Scribd
Upload
16 views15 pages

2.2 Add Sub

Uploaded by

Mishkat Dar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views15 pages

2.2 Add Sub

Uploaded by

Mishkat Dar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Base 2

Addition and Subtraction

Assembly language programming


By xorpd xorpd.net
Objectives
• We discuss the decimal representation system and some
of its features.

• We study how to represent numbers using only two


symbols: 0 and 1.
• This is called binary representation.

• We study how to add and subtract numbers using the


binary representation.
Why is this important?
• Computer parts are engineered to understand only two
symbols: 0 and 1.
• 0 means low voltage, and 1 means high voltage.

• Everything in the computer's software is eventually


constructed from 0 and 1 symbols. That is – binary numbers.

• In order to instruct the processor to do the things you want,


you must be able to speak his language.

• Understanding binary numbers is crucial for your


understanding of anything low level in the computer,
especially assembly programming
Decimal representation
• We make a daily use of the decimal representation, also
known as “base 10”.
• It is the most common numbers representation among human
beings.
• If you survived so far in our culture, you probably know how to
use it.

• Decimal means 10.

• The decimal representation uses 10 different symbols


(0,1,2,...,9) to represent numbers.
Decimal representation (Cont.)
• The significance of every digit is related to its location in the
number - Also called positional notation.

• 12513 = 3 ⋅ 100 + 1 ⋅ 101 + 5 ⋅ 102 + 2 ⋅ 103 + 1 ⋅ 104


= 3 + 1 ⋅ 10 + 5 ⋅ 100 + 2 ⋅ 1000 + 1 ⋅ 10000

• Leading zeroes don’t change the value of the number.


Why you should care
• It is easy to underestimate the wisdom in this numeric system.
• There were times and places in the history of human beings where
people were struggling with much stranger numeric systems.

• Numeric representations are ways to keep in memory or


communicate the quantity of something.

• The quantity and the representation are not the same thing.

• If you don’t know about any smart numeric system, in order to


communicate a quantity to someone else you actually have to show
him the quantity.
• That is very wasteful.
Why you should care (Cont.)
• This is how 23 looks like if you don’t know about any numeric
system:

• What if you wanted to represent 1000000 in the same method?

• Different numeric systems invoke different thoughts and ideas about


the nature of numbers.
Features of the decimal system
• The decimal system allows to represent very large numbers with not
so many digits.
• 𝑘 digits are enough to generate a number as big as 10𝑘 .

• Arithmetic is pretty easy:


• Easy to add and subtract numbers when they are in the decimal
representation.
• Relatively easy to multiply and divide numbers in the decimal
representation. (Though not as easy as adding or subtracting).

• It is easy to check divisibility of a decimally represented number by


2,4,5,10. It is also not very hard to check divisibility by 3,9 and 11.
Generalizing positional notation
• Choosing 10 as a base number is pretty arbitrary.
• We could choose any other base number to create a new number
representation system.

• For example, in base 5:


• we will have exactly five symbols: 0,1,2,3,4.
• 124035 = 3 ⋅ 50 + 0 ⋅ 51 + 4 ⋅ 52 + 2 ⋅ 53 + 1 ⋅ 54 = 97810 .

• Base 2
• About the lowest we could get, while having a useful experience.
• Only two symbols: 0 and 1. Every binary digit is called bit.
• Example: 11012 = 1 ⋅ 20 + 0 ⋅ 21 + 1 ⋅ 22 + 1 ⋅ 23 = 1310

• Life in base 2 is mostly like in base 10.


• maybe even better.
Addition in base 2
• Addition is done just like in the decimal case.
• Align the two summands to the right, and add digit by digit.
• If the sum is larger than the base, move the carry to the next
position.

• Basic examples:
• 02 + 12 = 12
• 12 + 12 = 102
• 112 + 12 = 1002
• 11112 + 12 = 100002
Addition in base 2 (Cont.)
• Larger example: 101102 + 11102 =?
Subtraction in base 2
• Example: 11012 − 1002 =?
Subtraction in base 2 (Cont.)
• Example: 1002 − 12 =?

• In some cases subtraction could be less fun than addition.


Subtraction in base 2 (Cont.)
• Example: 1001002 − 101102 =?
Exercises

• Adding numbers.

• Subtracting numbers.

• Enjoy :)

You might also like