INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTANCY ARUSHA

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
NAME: GREYSON EMMANUEL UISSO
REGISTRATION NUMBER: ODFB-01-0087-2022
PROGRAME: ODFB 1
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022/2023
MODULE NAME: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER APPLICATION
MODULE CODE: AFT 05109
FACILITATORS NAMES: MAGOTI (Ms. WANKYO), MDUMA (Mr. NELSON),
MKUMBO (Ms. HAPPINESS), MTUI (Ms. JACQUELINE), RAMADHAN (Ms. SAKINA).
SUBMISSION DATE: 10th DECEMBER, 2022
 Question 1

Computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw data as input and processes it with
a set of instructions (program) to produce output as output. It provides results only after performing
mathematical and logical operations and can store the results for later use. It can process both numeric and
non-numeric calculations. The word "computer" comes from the Latin word "computare" which means to
count. there are advantages of using computer and its disadvantages also in our daily life, its advantages
are as follow-;
It can store large amounts of information and reduce waste ;Unlike the human brain and its
memory capacity, the computer has the ability to store and access large amounts of information. For
example, computers and devices such as eBook readers can store hundreds or thousands of books, given
sufficient storage capacity. By storing books, documents, movies, photos and songs digitally, you can
quickly find what you need by searching and sharing information between devices. It eliminates the need
for paper used to produce non-digital versions of media.
Increases productivity; Shifting repetitive and tedious tasks to powerful computers increases
productivity. It also reduces the possibility of human error. Additionally, letting technology do the heavy
lifting allows you and your employees to focus on core business functions and revenue-generating
activities. It's not hard to see how smart phones and the internet cause distractions at work. But these tools
- and technology in general - are not so bad. Used properly, they can easily help your business and
Computers increase your productivity and, by better understanding the programs that use them, you are
more effective in everything you do. For example, once you have a basic understanding of using a word
processor, you can create, save, edit, share and print documents and letters. Each of these tasks was
impossible or slow with all the technologies that existed before.
Connect the user to the network; With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any information,
communicate with anyone else in the world, and much more. You can do all of this on your computer.
Using the internet, computers connect and communicate with one another, primarily using Transmission
Control Protocol / Internet Protocol). Think of TCP/IP as a book of rules, a step-by-step guide that each
computer uses to know how to talk to another computer. This book of rules dictates what each computer
must do to transmit data, when to transmit data, how to transmit that data. It also states how to receive data
in the same manner. If the rules are not followed, the computer can't connect to another computer, nor
send and receive data between other computers.
It can make the user earn money like a businessman; When you are connected to the Internet, a
computer can help you earn money in many different ways. For example, creating and running an online
store is much cheaper than having a physical store. Also, once online, your store or product has an
international audience, and you can sell to anyone in the world using e-commerce for example. It also has
disadvantages of using a computer as follows:-
It can reduce work ;Computers Ca also be a reason to replace the need for many tasks as they are
more capable and smarter. For example, if a human can do any task within an hour, a computer can do
that task in less time. Thus, computers are reducing the need for many jobs which are also becoming
useless in the future.
Presence of computer viruses and malware ;If even one computer on the network becomes
infected with a virus, there is a potential threat to other systems as well. Viruses can spread on the Internet
easily, due to the connection of workstations. Additionally, many systems with common resources are a
breeding ground for proliferating viruses.
It needs a proper controller ;In order for the computer network to work efficiently and fully, it
requires high technical skills and knowledge of its operation and administration. A person with basic skills
cannot do this job. Note that the responsibility of handling such a system is great, as the allocation of
permissions and passwords can be difficult. Similarly, the configuration and connection of the network is
very tedious and cannot be done by the average technician who does not have advanced skills.
 Lack of data security and privacy ;Because there would be a large number of people who would
use the computer network to access and share some of their files and resources, the security of a particular
user would always be at risk. There may be illegal activities that may occur, which you need to be aware of.
Generally; The computer does not get tired or bored because of doing the same task continuously.
They work the same way all the time. A computer can store a large amount of information in its memory.
Computer system capabilities are the characteristics of a computer that put it in a positive light and make
the user experience better.
Number. Advantage Dis Advantage
1. It can store large Lack of data security
amounts of information and privacy
and reduce waste
2. Increases productivity; It needs a proper
controller
3. Connect the user to Presence of computer
the network viruses and malware
4. It can make the user It can reduce work
earn money like a
businessman

Question 2
Information and communication technology (ICT) is a complementary term to information
technology (IT) that emphasizes the role of integrated communications and the integration of
communications (telephone and wireless signals) and computers, as well as important business mediums. .
, storage and audio visualization, which enables users to access, store, transmit, understand and
manipulate information. ICT is a broad subject and concepts are evolving. It covers any product that stores,
retrieves, manipulates, sends or receives information electronically in digital format (eg, personal
computers including smart phones, digital television, email or bots). The knowledge system of the
information age is one of many examples. for defining and managing the skills of ICT professionals for the
21st century. There are strong economic incentives to connect mobile networks and computer network
systems using a single system of cabling, transmission and management. ICT is an umbrella term that
includes any communication device, including radio, television, mobile phones, computer and internet
hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as various services and facilities with them such as video
conferencing and distance learning. . ICT also includes analog technology, such as paper communication,
and any form of communication that transmits.
THUS, Information communication technology refers to the technical tools and services used to operate
network device monitoring and control, telecommunications, smart building management systems, audio-
visual processing and presentation, broadcast media, and so on. ICT cannot be defined in a specific way
because the methods and implementation of ICT change every day. It includes any product that stores,
stores, and handles digital information such as cell phones, computers, and the like. ICT has its
applications in various environments and our daily use in life, as follows:-
ICT IN EDUCATION ;In the past, before ICT was implemented, the education system was stable.
The knowledge gained was fundamental on the information that was in the text books and the younger the
teacher's skill set. So, there was a huge difference education provided by various institutions. Due to
money obstacles not all teachers can travel to different places provide education. A typical classroom
setting where the teacher wrote on the board and the students copied the data were indexed. The system
was boring and monotonous. It also led to a random evaluation of the cause lack of uniform evaluation
standards. Evaluate It was always based on current performance and there was There is no comparison
with the original, and real results improvement can be achieved by evaluating errors in past assessment
and suggest ways to correct it, but there was no database maintained to ensure that the student's
assessment is saved. It was just a basic report given which can keep the marks obtained for him success
and there was no progress after that. Types of IT that are widely used in education:
 E-learning: E-learning is basically associated with high level training, which involves
harming both, formal and informal level, which uses a network, LAN, WAN, segment or
fully, for proper communication or interaction.
 Blended Learning: This type of learning is blended traditional methods of teaching using
electronic methods. For example at the University of Manchester teachers give gifts that
refer to a particular lecture as well as which slides are also uploaded and updated on
campus learning management system (LMS). Students can too contact the professor via
email or LM)
 Open and distance learning: Commonwealth of Learning defines this type of learning as “a
way of giving learning opportunities that are characterized by isolation of teacher and
student at time or place, or time and place".) Open and distance learning: Commonwealth
of Learning defines this type of learning as “a way of giving learning opportunities that are
characterized by isolation of teacher and student at time or place, or time and place".
ICT IN DEFENSE :The defense of nations has had a major impact on Information and
Communication Technology. ICT and defense sector with a strong relationship with development. Both
have a direct or positive relationship with each other. Development in ICT brings benefits to development in
defense sector and vice versa. Traditional economics used dumb, people-centered bombs battlefield
management, future combat, terrain and seaway, the primary power amplifiers of all these devices habits
lead to inefficiency. ICT had changed it industries from making dumb bombs to smart weapons, from
people to a cyber-centric battlefield management, from post-battle review to real-time combat surveillance,
from land and sea to air and space quality, and from hardware core to software core strength multipliers.
The defense industry is one of the most important economic units in many nations. Produces weapons and
special equipment of war. Some countries have developed their defense sector rate of shipping materials to
others. In general, The output of the defense industry can be divided into two groups – hardware and
software, such as the ICT industry.
ICT IN E-COMMERCE ;E-Commerce is the activity of buying and selling products and services
through the Internet which is the Internet. E- Business includes internet marketing, supply chain
management, transfer data and money, online shopping etc. E-tail is another source used for the online
transaction process shopping. Online shopping includes the purchase of books, music, in a digital
distribution system. These activities can happen between business and business, consumer to consumer,
business to consumer and vice versa. Advantage of e-commerce is easy to find, access to products and
service, access speed, access anywhere, delivery and so on This system is developed mainly for its
secure electronic business.
ICT IN HEALTHCARE; Health TECHNOLOGY (Information and Communication Technology) is
based on the development of digital technologies, databases, and other applications that aim to prevent
disease, treat disease, control chronic disease while improving health services for individuals and
communities, and also provide operational capabilities of the system and prevent medical errors. Health
TECHNOLOGY enables new and better ways to access, communicate, process and store information.
Information Communication Technology allows for remote care, interdisciplinary clinical support, and
knowledge support that is intended to bridge the gap that has emerged in the health sector in developing
and newly industrialized countries.
ICT IN BANKING; In order to enhance the quality of banking services in both private and public
categories, the use of IT becomes a necessity. But today the banking organization from the private and
public mode aims to provide better and enhanced services to the customer in a certain field of competition.
Due to the level of service extended by the bank varies according to the customer and the type of service
with respect to the availability of infrastructure. Although banks from private and public organizations are
aiming to raise the quality of services towards the customers' and employees' perspective to realize the role
of IT in the better services of the banking sectors. The present study has been conducted from 3 private
and 4 public banks located in Kanchipuram City. The results have been evaluated using SPSS 18.0 and
recommendations have been made to improve the effective use of ICT resources.
ICT IN LIBRARY; The main purpose of ICT in the library means the implementation of ICT
equipment and tools in information provide a process like the media and method. The purpose of ICT in
libraries is generally to inform users using and working with computers and other electronic means. Today
libraries using the word ICT to show their expertise in the process search for information. Due to the use of
ICT in the library, users are educated using different information programs and how ICT can be used to
solve problems problems about information. It is also helpful for users to collect data internally short time.
The library also uses ICT to increase the quality and quantity of information. ICT interrupt all the
applications we mentioned above also have their advantages and disadvantages in our daily life and
environment as follows in the table below:-

APPLICATION ADVANTAGE DIS ADVANTAGE

ICT in Library • ICT enables easier, faster, ●The cost of digital library
cheaper and more efficient library infrastructure such as the cost of
operations. hardware, software;
• ICT helps manage information Communication frequency rental
overload as information retrieval is generally very high.
 is simplified
computer systems. ●With the ever-increasing
• Computers help libraries save amount of digital information,
space and reduce paper. finding the right material for a
specific task is becoming
increasingly difficult.

●Due to technological advances,

a digital library can quickly
become outdated and its data
may become inaccessible.
ICT in business ●Better stock management and ●Often high costs associated
ordering systems with using modern technology
(especially for small businesses)
●Ability to develop new,
innovative methods ●Increased risk of layoffs

●More effective marketing and ●Closure of high street stores for

advertising e-commerce

●Security risk related to data and

fraud
ICT in Healthcare ●There are many devices ●Lack of information is also a
developed for patients who disadvantage of medical
communicate with doctors or technology. Security and privacy
nurses. These types of digital are some of the rules of the
devices are made for patients hospital to protect the patient's
who are admitted in the patient privacy.
rooms or wards in the hospital. In
an emergency, patients can press ●Increased cost of treatment
a button on these devices. It
notifies the doctors or nurses at ●One of the disadvantages of
the time of arrival of the patient. medical technology is that
sometimes machines or
●Patient health records are now technological devices show bad
stored on computers. Often in results. Sometimes you did not
hospitals or for professionals the show the correct results of the
complete health records of patients to the doctor.
patients are stored on computers.
ICT in education Makes it easier for teachers to A large amount of money is
share information with each needed during implementation if
other. digital devices are to be provided
If you create teaching materials to all students and teachers.
 using software, you can easily Additionally, it is not uncommon
share them online. for digital devices to malfunction.
Also, teachers in the same school
can share information on learning
progress and can help their
students in many ways.
ICT in banking ●You can transfer money from ●There is no provision of cash
one account to another. You can deposits. You must visit your
initiate money transfers between nearest bank branch or ATM to
and within banks, domestically deposit money.
and internationally. You can send
money to beneficiaries within an
hour using money transfer ●Your access to internet banking
methods like NEFT, RTGS and services may be restricted in the
IMPS. absence of a stable internet
connection. It can also be
●Another advantage of internet affected when the bank's servers
banking is that you can easily are down
open fixed and recurring deposit
accounts online. You can choose
the type of deposit you prefer
(gross or non-gross), amount and
investment period.
Generally; Despite its disadvantages but still ICT has continued to help us in our daily environment
in terms of use so it has spread to all parts of life, allowing people to communicate, network, seek help,
access services, and learn in new, better and faster ways. ICT in our daily lives ICT has permeated all
areas of life, allowing people to communicate, network, seek help, access services, and learn in new,
better, and faster ways.

Question 3.
Hardware refers to external and internal devices and equipment that enable you to perform major
functions such as input, output, storage, communication, processing and more. In hardware There are two
types of computer hardware: external and internal. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards,
printers, and scanners, while internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM. . As
the examples explained themselves, let's look at each type of computer equipment, including internal and
external.
Internal defines a device installed inside the computer. For example, a video card is an internal
device and a printer is an external device. When referring to storage, internal storage (e.g. an internal hard
drive) is any storage inside the computer. In the picture is an example of computer memory and an
example of internal devices. Below are additional examples of internal components in a computer.
 A Network Interface Card allows signals from the network to be transmitted to the machine or allow
connections to other networks/networks. via fixed cable, infrared or radio signal space on the
Motherboard.

 Central Processing Unit The "brain" of the computer that carries the program instructions.
Example: Pentium Processor It is connected to the "motherboard" (main circuit board). Measure
speed: Hertz. 1 Megahertz (MHz) = 1,000,000 (1 million) Hertz 1 Gigahertz (GHz) = 1,000,000,000
(1 billion) Hertz

 Read Only Memory holds a small, special program: the program to 'turn on' the non-volatile
storage - it is not lost, even if the power is turned off On the motherboard.

 The main printed circuit board on the motherboard in the computer. Many sockets for RAM, ROM,
cards (sound, graphics, network interface) that connect all parts of the computer together.
Additional boards, called 'daughter boards'

 The R.O.M Read Only Memory contains a small section of special software: the 'boot' software.
Non-volatile storage - never lost, even if power is off. On the motherboard

 The Graphics Card produces high quality displays for your monitor. control every pixel on the
screen. Make the computer chip hot.

 R.A.M Random Access Memory (RAM) the part of the computer that temporarily stores and
processes data on a volatile storage device- it turned everything off, and lost being placed in a
socket on the motherboard.
External defines a device that is installed outside the computer. For example, the printer (shown in
the picture) is an external device because it connects to the back of the computer and is outside the case.
However, the video card is an internal device as it is located inside the computer case
 Mouse; A mouse is a hand-held pointing device that moves a cursor on a computer screen and
enables interaction with objects on the screen. It can be wired or wireless.
 Keyboard. A keyboard is an input device with standard QWERTY keys that enable users to enter
text, numbers or special characters.

 Microphone. A microphone is a device that translates sound waves into electrical signals and
supports computer voice communication.

 Camera. The camera captures visible images and transmits them to a computer or through a
computer to a network device.

 Touchpad. A touchpad is an input device, external or built-in to a laptop, used to control an

indicator on the display screen. It is usually an alternative to an external mouse.

 USB flash drive. A USB flash drive is an external, removable device that uses flash memory and
interfaces with a computer via a USB port.

 Memory card. A memory card is a type of portable external storage, such as a CompactFlash card,
used to store media or data files.

Generally; We talk a lot about developing computer programs, but hardware is an important
part of that development. Without innovation in the hardware itself, a computer cannot run new,
processing-intensive programs. For every software developer out there creating a new application, a
hardware engineer is building the actual systems that can handle the modern workloads that the
application requires. Build a career around the engineering needed for the next level of computing with
courses and certifications designed to give you the foundational knowledge you need to get started.

Question 4

Online business; Is the conduct of business online processes on the web, the Internet, offline
or a combination thereof. These customer-facing, internal, and administrative business processes
include buying and selling products and services, serving customers, processing payments, managing
production and supply, collaborating with business partners, sharing information, automating employee
services, and recruiting employees. I is similar to E-commerce but includes much more than online
shopping. The work and services range from the development of internal and external networks to the
provision of electronic services on the Internet and software service providers. Businesses engage in
electronic commerce to purchase parts and equipment from other companies, collaborate on sales
 promotion and conduct joint research. So there are types of online tools that enable businesses to
complete or do their work through this E-business, as the following are some of those types of tools:-
Social Media Planning Tools ; Small businesses know the critical importance of using social
media to connect with their customers and potential customers. Unfortunately, logging into social media
too often can be a temporary problem
Email and Social Marketing ;Today, many daily "multitasking" tasks can be automated so that
business owners can focus on more brainpower. Email marketing systems (EMS) such as Aweber and
MailChimp allow you to inform your email subscribers about news about your business and important
offers and promotions. Even better, most EMS platforms will also push your email newsletter to your
social networks, so you don't have to publish on your own.
Google AdWords ;AdWords offers Pay-Per-Click (PPC) advertising, Cost-per-thousand (CPM)
advertising, and site-targeted advertising with text, banner, and rich media ads, including local,
national, and international distribution. Google AdWords is useful for improving a business's online
presence as it generally provides faster results than SEO. SEO and Google AdWords are search
engine marketing strategies aimed at generating more traffic and leads. When it comes to search traffic
and reaching the peak you want, a well-planned AdWords campaign will bring the number of leads
faster to the business.
Dropbox, iCloud, and Google Drive ;These tools provide a platform or space for customers to
store and manage their files and data, and easily integrate with each customer's internal software
systems. They all offer subscription services for more than a small amount of accounts. Google Drive
and Dropbox also allow real-time document editing by multiple users.
ConvertKit ; ConvertKit makes managing your email list and setting up autoresponders very
easy and user-friendly. They make it easy to segment your email subscribers into groups so they can
get content specific to their individual needs. Trusted by over 13,000 bloggers, they are becoming the
best choice for content creators and online marketers.
MailChimp ;MailChimp is a great place to start building your email list. They have great marketing
automation tools and they're not too hard to learn how to use either. They have features powerful enough
to be used by Fortune 500 companies, at a price that works for anyone.
Generally; The digital platforms that drive e-commerce can also extend an organization's reach
beyond its brick and mortar walls. Cloud-based business software enables remote and hybrid workers to do
their work in the office, from their home and other locations. Similarly, cloud-based and internet-based
applications allow for 24hours/7 days business usiness transactions so even sole proprietors and small
businesses can do business globally.