REVIEWER IN SCIENCE 7

Coordinate System
- is a reference system used to
represent the locations of
geographic features, imagery, and
locations within a common
geographic framework.
- a point has two coordinate values:
latitude and longitude. Latitude
and longitude measure angles.
Reference Line
Equator
- is the imaginary line running east
and west where the diameter of the
globe is greatest.
Prime Meridian
- is the imaginary line running from
pole to pole and passing through
Greenwich, a section of London,
England. It is the basis of time around
the world.
International Date Line (IDL)
- an imaginary line that separates
one day from another and is located
at 180 degrees longitude.
Philippine Archipelago
The Philippines is in the Northern
Hemisphere because it is north of the
Equator. It is in the Eastern
Hemisphere because it is east of the
Prime Meridian.
- archi – chief; pelagos - sea
- detached from the Asian continent.
- is an island nation located in the Malay
Archipelago in Southeast Asia. The Philippines,
named after King Philip II of Spain
- situated between the Equator & Tropic of
Cancer.
- lies bet. 4° and 21° N and bet 115° & 127° E.
- is the 72nd largest country by area.
- is composed of 7,641 islands and has a total
land area of approximately 300,000 square
kilometers including about 298,000 square
kilometers of land and about 2,000 square
kilometers of water.
- described as fragmentary.
Surrounding Bodies of Water
North- Luzon Strait
East- Philippine Sea
South- Celebes Sea
West- West Philippine Sea (South China Sea)

Natural Resources
- Materials derived from nature and used not only to meet people’s needs but also for the
country’s economic progress.
Types:
a. Renewable - refer to energy sources that are
continuously replenished by natural processes.
b. Non-renewable - are the natural energy
resources that are present in a limited quantity
and are being used for a long time.
Atmosphere - is a relatively thin shell of gases that surrounds the solid Earth.
from the Greek word “atmos” - vapor and “sphaira” – sphere
Layers of the Atmosphere
Troposphere–Stratosphere–Mesosphere–Thermosphere -Exosphere
1. Troposphere - “tropos” - turn
~ lowest layer of the atmosphere.
~ where winds, clouds, water vapor and where weather phenomena occur.
2. Stratosphere
- stratus – stratified/ layered.
- ozone can be found in this layer.
- Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) a substance that destroys the ozone
3. Mesosphere
~ coldest layer of the atmosphere.
~ protects the earth from the meteoroids.
4. Thermosphere
~ thickest and the hottest layer
Aurora
~ an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of bands of light caused by ions following the
earth’s magnetic lines of force.
Aurora australis – southern lights
Aurora borealis – northern lights
5. Exosphere
- outermost layer, where orbiting artificial satellites are found.
Convection
- is the transfer of heat by the motion of liquids
and gases.
- in gas occurs because gas expands when
heated.
- occurs because currents flow when hot gas
rises and cool gas sinks.
- in liquids occurs because of differences in
density.
Convection Wind Current
The tropical region reached by direct sunrays develops
a higher temperature than the temperate and polar
regions reached only by slanting rays.
Temperature decreases toward the poles.
Air pressure at the poles is greater compared to air pressure at the equator.
Local Winds
- winds that change daily in regular patterns
- blow within small areas such as near shorelines.
a. Sea Breeze
- during the day, the warm air over the land rises and colder air over the sea moves toward
the land.
b. Land Breeze
- at night, the cooler air over the land moves toward the sea, pushing up the warmer air
over the water.
The equator receives most insulation.
• Hot air rises, heads towards poles
• Air becomes heavy and sinks at 30°N and S
Wind Patterns of the World
Coriolis Effect
~ apparent deflection of an object caused by the Coriolis Force.
~ Is a result of Earth’s rotation.
~ Causes moving objects to follow curved paths:
In the Northern Hemisphere, curvature is to the right. In the Southern Hemisphere, curvature is
to the left.
Trade Winds or Easterlies
- Winds moving to the equator; coming from an easterly direction from 30º N and from 30º S
Prevailing Westerlies
- Winds coming from the 30º-35º N and S latitudes toward the poles; coming from a westerly
direction.
Polar Easterlies
- Winds coming from the poles toward the; coming from an easterly direction.
Doldrums or ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone)
~ a region of the ocean near the equator abounding in calms, squalls and light shifting
winds.
- happens when the northeast and southeast trade winds meet.
- The warm moist air coming from opposite directions is forced upward.

PAGASA - Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

Seasons
- are largely due to factors surrounding Earth's tilted axis as it revolves around the sun.
- Earth's predictable rate of rotation causes night and day.
Equinox and Solstice
Solstice
- the farthest positions of the sun (north & south) from the equator.
- day on which the Northern Hemisphere receives the most direct sunlight. (June 21)
- day is longer than night
- sun is directly overhead by noon at 23.5°N (tropic of Cancer)
- The Southern Hemisphere experiences winter.
Equinox – sun shines equally in both hemispheres.
- two times of the year when day and night everywhere on Earth are of equal length.
- day on which Northern Hemisphere receives least direct sunlight. (Dec. 21)
- day is shorter than night
- sun is directly overhead by noon at 23.5°S (tropic of Capricorn)
- The Northern Hemisphere experiences winter.
Eclipse
- ancient Greek - it comes from the word “ékleipsis”, meaning to fail or to abandon.
- occur when the Sun, Earth, and the Moon align in a straight or almost straight
configuration.
 - It is defined as an astronomical phenomenon that occurs when one spatial object comes
within the shadow of another spatial object.
PENUMBRA - The penumbra (from the Latin ”paene” - almost, nearly) is the region in which
only a portion of the light source is obscured by the occluding body. An observer in the
penumbra experiences a partial eclipse.
UMBRA - The umbra (Latin for "shadow") is the darkest part of the shadow, where the light
source is completely blocked by the occluding body. An observer in the umbra experiences
a total eclipse.
Elliptical Paths
1. perigee – point closest to the Earth.
2. apogee – point farthest to the Earth.
Solar Eclipse
- also known
as the
eclipse of the
sun.
- it occurs
when the
moon comes
in between
the sun and
the earth.
- As a result,
the moon
blocks the
light of the
sun from reaching the earth’s surface and casts a shadow on it.
- occurs on a new moon phase.
- up to 5 solar eclipses per year.

Lunar Eclipse
- also known
as the
eclipse of
the moon.
- it occurs
when the
earth
comes in
between the
sun and the
moon.
- As a result,
the earth
blocks the
light of the
sun from reaching the moon’s surface and casts its shadow on the moon.
- occurs on a full moon.
- up to 3 lunar eclipses per year.

PREPARED BY:

EMMANUELLE JOY J. VIDALLO

Teacher II, Science Department