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Unit 6 Earth Physics

6.1 Sound
6.2 Reflection of Sound
6.3 Structure of the Earth

Learning Objectives
.

A.Describe the vibration of particles in a sound wave and explain why sound does not travel in a
vacuum.

B.Explain echoes in terms of the reflection of sound waves.

C Describe the model of plate tectonics, in which a solid outer layer (made up of the crust and
uppermost mantle) moves because of flow lower in the mantle.

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 1.(a) Fig. 1.1 represents the waveform of a sound wave. The wave is travelling at constant

speed.[LOA]

Fig 1.1
(i) On Fig. 1.1,
a) label with the letter X the marked distance corresponding to the amplitude of the wave,
b). label with the letter Y the marked distance corresponding to the wavelength of the wave.
2.(a) A sound wave in air consists of alternate compressions and rarefactions along its path.
(i) Explain how a compression differs from a rarefaction. [LOA]

Compressions.........................................................................................................................................

.. .............................................................................................................................................................

Rarefactions……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. (a) Draw a straight line from each quantity on the left-hand side to a speed on the right-hand side
which is typical for that quantity [LOA]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows how the displacement of air molecules, at an instant of time, varies with distance
along the path of a sound wave.

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 Fig 3.1

On Fig. 3.1, sketch two cycles of a sound wave that has a shorter wavelength and a greater
amplitude.

4. Fig. 4.1 shows an electric bell ringing in a sealed glass chamber containing air. [LOA]

Fig 4.1
A student hears the bell ringing. The air is then removed from the chamber. State and explain any

change in the sound heard by the

student. ...................................................................................................................................................

................ ...............................................................................................................................................

............. ..................................................................................................................................................

............. ..................................................................................................................................................

..............

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 5.The speed of sound in air is different for different heights above sea level. The graph shows how
the speed of sound varies with height. [LOA]

(i) Use the graph to estimate the speed of sound in air 6000 m above sea level.
Speed = ................................ m/s
(ii) Describe the pattern shown by the
graph. ....................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
............
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................

6. Fig 6.1 shows a water wave. [LOA]

Fig 6.1

(i) The amplitude of the wave is……………………………………

(ii)The wavelength of the wave is …………………………………

7. (a) Which statement about sound waves is correct? [LOA]

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 A sound waves cannot be reflected
B sound waves are electromagnetic
C sound waves are longitudinal
D sound waves are transverse
(a) A microphone is connected to a data logger, which displays each sound wave as a graph. The
diagrams show the graphs for two different sound waves.

The graphs have the same scales. In the horizontal direction: 1 square = 0.001 s

The amplitude of sound wave Q is

A larger than the amplitude of sound wave P

B smaller than the amplitude of sound wave P
C the same as the amplitude of sound wave P
D zero
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 8. (a) A student investigates how the speed of sound in air varies with temperature. The student’s

results are shown on the graph. [LOA]

(i) Draw a straight line of best fit on the graph.

(ii) Use the graph to find the speed of sound when the air temperature is 20℃

speed of sound = .............................................. m/s

9. (a) A man uses a dog whistle to call his dog. The whistle uses ultrasound.
(i) The dog can hear the whistle but the man cannot. Explain why the dog can hear the whistle but
the man cannot hear the whistle. [LOB]
................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

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 10. The diagram shows a fishing boat above some fish. [LOB]

Describe how ultrasound waves are used to detect the fish. You may add to the diagram to help with

your

answer. ...................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

.............

(b) Some students are investigating waves. They produce waves by moving a piece of wood up and
down in a tank of water. The diagram shows the waves over a distance of 60 cm.

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 (i) State the number of wavelengths shown on the diagram.

number of wavelengths = .............................................................

(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the waves.

wavelength of waves = .............................................................. cm

11. Over 300 years ago, Isaac Newton measured the speed of sound in air in a long outdoor
corridor. Eve and Ali repeated this experiment by measuring the time between a clap and its echo.

(a) Eve clapped her hands, and Ali timed with a tablet computer. The computer recorded the sound
of the clap and its echo and produced the graph below. [LOB]

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 (i) What time was the sound of the clap recorded?

Time = ............................................... seconds

(ii) What time was the sound of the echo recorded?

Time = ............................................... seconds

(iii) Calculate the time of travel for the sound wave to go from Eve to the wall and to return to the
computer.

Time of travel = ............................................... seconds

(c) Isaac Newton’s value for the speed of sound was less accurate than the one calculated. Suggest

and explain why Newton could not get an accurate

answer. ...................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................... ............

....................................................................................................................................... ........................

..........................................................................................................................

12. Rob is experimenting with water waves. He uses a wave generator to create waves at different
wavelengths and frequencies. Below are diagrams showing the waves he produced. Each line
represents a wave viewed from above [LOA]

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 (a) Fill in the gaps below to explain how the wave has changed.
(i) The wavelength of the second wave produced is ………………… than the first wave.
(ii) The frequency of the second wave produced is …………………. than the first wave.
(b) The image below shows the second wave produced but seen from the side

Use data from the diagram above to calculate the amplitude and the wavelength of the water
waves. Show your working.

amplitude = ……………… m wavelength = ……………… m

(c) (i) Rob times the waves as they pass in front of him. He finds that 5 waves pass him in 10
seconds. Calculate the frequency of the wave.

Frequency= …………………………. Hz

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 13.

[LOC]

14 Blessy makes a model of the structure of the Earth using coloured modelling clay. [LOC]

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 a) Write down two strengths of using this model to show the structure of the Earth.
…………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………….

(b) There are limitations with Blessy’s model.

Write down three limitations of her model.

1……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………….……………………….

2……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………….………………………….

3……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………….……………………………….

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