Q.1. In a cold store of 30 m × 15 m × 15 m size, 4000 tonnes of potato having the specific heat of 3.

62 kJ kg -
1 -1
K and heat of respiration of 20 W m -3 is kept at 300C. Potato is required to be cooled to 2 0C in 30 days.
Neglecting other sources of heat, the capacity of the refrigeration plant required is

Q.2. A refrigerator with a COP of 3.2 uses 2.4 kg min -1 refrigerant extracting 150 kJ kg-1 heat in the
evaporator. Assuming compressor efficiency of 85% the minimum size of the motor is-

Q.3. The higher and lower temperatures in a refrigerator working on reverse Carnot cycle are 35°C and -15°C
respectively. The capacity of the machine is 35.16 kW. Calculate (i) COP (ii) heat rejected from the system
per hour (iii) the power required.

Q.4. The higher and lower temperatures in a refrigerator working on reverse Carnot cycle are 35°C and -15°C
respectively. The capacity of the machine is 35.16 kW. The power required will be

Q.5. Milk weighing 98000 N having specific heat capacity 3.8 kJ/kg K is to be chilled from 40 0C to 50C in
one hour in a chilling plant using a refrigerant whose coefficient of performance is 4.7. The total compressor
power consumption assuming 100% efficiency is-

Q.6. A household refrigerator of 1 TR capacity operates half the time during 13-hour long day and 30% time
during the nights. If coefficient of performance is 4.7 then at Rs. 3 per kWh, monthly (30 days) electricity bill
in Rupees for the refrigerator is-

Q.7. One thousand units of mixed fruit bar, each weighing 100 g with a surface area of 0.01 m 2, area frozen
from 700C molten mass condition to – 20 0C frozen storage condition within 3 hours. The specific heat
capacity values of the bar are 3.6 kJ kg -1K-1 and 1.97 kJ kg-1 before and after freezing point (0 0C) respectively.
If the latent heat of crystallization is 250 kJ kg -1, the cooling capacity of the refrigeration unit required in tons
of refrigeration is-

Q.8. The horse power of the motor running the compressor of a refrigerator having COP of 4.5 and extracting
200 kJ kg-1 of evaporating heat with 1.5 kg min-1 refrigerant flow rate is

Q.9. In a cold storage, 10 metric ton of potato is to be brought down from 30 to 8 °C storage temperature in 6
hours of air blast at the evaporator temperature of -10 °C. Specific heat capacity of potato is 3.2 kJ kg -1 K-1.
COP of the refrigeration cycle deployed is 4.2 with evaporator load extraction capacity of 210 kJ kg -1.
Neglecting the respiration load of potato. the refrigerant flow rate and compressor power requirement will be

Q.10. One ton of marine fishery products are to be brought down from 32°C temperature to -18°C in half an
hour time using a plate freezer. The freezing point of 85% water (based on total mass of the product) present
in the fish is -0.3°C. Specific heat capacities of fresh and frozen fish solids (15% of total mass) are 3.2 and 1.8
kJ kg-1 K-1, respectively. Specific heat capacity of fresh water is 4.2 kJ kg -1 K-1 and that of ice is 2.2 kJ kg -1 K-
1
. Latent heat of crystallization of water is 335 kJ kg -1. For freezing the products, the compressor power
consumption with a vapour compression refrigeration cycle (coefficient of performance, 3.66) is_________
kW.
Q.11. A chiller working on mechanical vapour compression refrigeration system (COP = 4.5) is used for
cooling 12500 kg of fresh cow milk (Cp = 3.8 kJ kg -1 K-1) from 30 oC to 4 oC in 3 hours. Assuming ideal
compression process, the power consumed by the electric motor in kW and the tonnage of refrigeration (TR),
respectively are

Q.12. A cold storage takes 5 hours to bring down the temperature of 100 metric tons of potato from 35 °C to 8
°C. The specific heat capacity of potato is 3.1 kJ kg -1 °C. The coefficient of performance (COP) and the latent
heat of vapourization of the refrigerant (R-22) at an evaporation temperature of -10 °C are 3.66 and 230 kJ kg -
1
, respectively. Neglecting respiration heat load of potato, and assuming no power loss, the values of
refrigerant flow rate and the power input to the compressor are

Q.13. In a cascade refrigeration system, the COPs of the cooling cycle and cascade are 3.7 and 4.2,
respectively. If tonnage (1 TR = 3.52 kW) of the cooling cycle is 15 and the cascade removes 70% of the total
heat rejected in the liquid receiver of the cooling cycle, then the powers required by the cooling and cascade
compressors in hp are

Q.14. Overall heat transfer coefficient of a continuous ice cream freezer is 600 W/m 2 0C. The temperature
difference between ice cream mix and evaporating refrigerant is 25 0C. Speed of two scraper blade inside the
freezer is 150 rpm. If the density of ice is 917 kg/m 3 and latent heat of crystallization is 334 kJ/kg, calculate
the maximum thickness of ice layer.

Q.15. In an air blast freezer operating at -30°C, blocks of fish of 0.0508 m thick are to be frozen. Initial
temperature of the fish is -2.2°C and the moisture content of the fish is 82 per cent. The heat transfer co-
efficient of the freezer is h = 20 W/m 2K. Calculate the freezing time in hour required to freeze the fish blocks.
Assume, density of the unfrozen fish as 1050 kg/m 3, thermal conductivity of the frozen fish as 1.025 W/mK,
latent heat fusion of water to ice as 335 kJ/kg, and shape factors for infinite slab, P = 1/2 , and R = 1/8.

Q.16. A spherical fish ball with a radius of 25.4 mm is at a uniform temperature of 15 °C. It is suddenly
brought to a cold chamber whose temperature is kept constant at -30 °C having convective heat transfer
coefficient of 10 W/m2 °C. The average thermo physical properties of fish are: k = 0.5 W/m °C, ρ = 970 kg/m3
and Cp = 2.45 kJ/kg °C. What will be the temperature of fresh ball after keeping one hour in the cold
chamber?

Q.17. Ice cream at a temperature of -18 °C is being transported through a refrigerated truck having outside
dimensions of 6 m length, 3 m width and 2 m height. The truck is traveling at a speed of 90 km h-1 on a
highway where the air temperature is 45 °C. The truck is insulated in a way such that the outside surface
temperature of the truck is maintained at 15 °C. Assume that there is no heat transfer from the front and back
of the truck. Properties of air at 30 0C are: ρ = 1.1514 kg m-3, μ = 1.86 x 10-5 Pa s, Cp = 1.007 kJ kg -1 , K =
0.0265 W m-1 K-1. Use the relation: Nu = 0.036 Re0.8 Pr0.33
(i) The average heat transfer coefficient of the system is
(ii) The rate of heat transfer at the four surfaces is

Q.18. A long cylindrical piece of meat having a diameter of 0.02 m containing 80% moisture is being frozen
with air at – 300C. Initial temperature of the meat is -2.5 0C (freezing point). The heat transfer coefficient of
the freezer unit is 20 W m -2 K-1. If density of the unfrozen meat is 1050 kg m -3 and the thermal conductivity of
the frozen meat is 1.025 W m-1 K-l, the latent heat of fusion for water is 335 kJ/kg, shape factors P and R are
(1/4) and (1/16) respectively, the freezing time is-
Q.19. A fish fillet of 5 mm thickness having 85% moisture (wet basis) is to be frozen using a plate freezer.
The plates are at -350C and the heat transfer coefficient between the fillet and the freezer plates can be
assumed to be 2.0 W m-2 K-1. The initial freezing temperature of fish is -2.50C, latent heat of fusion is 330 kJ
kg-1, density of fish is 1100 kg m-3 and thermal conductivity of frozen fish is 1.5 W m -1 K-1. The time required
to freeze the fillet from the initial freezing temperature in hour(s) is

Q.20. In a plate freezer, the plate temperature is maintained at -25 0C. Latent heat of crystallization is 335 kJ
kg-1, and the thermal conductivity and density of frozen meat are 1.25 W m -1 K-1 and 1060 kg m-3,
respectively. Assuming freezing point of deboned meat at 85% water content on wet basis to be 0 0C, the
freezing time in minutes for 2 cm thick block of meat, kept between a pair of freezing plates, is

Q.21. A contact plate freezer extracts thermal energy from a 24 mm thick slab of boneless meat containing
85% (w/w) water. Initially the slab is at the freezing point of meat, that is 272.5 K and corresponding latent
heat of freezing is 335 kJ/kg water. The plate temperature of the freezer is assumed steady at 247.5 K. Bulk
density of the slab is 750 kg m -3. The thermal conductivity value for frozen meat is 1.5 W m -1 K-1. The
minimum duration required for complete freezing of the slab in seconds is

Q.22. A plate shaped frozen food has a thickness of 20 mm. average thermal conductivity of 2.58 W/m 0C
density of 1080 kg m-3, specific heat of 3550 J/kg0C, and a uniform temperature of -20 °C. The food material
is suddenly immersed in a well stirred hot water maintained at a constant temperature of 90 °C. The heat
transfer coefficient between the food material and hot water is 25 W m -2 °C-1. The time required for the centre
temperature of the food material to reach 30 °C in minutes is

Q.23. Fish fillet has 85 per cent moisture and it is to be frozen using air blast freezer maintaining a
temperature of -30°C. The initial temperature of the fillet is at freezing point of 0°C. Mass density of unfrozen
fish is 1057 kg m-3. Convective heat transfer coefficient of air is 25W m -2 K-1 and thermal conductivity of
frozen fish is 1.0 Wm-1 K-1. If latent heat of crystallization is 335 kJ kg -1, the freezing time for a 20 mm thick
large block of fillet is-

Q.24. In a continuous belt freezer, fish fillet at a feed rate of 1000 kg h –1 is frozen. The unfrozen fish having
moisture content of 85% (wet basis) enters the freezer at 25 o C and complete frozen fish exits at –20o C.
Properties of fish are: latent heat of crystallization = 330 kJ kg -1, fixed freezing point = -2.5 oC, density = 1100
kg m-3, specific heat capacity above freezing point=3.60 kJ kg -1 K-1 and specific heat capacity below freezing
point = 1.97 kJ kg-1 K-1. Neglecting other heat losses in the freezer, the power requirement of the compressor
(in kW) having a coefficient of performance of 2.50 is,

Q.25. A refrigerator uses R-134a as its refrigerant and operates on an ideal vapour- compression refrigeration
cycle between 0.14 MPa and 0.8 MPa. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05
kg/s, the rate of heat rejection to the environment is kW. Given data:
At P = 0.14 MPa, h = 236.04 kJ/kg, s = 0.9322 kJ/kg-K
At P = 0.8 MPa, h = 272.05kJ/kg (superheated vapour)
At P = 0.8 MPa, h = 93.42kJ/kg (saturated liquid)
Q.26. Refrigerant vapor enters into the compressor of a standard vapor compression cycle at −10°C (h = 402
kJ/kg) and leaves the compressor at 50°C (h = 432 kJ/kg). It leaves the condenser at 30°C (h = 237 kJ/kg).
The COP of the cycle is

Q.27. A refrigerator operates between 120 kPa and 800 kPa in an ideal vapor compression cycle with R-134a
as the refrigerant. The refrigerant enters the compressor as saturated vapor and leaves the condenser as
saturated liquid. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.2 kg/s. Properties for R-134a are as follows:
(i) The rate at which heat is extracted. in k-J/s from the refrigerated space is
(ii) The power required for the compressor in kW is

Q.28. A refrigerator based on ideal vapour compression cycle operated between the temperature limits of -20
and 40. The refrigerant enters the condenser as saturated vapour and leaves as saturated liquid. The enthalpy
and entropy values for saturated liquid and valour at these temperatures are given in the table below.
(i) If refrigerant circulation rate is 0.025 kg/s, the refrigeration effect is equal to
(ii) The COP of the refrigerator is
T Hf (kJ/kg-K) Hg (kJ/kg-K) Sf (kJ/kg-K) Sg (kJ/kg-K)
-20 20 180 0.07 0.7366
40 80 200 0.3 0.67

Q29. A heat engine having an efficiency of 70% is used to drive a refrigerator having a co-efficient of
performance of 5. The energy absorbed from low temperature reservoir by the refrigerator for each kJ of
energy absorbed from high temperature source by the engine is

Q.30. A R−12 refrigerant reciprocating compressor operates between the condensing temperature of 30∘C and
evaporator temperature of −20∘C. The clearance volume ratio of the compressor is 0.03. Specific heat ratio of
the vapour is 1.5 and the specific volume at the suction is 0.1089 m3/kg. Other properties at various states are
given in the figure. To release 2 tons of refrigeration, the actual volume displacement rate considering the
effect of clearance is

Q.31. In an air blast freezing operation, a flat tray of 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 0.02 m dimensions is used to freeze
filled depodded peas. Bulk density and moisture content of peas are 550 kg m -3 and 85% (w.b.), respectively.
Latent heat of freezing from water to ice at -1 °C is 335 kJ kg -1 and heat transfer occurs identically from the
top and the bottom surfaces of the tray. Convective film heat transfer coefficient on the heat transfer surfaces
of the tray is 30 W m-2K-1 and the thermal conductivity of frozen peas is 0.54 W m -1K-1. Assuming the tray to
be a semi-infinite slab, and temp of cool air is -18 0C, the freezing time (in minutes) to completely freeze the
product (rounded off to one decimal place) is
Q.32. One tone of grain stored in a bin is cooled by aeration with ambient air at 200C (density 1.15 kg m-3) at a
flow rate of 0.11 m3 min-1 tonne-1. The heat capacities of the grain and the air are 1.67 kJ kg -1 K-1 and 1.00 kJ
kg-1, respectively. The time required for cooling the grain in the bin is-