Desifgn of Slender Columns

Columns can be designed as slender with certain provisions, slender columns are affected by the
stiffness criterion rather than the strength criterion like short columns.
Moments caused by eccentricities of beams as shown:
Total moments will be caused by the initial eccentricity and the delta caused by the deformation
bending of the member.
OB slender column shows failure at less axial loads due to the combined moment of initial
eccentricity and delta, Axial capacity is reduced in slender columns (slenderness effect) by >5% (if
<5% it is ignored) due to moments from lateral deflection (added to the initial moment caused by
eccentricity). Relationship b/w axial load and moment in slender columns is non-linear due to
Elasticity (E) decrease.
If applied force P is less than Pcr (critical) the column will stabilize. Otherwise, it will destabilize
(bend), the neutral case is when P applied = Pcr.
No is the mode shape (shape of deformations) that depends mostly on bracing (most critical, as in
not braced column, n =1)
not always
Reference K value is the case where the column is connected to a theoretical pin-pin connection
forming a 1 half sine wave, in which case the k =1.
K value in other cases is trying to make the number of half sine waves equal the original case of
pin=pin connections.
As shown in case (b), n = 2 sine waves, to go back to the original case of n = 1, k must equal ½ since
½ x 2 = 1 (k of original case).
Shorter column failure is mainly caused by material failure (strength criterion), and longer columns
usually fail due to stability failure caused by slenderness (stiffness criterion) you can see that by
noticing that column O-C does not touch the boundary of the column reaction diagram, showing its
stability failure NOT material failure.
only in serviceability
calcs NOT strength
Undeflected case (a) is considered as first-order analysis, the lateral force may be caused by wind,
seismicity, and/or initial imperfections, and the base moment caused by the first-order analysis in
this case is: Mb = V x L, stiffness is constant.
Deflected case (b) is second order, which is the second iteration after the first order analysis, first-
order analysis moment causes the member to deflect by Δ, and second-order effects consider the
deflected case with the same forces applied in addition to the delta caused by first-order analysis (hence
deflected), causing the base moment Mb = (V x L) + (P xΔ), note that the stiffness of member decreased.
The result is larger Δ deformations, 2nd order effects are iterated with larger deltas and smaller
stiffnesses till the base moment causes member instability due to decreased elastic modulus “E” after
each iteration, so elastic modulus “E” is not constant. The same case for small delta caused by column
eccentricities (beam not eccentric to column)
So, instability is analyzed only by 2nd order analysis.

We can use the moment magnification factor and multiply the moment caused by first-order
analysis of small delta (beam eccentricities on columns) by that factor to account for 2nd order
effects.
Moment magnification factor is used for:
1) Sway frames
2) Non-sway frames
In the case of different beam concentricities at ends I and j of the columns :
In these cases, the maximum moment does not match the maximum deflection. We use the Cm
(equivalence factor) to multiply by the maximum moment to create an equivalent case as if the
beam concentrates were the same at both ends I and J.
For non-sway (braced) columns:
Due to extra deflections caused by second-order effects, the flexural rigidity decreases under the
same axial load, resulting in larger deflections and curvature.
To calculate P critical we use these equations (not 0.7 I for columns etc):
ETABS uses equation 6.6.4.4.4a in buckling calculations of slender columns, other equactions
found in 6.6.4.4.4b can be used with an external excel sheet to check non passing columns
To calculate EI for fram deflection and 2nd order eflection (Stability and buckling):
Factor of 1 +Bdns in the denominator accounts for the effects of sustained load (creep).
Limits to determine wither column is slender:
Braced (non sway) vs non braced (sway) frames:
Sway and non sway is a grey zone and depends on the behavior of the elements
To determine if a structure is sway or non sway according to ACI:
Small delta ns shall not exceed 1.4
EI (column rigidity) is calculated form the code equations

Desifgn of Slender Columns

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Desifgn of Slender Columns

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Columns can be designed as slender with certain provisions, slender columns are affected by the

Moments caused by eccentricities of beams as shown:

So, instability is analyzed only by 2nd order analysis.

Moment magnification factor is used for:

In the case of different beam concentricities at ends I and j of the columns :

Limits to determine wither column is slender:

Braced (non sway) vs non braced (sway) frames:

EI (column rigidity) is calculated form the code equations

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