10 STANDARD

TH

SCIENCE
PRACTICAL GUIDE

A. AROKIASURESH
BT ASSISTANT (SCIENCE)
GOVT. HR. SEC. SCHOOL
KALAMARUDUR
KALLAKURICHI (DT)

If any corrections please inform: 9786970266 (or) 9585117671

 PHYSICS
1. DETERMINATION OF WEIGHT OF AN OBJECT USING THE PRINCIPLE OF
MOMENTS

Aim:

To determine the weight of an object using the principle of moments

Apparatus required:

A metre scale, a knife edge, slotted weights and thread

Principle:

Clock wise moment (W1×d1) = Anticlockwise moment (W2×d2)

Formula:
W2 xd2
W1 = N
𝑑1
W1 – Unknown weight

W2 – Known weight

d1 – Distance of unknown weight

d2 – Distance of known weight

Procedure:

➢ A metre scale is supported at its centre of gravity by a knife edge and ensure that
the scale is in equilibrium position.
➢ A known weight W2 and unknown weight W1 are suspended from to either side of
the scale using the weight hangers.
➢ Fix the position of one weight hanger and adjust the position of the second weight
hanger such that the scale is in equilibrium.
➢ Measure the distance d1 and d2 of the two weight hangers.
➢ The experiment is repeated for the different positions of the unknown weight.
Measure the distances. The reading is tabulated as follows.

Observation:

Unknown weight
S. Known weight Distance of Distance of W2xd2
No W2 (N) known weight unknown weight (Nm) W1 =
W2 xd2
(N)
d2 (m) d1 (m) 𝑑1

1 500 0.15 0.12 75 625

2 500 0.20 0.16 100 625
Mean 625

Result:

Using the principle of moments, the weight of the unknown body W1 = 625 N.

A. AROKIASURESH, M.Sc.B.Ed., BT ASST. (SCIENCE), GHSS, KALAMARUDUR, KALLAKURICHI (DT).

 2. DETERMINATION OF FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONVEX LENS

Aim:

To determine the focal length of a convex lens by using

1. Distant object method

2. uv method

Apparatus required:

A convex lens, stand, wire gauze object, screen and measuring scale

Formula:
uv
f = (u+v) m
f – focal length of convex lens

u – distance between the object and the lens

v – distance between the image and the lens

Procedure:

1. Distance object method:

Fix the given lens to the stand and place the screen behind the lens. Move the
lens back and forth to capture the clear image of the object. Measure the distance between
lens and screen. This is focal length (f) of the convex lens.

2. uv method:

Fix the lens into the stand and place the wire gauze object at the specified
distance to the left side of the lens. Measure the distance between the lens and the object
(u). place the screen on the right side of the lens and capture the clear image on the
screen. Measure the distance between the lens and the image (v). Repeat the same
procedure by changing ‘u’ and tabulate the observations.

Observation:

Focal length of the convex lens (by distance object method) is (f) = 10.5 cm

(2f) = 21 cm

S. Position of the Distance of the Distance of the Focal length of the

No object Object Image convex lens
(cm) (cm) uv
f= cm
(u + v)
1 u>2f 23 19.5 10.55
2 u=2f 21 21 10.50
3 u<2f 19 24 10.60
Mean 10.55
Result:

The focal length of the given convex lens

1. By distance object method f = 10.50 cm

2. By uv method f = 10.55 cm
 3.DETERMINATION OF RESISTIVITY

Aim:

To determine the resistivity of the material of the given coil of wire

Apparatus required:

A coil wire, battery, key, ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, a metre scale and screw gauge

Formula:
A
Resistivity ρ = (L ) R Ωm

A – Area of the cross section of the wire

L – Length of the coil wire
R – Resistance of the coil wire

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

➢ According to the picture the circuit should be installed. Close the key and hence the circuit is
closed.
➢ The potential difference should be noted in the table for the change of the rheostat and for
different current measurements.
➢ Measure the diameter of the wire using a screw gauge.
➢ Measure the length of the coil using meter scale.

Observation:

(I) To find the resistance

S. No Ammeter reading – I Volt meter reading – V Resistance R= V/I

(A) (V) (Ω)
1 0.2 0.4 2
2 0.3 0.6 2
Mean 2
(II) To find the diameter of the wire using screw gauge

Least Count: 0.01 mm Zero Error: No Error

S. Pitch scale reading Head scale Head scale reading Corrected reading
No PSR (mm) coincidence (HSC) HSR=(PSR×LC) ± ZE (mm) PSR+HSR (mm)
1 1 63 0.63 1.63
2 1 65 0.65 1.65
Mean 1.64
Calculation:

Radius of the wire r= diameter/2 = 0.82×10-3 m

Area of the cross section of the wire 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 2.11×10-6 m2
Length of the wire L = 1 m
A
Resistivity of the wire ρ = ( ) R = 4.22×10-6 Ωm
L

Result:

The resistivity of the material of the wire = 4.22×10-6 Ωm

 CHEMISTRY

4. IDENTIFY THE DISSOLUTION OF GIVEN SALT WHETHER IT IS

EXOTHERMIC OR ENDOTHERMIC
Aim:
To test the dissolution of given salt is exothermic or endothermic
Material required:
Two beakers, Thermometer, stirrer and two samples
Principle:
❖ If the reaction liberates the heat, then it is called exothermic
❖ If the reaction absorbs the heat, then it is called endothermic
Procedure:
➢ Take 50 ml of water in two beakers and label them as A and B. Note the
temperature of the water from the beaker A and B.
➢ Then, add 5 g of sample A into the beaker A and stir well until it dissolved
completely. Record final temperature of the solution.
➢ Now, repeat the same for sample B. Record the observation
Observation:

S. Temperature before Temperature after

No Sample addition of sample addition of sample Inference
(OC) (OC)
1 A 25 48 Temperature
increases
2 B 25 18 Temperature
decreases

Result:
From the inferences made
The dissolution of sample A is exothermic.
The dissolution of sample B is endothermic.

A. AROKIASURESH, M.Sc.B.Ed., BT ASST. (SCIENCE), GHSS, KALAMARUDUR, KALLAKURICHI (DT).

 5. TESTING THE SOLUBILITY OF THE SALT
Aim:
To test the solubility of the given salt based on the saturation and
unsaturation of the solution at a given temperature
Materials required:
A 250 ml beaker, 100 ml measuring jar, a stirrer, distilled water and salt (25
g, 11 g, and 1g)
Principle:
❖ A solution in which more solute can be dissolved in the solvent at a given
temperature is called unsaturated solution
❖ A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent at a given
temperature is called saturated solution
Procedure:
➢ In a 250 ml beaker pour 100 ml water using measuring jar. To this water add
25 g salt from the first packet. stir the content very well.
➢ Add the next packet containing 11 g salt followed by constant stirring.
➢ Now add third packet containing 1 g salt. Record the observations.
Observation:

S. Amount of salt added Observation Inference

No (g) (Dissolved/ Undissolved) (Unsaturated/ /
Super saturated)
1 25 Dissolved Unsaturated Saturated
2 36 (25 + 11) Dissolved Saturated
3 37 (25 + 11 + 1) Undissolved Super saturated

Result:
From the above observation, it is inferred that the amount of salt required for
saturation is 36 g

A. AROKIASURESH, M.Sc.B.Ed., BT ASST. (SCIENCE), GHSS, KALAMARUDUR, KALLAKURICHI (DT).

 6. TESTING THE WATER OF HYDRATION OF SALT

Aim:

To check whether the given sample of salt possesses “Water of Hydration” or Not.

Materials required:

Crystalline copper sulphate salt, test tube, tongs and spirit lamp

Principle:

❖ Some salts crystallize with water molecules. This is called hydrated salt.

Procedure:

S. Experiment Observation Inference

No
A pinch of crystalline copper Water droplets are seen The water of hydration
1 sulphate taken in a test tube on the inner walls of the is present
and heated for sometime test tube

Result:

In the given sample of salt water of hydration is present

OR

Aim:

To check whether the given sample of salt possesses “Water of Hydration” or Not.

Materials required:

Crystalline copper sulphate salt, test tube, tongs and spirit lamp

Principle:

❖ Some salts crystallize with water molecules. This is called hydrated salt.

Procedure:

S. Experiment Observation Inference

No
A pinch of crystalline copper Water droplets are not The water of hydration
1 sulphate taken in a test tube seen on the inner walls is absent
and heated for sometime of the test tube

Result:

In the given sample of salt water of hydration is absent

A. AROKIASURESH, M.Sc.B.Ed., BT ASST. (SCIENCE), GHSS, KALAMARUDUR, KALLAKURICHI (DT).

 7. TEST THE GIVEN SAMPLE FOR THE PRESENCE OF ACID OR BASE

Aim:

To identify the presence of an acid or a base in a given sample

Materials required:

Test tube, test tube stand, glass rod, indicators and the given sample

Principle:

Indicator Acid Base

Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink colour
Methyl orange Pink colour Yellow colour
Sodium carbonate Brisk effervescence No brisk effervescence
Procedure:

S. No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Take 5 ml of the solution in a test tube and add No change in Presence
few drops of Phenolphthalein in it colour of acid
2 Take 5 ml of the solution in a test tube and add Turns pink in Presence
few drops of Methyl orange in it colour of acid
3 Take 5 ml of the solution in a test tube and add Brisk Presence
pinch of sodium carbonate in it effervescence of acid

Result:

The given test solution contains acid

OR

Aim:

To identify the presence of an acid or a base in a given sample

Materials required:

Test tube, test tube stand, glass rod, indicators and the given sample

Principle:

Indicator Acid Base

Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink colour
Methyl orange Pink colour Yellow colour
Sodium carbonate Brisk effervescence No brisk effervescence
Procedure:

S. No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Take 5 ml of the solution in a test tube and add Turns pink in Presence
few drops of Phenolphthalein in it colour of base
2 Take 5 ml of the solution in a test tube and add Turns yellow in Presence
few drops of Methyl orange in it colour of base
3 Take 5 ml of the solution in a test tube and add No brisk Presence
pinch of sodium carbonate in it effervescence of base

Result:

The given test solution contains base

 BIO – BOTANY

8. PHOTOSYNTHESIS – TEST TUBE AND FUNNEL EXPERIMENT

Aim:
To prove that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis
Materials required:
Test tube, funnel, beaker, pond water and Hydrilla plant
Procedure:
➢ Take a few twigs of Hydrilla plant in a beaker containing pond water.
➢ Place an inverted funnel over the plant.
➢ Invert a test tube filled with water over the stem of the funnel.
➢ Keep the apparatus in the sunlight for few hours.
Observation:
It is noted that water gets displaced down from the test tube.
Inference:
Take the test tube and keep the burning stick near the mouth of the test
tube. Increased the flame will appear.
Result:
This test proves that oxygen is released during photosynthesis.

A. AROKIASURESH, M.Sc.B.Ed., BT ASST. (SCIENCE), GHSS, KALAMARUDUR, KALLAKURICHI (DT).

 9. PARTS OF FLOWER

Aim:

To dissect and display the parts of given flower and draw labelled sketches

Material required:

Flower, needle and paper

Procedure:

With the help of the needle dissect the different whorls of the flower

Diagram:

Observation:

Floral parts:

Accessory organ

❖ Calyx
❖ Corolla

Reproductive organ

❖ Androecium (Male part)

❖ Gynoecium (Female part)

Result:

Parts of the given flower were dissected and submitted to sight.

A. AROKIASURESH, M.Sc.B.Ed., BT ASST. (SCIENCE), GHSS, KALAMARUDUR, KALLAKURICHI (DT).

 10. TO STUDY THE LAW OF DOMINANCE

Aim:

To study the law of dominance by using model/ picture/ photograph. To find out the
genotype ratio and phenotype ratio in pea plant using checker board.

Material required:

Colour chalk pieces or Graph sheets

Procedure:

Depict parental generation and the gametes using colour chalk pieces.

Observation:

Phenotypic ratio 3:1

Genotypic ratio 1:2:1

Result:

Using the model, the law of dominance and the monohybrid cross study were found.

A. AROKIASURESH, M.Sc.B.Ed., BT ASST. (SCIENCE), GHSS, KALAMARUDUR, KALLAKURICHI (DT).

11. OBSERVATION OF TRANSVESE OR
SECTION OF DICOT STEM AND DICOT
ROOT
Aim:
Aim:
To identify the given slide with the
To identify the given slide with the help of microscope
help of microscope
Material required:
Material required:
Slides and Microscope
Slides and Microscope
Identification:
Identification:
The given slide is identified as T.S
The given slide is identified as T.S of Dicot Root
of Dicot Stem
Reasons:
Reasons:
❖ Radial vascular bundle
➢ Vascular bundles are arranged in a ❖ 2 to 4 xylem presents
ring ❖ Cambium present
➢ Conjoint, collateral, end arch and ❖ Cortex is made up of
open vascular bundle parenchymatous cells
➢ Ground tissue differentiated
Diagram:
➢ 3 to 6 layer of collenchyma tissues
present in hypodermis

Diagram:

Result:

The given slide was identified as

T.S of the Dicot root.
Result:

The given slide was identified as

T.S of the Dicot stem. A. AROKIASURESH, M.Sc.B.Ed., BT ASST.
(SCIENCE), GHSS, KALAMARUDUR,
KALLAKURICHI (DT).
12. IDENTIFICATION OF MODELS – OR
HUMAN HEART AND HUMAN BRAIN

Aim: Aim:

To identify the given models, draw To identify the given models, draw
a labelled diagram and write a note on it. a labelled diagram and write a note on it.

Material required: Material required:

Models (Human Heart and Human Models (Human Heart and Human
Brain) Brain)

Identification: Identification:

The given model is identified as L.S The given model is identified as L.S
of human heart of human brain

Notes: Notes:

❖ The human heart made up of ➢ The brain is enclosed in the cranial

cardiac muscle cavity
❖ The heart has four chambers ➢ It is the controlling centre of the all
❖ The heart pumps blood to all parts body activities
of the body ➢ It is covered by three connective
❖ The heart is covered by pericardium tissue membrane
➢ The brain is divided into three parts
Diagram:
Diagram:

Result:

The given model was identified as

Result:
the L.S of the human brain.
The given model was identified as
the L.S of the human heart.
A. AROKIASURESH, M.Sc.B.Ed., BT ASST.
(SCIENCE), GHSS, KALAMARUDUR,
KALLAKURICHI (DT).
13. IDENTIFICAION OF BLOOD CELLS OR

Aim:
Aim:
To identify the given slides, draw a
labelled diagram and write a note on it. To identify the given slides, draw a
labelled diagram and write a note on it.
Material required:
Material required:
Permanent slides of blood cells and
Microscope Permanent slides of blood cells and
Microscope
Identification:
Identification:
The given slide is identified as Red
Blood Cell The given slide is identified as
White Blood Cell
Notes:
Notes:
➢ They are biconcave and disc shaped
➢ Mature mammalian RBC’s do not ❖ They are colourless and they have
have nucleus amoeboid shaped.
➢ Haemoglobin is a respiratory ❖ They have nucleus.
pigment which gives red colour ❖ They protect the body from
diseases.
Diagram:
Diagram:

Cytoplasm Nucleus

Plasma membrane Cytoplasm

Result:

The given slide was identified as the Result:

Red Blood Cell.
The given slide was identified as the
White Blood Cell.

A. AROKIASURESH, M.Sc.B.Ed., BT ASST.

(SCIENCE), GHSS, KALAMARUDUR,
KALLAKURICHI (DT).
14. IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOCRINE OR
GLANDS

Aim: Aim:

To identify the endocrine glands, its To identify the endocrine glands, its
location hormone secreted and functions location hormone secreted and functions

Material required: Material required:

Flag labelled Endocrine gland Flag labelled Endocrine gland

models models

Identification: Identification:

The flag labelled endocrine gland is The flag labelled endocrine gland is
identified as Thyroid gland identified as Islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas
Location:
Location:
Thyroid gland is bilobed gland
located in the neck region on either side Islets of Langerhans are seen
of the trachea. embedded in the pancreas which is
located in the abdominal region
Hormones secreted:
Hormones secreted:
Tri iodothyronine (T3) and
Thyroxine (T4) ➢ α cells secrete glucagon
➢ β cells secrete insulin
Functions:
Functions:
❖ It regulates metabolism
❖ It increases the body temperature ➢ Insulin converts glucose into
❖ It is required for normal growth and glycogen
development ➢ Glucagon converts glycogen into
❖ It is also known as personality glucose
hormone ➢ Insulin and Glucagon maintain the
blood sugar level
Diagram:
Diagram:

Result: Result:
The given model was identified as The given model was identified as
the thyroid gland. the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.