cable
Gateway BPL
ISP Coupler Meter Bank
Ethernet over HDMI
• HDMI Ethernet Channel technology consolidates video, audio, and data streams
into a single HDMI cable, combining the signal quality of HDMI connectivity with
the power and flexibility of home entertainment networking.
• It incorporates a dedicated data channel into the HDMI link, enabling high-speed,
bidirectional networking at up to 100 Mbps.

28
Ethernet over HDMI
Reference
• CompTIA-Network-Study-Guide-Exam-N10-007
• Collision Domain vs Broadcast Domain (youtube.com)