7001_ThomasET_ch12p678-724.

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12.6 Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces 717

TABLE 12.1 Graphs of Quadric Surfaces

z z
Elliptical cross-section
c
in the plane z ! z0 2 z z
x2 y c 2
The ellipse " 2 !1 The parabola z ! x x2 y2
a2 b a2 The ellipse " 2 !1
z0 in the xy-plane a2 b
in the xz-plane in the plane z ! c
z!c
ELLIPSE

a b
a

PAR
b y y ELLIPSE
ELLIPSE

AB
SE

x x

OL
c 2
LIP

A
The parabola z ! y
The ellipse b2
EL

y2 z2 in the yz-plane
x2 z2 The ellipse " !1
" 2 !1 b2 c2 y y
a2 c
in the yz-plane x x
in the xz-plane 2 2 2
x2 y z x2 y z
ELLIPSOID + 2 + 2 = 1 ELLIPTICAL PARABOLOID + 2 = c
a2 b c a2 b
2 2
Part of the hyperbola x 2 # z 2 ! 1 in the xz-plane
a c
z z
c z x 2 y2 z 2
The line z ! – y The ellipse " !1 x2 y
b a2 b2 z!c The ellipse 2 " 2 ! 2
in the yz-plane z ! c in the plane z ! c a b
in the plane z ! c
b!2
a b a!2

HY PERBOLA
SE 2
ELLIP ELLIPSE x2 y
The ellipse 2 " 2 ! 1
The line z ! ac x a b
in the xy-plane
in the xz-plane
b
y y a EL y y
LIPSE
HYPERBOLA

x x

x x
y2 z2
Part of the hyperbola 2
# 2 !1
b c ELLIPSE
PSE in the yz-plane
ELLI

x y2 z
2 2 x2 y2 z2
ELLIPTICAL CONE + 2 = 2 HYPERBOLOID OF ONE SHEET 2
+ 2 - 2 = 1
a2 b c a b c
The parabola z ! c2 y 2 in the yz-plane
b z y2 x2
Part of the hyperbola # !1
b2 a2
HY in the plane z ! c
PER
B OL A
PA
RA
y2 B OLA
x2 Saddle
z The ellipse " !1 z
a2 b2 point
LA

y
BO

in the plane z ! c!2 x

RA

2 y2
Part of the hyperbola x 2 # 2 ! 1
PA

a b
a b The parabola z ! – c2 x2 in the plane z ! –c x
a
A

ELLIPSE
OL

in the xz-plane
RB

x2 z
PE

The hyperbola Y # !1
H The hyperbola
z2 x2 a2
# !1 (0, 0, c) z2 y2
c2 a2 Vertex # !1
0 c2 b2
in the xz-plane
in the yz-plane
y y
(0, 0, –c) x
x LA Vertex
O
RB

OLA
PE

y
HY

HYPERB

ELLIPSE x
z2 x2 y2 y2 x2 z
HYPERBOLOID OF TWO SHEETS - - = 1 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID - = c, c 7 0
c2 a2 b2 b2 a2
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718 Chapter 12: Vectors and the Geometry of Space

Exercises 12.6
Matching Equations with Surfaces k. z l. z
In Exercises 1–12, match the equation with the surface it defines.
Also, identify each surface by type (paraboloid, ellipsoid, etc.) The
surfaces are labeled (a)–(1).
1. x 2 + y 2 + 4z 2 = 10 2. z 2 + 4y 2 - 4x 2 = 4
2 2 x y
3. 9y + z = 16 4. y 2 + z 2 = x 2
x
2 2 2 2
5. x = y - z 6. x = - y - z y
7. x 2 + 2z 2 = 8 8. z 2 + x 2 - y 2 = 1
Drawing
9. x = z 2 - y 2 10. z = - 4x 2 - y 2
Sketch the surfaces in Exercises 13–44.
11. x 2 + 4z 2 = y 2 12. 9x 2 + 4y 2 + 2z 2 = 36
CYLINDERS
a. z b. z 13. x 2 + y 2 = 4 14. z = y 2 - 1
2 2
15. x + 4z = 16 16. 4x 2 + y 2 = 36
ELLIPSOIDS
17. 9x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 18. 4x 2 + 4y 2 + z 2 = 16
y 19. 4x 2 + 9y 2 + 4z 2 = 36 20. 9x 2 + 4y 2 + 36z 2 = 36
x x
y PARABOLOIDS AND CONES
21. z = x 2 + 4y 2 22. z = 8 - x 2 - y 2
2 2
c. z d. z 23. x = 4 - 4y - z 24. y = 1 - x 2 - z 2
2 2 2
25. x + y = z 26. 4x 2 + 9z 2 = 9y 2
HYPERBOLOIDS
27. x 2 + y 2 - z 2 = 1 28. y 2 + z 2 - x 2 = 1
2 2 2
x 29. z - x - y = 1 30. s y 2>4d - sx 2>4d - z 2 = 1
y x y
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOIDS
31. y 2 - x 2 = z 32. x 2 - y 2 = z
e. z f. z ASSORTED
33. z = 1 + y 2 - x 2 34. 4x 2 + 4y 2 = z 2
2 2
35. y = - sx + z d 36. 16x 2 + 4y 2 = 1
x y 2 2 2
37. x + y - z = 4 38. x 2 + z 2 = y
2 2
x
y
39. x + z = 1 40. 16y 2 + 9z 2 = 4x 2
2 2
41. z = - sx + y d 42. y 2 - x 2 - z 2 = 1
43. 4y 2 + z 2 - 4x 2 = 4 44. x 2 + y 2 = z
g. z h. z
Theory and Examples
45. a. Express the area A of the cross-section cut from the ellipsoid
y2 z2
x2 + + = 1
4 9
y by the plane z = c as a function of c. (The area of an ellipse
x x y with semiaxes a and b is pab .)
b. Use slices perpendicular to the z-axis to find the volume of
i. z j. z the ellipsoid in part (a).
c. Now find the volume of the ellipsoid
x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a b c
y x Does your formula give the volume of a sphere of radius a if
x y
a = b = c?
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Chapter 12 Questions to Guide Your Review 719

46. The barrel shown here is shaped like an ellipsoid with equal pieces b. Express your answer in part (a) in terms of h and the areas A0
cut from the ends by planes perpendicular to the z-axis. The cross- and Ah of the regions cut by the hyperboloid from the planes
sections perpendicular to the z-axis are circular. The barrel is 2h z = 0 and z = h .
units high, its midsection radius is R, and its end radii are both r. c. Show that the volume in part (a) is also given by the formula
Find a formula for the barrel’s volume. Then check two things.
h
First, suppose the sides of the barrel are straightened to turn the V = sA0 + 4Am + Ah d ,
6
barrel into a cylinder of radius R and height 2h. Does your formula
give the cylinder’s volume? Second, suppose r = 0 and h = R so where Am is the area of the region cut by the hyperboloid
the barrel is a sphere. Does your formula give the sphere’s volume? from the plane z = h>2 .
z Viewing Surfaces
T Plot the surfaces in Exercises 49–52 over the indicated domains. If
you can, rotate the surface into different viewing positions.
h r
49. z = y 2, -2 … x … 2, -0.5 … y … 2
50. z = 1 - y 2, -2 … x … 2, -2 … y … 2
2 2
R 51. z = x + y , -3 … x … 3, -3 … y … 3
y 52. z = x 2 + 2y 2 over
a. - 3 … x … 3, -3 … y … 3
x –h r
b. - 1 … x … 1, -2 … y … 3
c. - 2 … x … 2, -2 … y … 2
47. Show that the volume of the segment cut from the paraboloid d. -2 … x … 2, -1 … y … 1

y 2 COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS
x2 z
+ 2 = c Use a CAS to plot the surfaces in Exercises 53–58. Identify the type of
a2 b
quadric surface from your graph.
by the plane z = h equals half the segment’s base times its altitude.
x2 y2 z2 x2 z2 y2
48. a. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the hyperboloid 53. + = 1 - 54. - = 1 -
9 36 25 9 9 16
x2 y2 z2 y2 x2
2
+ 2 - 2 = 1 55. 5x 2 = z 2 - 3y 2 56. = 1 - + z
a b c 16 9
x2 y2 z2
and the planes z = 0 and z = h, h 7 0 . 57. - 1 = + 58. y - 24 - z 2 = 0
9 16 2

Chapter 12 Questions to Guide Your Review

1. When do directed line segments in the plane represent the same 10. What is the determinant formula for calculating the cross product
vector? of two vectors relative to the Cartesian i, j, k-coordinate system?
2. How are vectors added and subtracted geometrically? Alge- Use it in an example.
braically? 11. How do you find equations for lines, line segments, and planes in
3. How do you find a vector’s magnitude and direction? space? Give examples. Can you express a line in space by a single
equation? A plane?
4. If a vector is multiplied by a positive scalar, how is the result re-
lated to the original vector? What if the scalar is zero? Negative? 12. How do you find the distance from a point to a line in space?
From a point to a plane? Give examples.
5. Define the dot product (scalar product) of two vectors. Which al-
gebraic laws are satisfied by dot products? Give examples. When 13. What are box products? What significance do they have? How are
is the dot product of two vectors equal to zero? they evaluated? Give an example.
6. What geometric interpretation does the dot product have? Give 14. How do you find equations for spheres in space? Give examples.
examples. 15. How do you find the intersection of two lines in space? A line and
7. What is the vector projection of a vector u onto a vector v? Give a plane? Two planes? Give examples.
an example of a useful application of a vector projection. 16. What is a cylinder? Give examples of equations that define cylin-
8. Define the cross product (vector product) of two vectors. Which al- ders in Cartesian coordinates.
gebraic laws are satisfied by cross products, and which are not? Give 17. What are quadric surfaces? Give examples of different kinds of
examples. When is the cross product of two vectors equal to zero? ellipsoids, paraboloids, cones, and hyperboloids (equations and
9. What geometric or physical interpretations do cross products sketches).
have? Give examples.