Lilongwe University of Agriculture and

Natural Resources

Course Name: Mathematics I - MAT 111

Tutorials Module

Module Writers: Francisco Chamera and Felix Walije Moyo

October, 2016
Acknowledgement

We thank the Almighty GOD for the free gift of life and everything we have in
this life. We realise that, without Him, we are nothing and that we can not do
anything including writing this module.
We thank the LUANAR ODL team for the support rendered towards produc-
tion of this module. In particular, we are grateful to Dr Ndalapa Mhango for his
valuable comments before and during module preparation. We also thank some
students for notifying us on the typos identified in the module. We do not take
this for granted.

ii
Module Overview

This module was written with an intention of providing you with additional prac-
tice questions. It has a number of questions on each topic of your first semester
Mathematics. The units in this module are related to units in Module 1 and Mod-
ule 2 of MAT 111. The first five units are units in Module 1 and the other four
units are units in Module 2.
In each unit we have a brief introduction which provides background knowledge
on the topic of study. Detailed explanations are contained in Module 1 and Module
2. We also have a set of questions and solutions to selected problems. Please do
not go straight to solutions before attempting the given question. Do the question
on your own first then compare your solutions with ours.

0.1 Module Learning Outcomes

By the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Solve problems involving number systems, sets, functions and graphs, equa-
tions, inequalities and linear programming, matrix algebra, sequences and
series.

2. Solve general scientific problems by applying knowledge gained in number

systems, sets, functions and graphs, equations, inequalities and linear pro-
gramming, matrix algebra, sequences and series.

iii
Contents

Acknowledgement ii

Module Overview iii

0.1 Module Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

1 Systems of Naming Numbers 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Suggested solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 Number Systems 22
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3 Set Theory 30
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4 Relations and Functions 36

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5 Graphs of Linear, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 51

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

iv
6 Systems of Linear Equations and Quadratic Equations 58
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

7 Inequalities, Linear Programming and Partial Fractions 68

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

8 Matrix Algebra 78
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
8.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

9 Sequences and Series 89

9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
9.2 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
9.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

v
vi
Unit 1

Systems of Naming Numbers

1.1 Introduction
Let n ∈ N, n ≥ 2 and n 6= 10.

1. Each position in a base n number represents a power of n. To convert a

number from base n to base 10, multiply each digit by a power of n at that
position.

2. To convert a base 10 whole number to base n, divide that number recursively

by n, writing down the remainder and quotient at each stage till the quotient
is 0. The solution is the number formed by listing all remainders starting
with the last remainder.

3. A base 10 fraction is converted to base n by multiplying recursively the

number by n, saving the integer part at each stage. The fractional part goes
to the next step where it is multiplied by n. We stop after getting 0 or the
required number of digits after a point.

4. Each octal digit can be represented by three binary bits while each hexadec-
imal digit can be represented by four binary bits.

1.2 Practice Questions

1. What is wrong with the following numbers in binary system?

(a) 1101010112
(b) 1011012102
(c) 10048112

1
2. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal

(a) 11012
(b) 101010110012
(c) 1110110.1100112
(d) 1010.1012
(e) 111.11112
(f) 111.01002
(g) 110111.10112
(h) 11011010101.10101101012
(i) 0.111010102
(j) 101011010101.0012
(k) 11101111010101.010101012
(l) 1100011001011010.01110101012

3. Convert the following decimal numbers to base 2

(a) 68910
(b) 9092110
(c) 14750010
(d) 89122112910
(e) 8822320210
(f) 75.75
(g) 45673.1110
(h) 234.4510
(i) 940.456
(j) 610.465
(k) 23876.75
(l) 93671.25
(m) 40525.16528
(n) 973623.95
(o) 87113519.42

4. Convert the following octal numbers to decimal

2
 (a) 78
(b) 108
(c) 4118
(d) 1564318
(e) 100010028
(f) 20130148
(g) 43723318
(h) 4067111038
(i) 7072450228
(j) 217645.228
(k) 12017105.2018
(l) 7762.360048

5. Convert the following decimal numbers to octal

(a) 23410
(b) 592310
(c) 9092110
(d) 6125110
(e) 0.45610
(f) 75.7510
(g) 45673.11
(h) 23876.75
(i) 93671.25
(j) 61.465
(k) 40525.16528

6. Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to decimal

(a) 1016
(b) 12316
(c) 1B516
(d) 98AF C16
(e) ADEF 7316

3
 (f) E8A16
(g) 363516
(h) 100016
(i) A045C.1D0E16
(j) 9.1ADE316
(k) 74A.6F 116
(l) 147CD2.A21C16

7. Convert the following decimal numbers to hexadecimal

(a) 71610
(b) 198410
(c) 98123410
(d) 8762223410
(e) 8712398
(f) 234.4510
(g) 0.45610
(h) 9092110
(i) 75.7510
(j) 45673.11
(k) 23876.75
(l) 93671.25
(m) 61.465
(n) 40525.16528

8. Convert the following binary numbers direct to base 8

(a) 1001110101010101112
(b) 11011012
(c) 1111101111011110112
(d) 111111000001010100100110012
(e) 100011011111011112
(f) 111101110002
(g) 1101001.110101012

4
 (h) 0.0001000101012
(i) 11.11010111102
(j) 111111.10112

9. Convert the following binary numbers direct to base 16

(a) 111101110002
(b) 11011012
(c) 1111101111011110112
(d) 1001110101010101112
(e) 111111000001010100100110012
(f) 100011011111011112
(g) 111111.12
(h) 0.000100010101012
(i) 1101001.110101012
(j) 11.11010111102
(k) 10111011110001.11001101112
(l) 11.000111111101012

10. Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary numbers without chang-
ing to base 10 first.

(a) 7AB216
(b) 1509F16
(c) 10016
(d) AB9D5F16
(e) 545AD16
(f) 1233116
(g) 912.67116
(h) 12E72.115D16
(i) DA.ABCD16
(j) 8F 16.A720E16

11. Convert the following numbers to octal (use any method);

(a) 5627BC16

5
 (b) 3E6.516
(c) F 76ADD.BD16
(d) ECF D3BCE42F.1A16
(e) 1E9C4F 4A1.F EB16
(f) 11BC0D.A0116
(g) 8EEF 109D.25C16
(h) 4CE7F 2.A01F16
(i) 1C4A3F 1.E116
(j) F 82C.B16
(k) 89A20EE16

12. Which number in the following pairs is greater than the other?

(a) 101102 or 2110 ?

(b) 10001012 or 7210 ?
(c) 22216 or 110018 ?
(d) 12104 or 1100002 ?
(e) 3224 or 678 ?
(f) 10000012 or 778 ?

13. Perform the indicated operations

(a) 111012 + 10102

(b) 1011102 + 110012
(c) 111012 + 10112
(d) 101010112 − 111012
(e) 110111112 − 1011002
(f) 1110012 − 111112
(g) 1100110100.110112 + 1110110110.1100112
(h) 1101100101.10112 − 110110101.112
(i) 101010102 − 10111012 + 101101112
(j) 101012 − 1101112 + 10100102
(k) 10100102 + 11101112 + 101012
(l) 1002 + 1102 + 1112 + 11012

6
 (m) 11110110.1102 × 1.12
(n) 11011010102 × 1012
(o) 1011.12 × 10.12
(p) 11012 × 1012
(q) 1010110100111010000101.10012 ÷ 1012
(r) 1111011111101.1012 ÷ 1011.112
(s) 11110100.11102 ÷ 10.012
(t) 1011010102 ÷ 11102
(u) 1010111012 ÷ 11012

14. Perform the indicated operations

(a) 217645.228 + 12017105.2018

(b) 2348 + 478
(c) 2368 + 1578
(d) 228 + 368
(e) 27328 − 1568
(f) 1028 − 438
(g) 10002543168 − 4275038
(h) 100010028 − 7762.360048
(i) 4018 − 2058 + 1018
(j) 567300026.00248 + 65657.11018
(k) 70728 × 2778
(l) 36176.1458 × 178
(m) 11501008 × 668
(n) 110218 × 628
(o) 1078 × 1.238
(p) 56028 × 2018
(q) 2038 × 68

15. Perform the indicated operation

(a) 45616 + 78416

(b) 2AC16 + 9BE16

7
 (c) 61516 + 3CE16
(d) CD1F16 + 29AD16
(e) 11ABCDEF.43A16 + 1EF 345DC.11BC16
(f) 75C6F 9C.AAE0A89116 + 4D452F CB.F F A0C716
(g) 20716 − A16
(h) F 3E16 − 2AA16
(i) BA5C16 − 9C1516
(j) 622816 − D8116
(k) EF ACD16 − ACBBE16
(l) EF ACADE16 × F E016
(m) CF 0116 × AD16
(n) 31716 × 7616
(o) B0C16 × 10216
(p) DF 15.2C16 × A1.F16
(q) 613C.D116 × F 216
(r) 301.3216 × 9.416
(s) C4620A.4C16 × 1016
(t) 19E16 × 1216

16. Convert the following numbers to the indicated bases

(a) 2314 to base 9

(b) 6389 to base 3
(c) 1121023 to base 6
(d) 1010101112 to base 7
(e) 2310034 to base 5
(f) 662749 to base 16
(g) 23157 to base 2
(h) 6447 to base 10
(i) 23316 to base 8
(j) 200123 to base 9
(k) 222416 to base 4

8
 17. Work out the following and leave your answer in the base indicated in bracket
[hint : convert the numbers to the indicated base and perform the necessary
operation].
(a) 16718 + 122113 (base 8)
(b) 731129 + 51346 (base 6)
(c) 12113 + 413415 (base 3)
(d) 1110101014 − 100113 (base 4)
(e) 1078 × 213 (base 8)
(f) 41017 × 126 (base 6)
(g) 4516 × 407 (base 7)
(h) 14245 × 367 (base 5)

1.3 Suggested solutions to Selected Questions

2 (a)
11012 = 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
=8+4+0+1
= 1310 .
(c)
1110110.1100112 = 1 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 0 × 2. 3 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20 + 1 × 2−1
+ 1 × 2−2 + 0 × 2−3 + 0 × 2−4 + 1 × 2−5 + 1 × 2−6
1 1 1 1
= 64 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0 + + + 0 + 0 + +
2 4 32 64
51
= 118 +
64
= 118.79687510 .
(e)
111.11112 = 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 + 1 × 20 + 1 × 2−1 + a × 2−2 + 1 × 2−3 + 1 × 2−4
1 1 1 1
=4+2+1+ + + +
2 4 8 16
15
=7+
16
= 7 + 0.9375
= 7.937510 .

9
 (h)

11011010101.10101101012 = 1 × 210 + 1 × 29 + 0 × 28 + 1 × 27 + 1 × 26
+ 0 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21
+ 1 × 20 + 1 × 2−1 + 0 × 2−2 + 1 × 2−3 + 0 × 2−4
+ 1 × 2−5 + 1 × 2−6 + 0 × 2−7 + 1 × 2−8 + 0 × 2−9
+ 1 × 2−10
= 1024 + 512 + 0 + 128 + 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + +
2 8 32 64 256 1024
693
= 1749 +
1024
= 1749 + 0.6767578
= 1749.676757810 .

3 (a)

689 ÷ 2 = 344 remainder 1

344 ÷ 2 = 172 remainder 0
172 ÷ 2 = 86 remainder 0
86 ÷ 2 = 43 remainder 0
26 ÷ 2 = 13 remainder 0
13 ÷ 2 = 6 remainder 1
6 ÷ 2 = 3 remainder 0
3 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 1
1 ÷ 2 = 0 remainder 1.

Hence 68910 = 11010100012 .

(c)

147500 ÷ 2 = 73750 remainder 0

73750 ÷ 2 = 36875 remainder 0
36875 ÷ 2 = 18437 remainder 1
18437 ÷ 2 = 9218 remainder 1
9218 ÷ 2 = 4609 remainder 0
4609 ÷ 2 = 2304 remainder 1
2304 ÷ 2 = 1152 remainder 0
1152 ÷ 2 = 576 remainder 0
576 ÷ 2 = 288 remainder 0

10
 288 ÷ 2 = 144 remainder 0
144 ÷ 2 = 72 remainder 0
72 ÷ 2 = 36 remainder 0
36 ÷ 2 = 18 remainder 0
18 ÷ 2 = 9 remainder 0
9 ÷ 2 = 4 remainder 1
4 ÷ 2 = 2 remainder 0
2 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 0
1 ÷ 2 = 0 remainder 1

Hence 14750010 = 1001000000001011002 .

(f) Converting 75 to base 2:

75 ÷ 2 = 37 remainder 1
37 ÷ 2 = 18 remainder 1
18 ÷ 2 = 9 remainder 0
9 ÷ 2 = 4 remainder 1
4 ÷ 2 = 2 remainder 0
2 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 0
1 ÷ 2 = 0 remainder 1

Therefore 7510 = 10011112 .

Converting 0.75:

0.75 × 2 = 1.5 integer 1

0.5 × 2 = 1 Integer 1.

Therefore 0.7510 = .112 .

Combining the two we have 75.7510 = 1001111.112 .
(h) Convert 234.45 to base 2.

234 ÷ 2 = 117 remainder 0

117 ÷ 2 = 58 remainder 1
58 ÷ 2 = 29 remainder 0
29 ÷ 2 = 14 remainder 1
14 ÷ 2 = 7 remainder 0
7 ÷ 2 = 3 remainder 1
3 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 1
1 ÷ 2 = 0 Remainder 1

11
 23410 = 111010102

0.45 × 2 = 0.9 integer 0

0.9 × 2 = 1.8 Integer 1
.8 × 2 = 1.6 integer 1
0.6 × 2 = 1.2 Integer 1
0.4510 = .01112 ..

234.4510 = 11101010.01112 ...

(4) Converting numbers from base 8 to base 10.
(a)
78 = 7 × 80
=7×1
= 710 .

(d)
1564318 = 1 × 85 + 5 × 84 + 6 × 83 + 4 × 82 + 3 × 81 + 1 × 80
= 32768 + 5 × 4096 + 6 × 512 + 4 × 64 + 3 × 8 + 1
= 32762 + 20480 + 3072 + 256 + 24 + 1
= 5660110 .

(h)
4067111038 = 4 × 88 + 0 × 87 + 6 × 86 + 7 × 85 + 1 × 84 + 1 × 83
+ 1 × 82 + 0 × 81 + 3 × 80
= 4 × 16777216 + 0 + 6 × 262144 + 7 × 32768
+ 4096 + 512 + 64 + 0 + 3
= 67108864 + 0 + 1572864 + 229376 + 4096 + 512 + 64 + 0 + 3
= 6891577910 .

(j)
217645.228 = 2 × 85 + 1 × 84 + 7 × 83 + 6 × 82 + 4 × 81
+ 5 × 80 + 2 × 8−1 + 2 × 8−2
2 2
= 2 × 32768 + 1 × 4096 + 7 × 512 + 6 × 64 + 4 × 8 + 5 × 1 + +
8 64
= 65536 + 4096 + 3584 + 384 + 32 + +5 + 0.24 + 0.03125
= 73637.2812510 .

12
 (l)

7762.360048 = 7 × 83 + 7 × 82 + 6 × 81 + 2 × 80 + 3 × 8−1
+ 6 × 8−2 + 0 × ∗8−3 + 0 × 8−4 + 4 × 8−5
3 6 4
= 3584 + 448 + 48 + 2 + + +
8 64 32768
3072 + 768 + 1
= 4082 +
8192
3841
= 4082 +
8192
= 4082 + 0.468872
= 4082.46887210 .

5 Converting decimal numbers to octal.

(a) 23410
234 ÷ 8 = 29 remainder 2
29 ÷ 8 = 3 remainder 5
3 ÷ 8 = 0 remainder 3..
Therefore 23410 = 3528
(c) 9092110
90921 ÷ 8 = 11365 remainder 1
11365 ÷ 8 = 1420 remainder 5
1420 ÷ 8 = 177 remainder 4
177 ÷ 8 = 22 remainder 1
22 ÷ 8 = 2 remainder 6
2 ÷ 8 = 0 remainder 2.
Therefore 90921 = 2614518 .
(e) 0.4568
0.4568 to base 10
0.456 × 8 = 3.648 integer 3
0.648 × 8 = 5.184 integer 5
0.184 × 8 = 1.472 integer 1
0.472 × 8 = 3.776 integer 3
0.776 × 8 = 6.208.8 Integer 6.
Therefore 0.45610 = 0.351368 ....
(g) 45673.11 to octal

13
 45673 ÷ 8 = 5709 remainder 1
5709 ÷ 8 = 713 remainder 5
713 ÷ 8 = 89 remainder 1
89 ÷ 8 = 11 remainder 1
11 ÷ 8 = 1 remainder 3
1 ÷ 8 = 0 remainder 1
Therefore 4567310 = 1311518 .
0.11 × 8 = 0.88 integer 0
0.88 × 8 = 7.04 Integer 7
0.04 × 8 = 0.36 integer 0
0.36 × 8 = 2.88 Integer 2
0.88 × 8 = 7.o04 integer 7
Therefore 0.1110 = .070278 .
Hence 45673.1110 = 131151.070278 .
Converting numbers from hexadecimal to decimal.
6 (a)
1016 = 1 × 161 + 0 × 160
= 16 + 0
= 1610 .
(d)
98AF C16 = 9 × 164 + 8 × 163 + A × 162 + F × 161 + C × 160
= 9 × 65536 + 8 × 4096 + 10 × 256 + 15 × 16 + 12 × 1
= 589824 + 32768 + 2560 + 240 + 12
= 62540410 .
(i)
A045C.1D0E16 = A × 164 + 0 × 163 + 4 × 162 + 5 × 161 + C × 160 + 1 × 16−1
+ D × 16−2 + 0 × 16−3 + E × 16−4
= 10 × 65536 + 0 + 4 × 256 + 5 × 16 + 12 × 1
1 13 14
+ + +0+
16 256 65536
= 655360 + 0 + 1024 + 80 + 12 + 0.0625
+ 0.050781 + 0.000213623
= 656476.113494610 .

14
 (k)

74A.6F 116 = 7 × 162 + 4 × 161 + A × 160

+ 6 × 16−1 + F × 16−2 + 1 × 16−3
6 15 1
= 7 × 256 + 4 × 16 + 10 × 1 + + +
16 256 4096
= 1792 + 64 + 10 + 0.375 + 0.0559375 + 0.000244140
= 1866.4338378910 .

7 Converting decimal numbers to hexadecimal.

(a) 716
716 ÷ 16 = 44 remainder 11 = B
44 ÷ 16 = 2 remainder B
2 ÷ 16 = 0 remainder 2.
Therefore 71610 = 2BB16 .
(c) 981234
981234 ÷ 16 = 61327 remainder 2
61327 ÷ 16 = 3832 remainder F
3832 ÷ 16 = 239 remainder 8
239 ÷ 16 = 14 remainder F
14 ÷ 16 = 0 remainder D.
Therefore 98123410 = DF 8F 216 .
(f) 234.45
234 ÷ 16 = 14 remainder A
14 ÷ 16 = 0 remainder D
Therefore 23410 = DA16 .

0.45 × 16 = 7.2 integer 7

0.2 × 16 = 3.2 Integer 3
0.2 × 16 = 3.2 integer 3
0.2 × 16 = 3.2 integer 3 ...

Therefore 0.4510 = .733316 .

Hence 234.4510 = DA.733316 .
(k) 23876.75

15
 23876 ÷ 16 = 1492 remainder 4
1492 ÷ 16 = 93 remainder 4
93 ÷ 16 = 5 remainder D
5 ÷ 16 = 0 remainder 5.
Therefore 2387610 = 5D4416 .

0.75 × 16 = 12 integer B.

Therefore 0.75 = 0.B.

Hence 23876.7510 = 5D44.B16 .

8 (a) 1001110101010101112
Binary 100 111 010 101 010 111
Octal 4 7 2 5 2 7
1001110101010101112 = 4725278
(f) 111101110002
Binary 011 110 111 000
Octal 3 6 7 0
111101110002 = 36708
(g) 1101001.110101012
Binary 001 101 001 .110 101 010
Octal 1 5 1 .6 5 2
1101001.110101012 = 151.6528

9 Converting binary numbers direct to hexadecimal

(a) 111101110002
Binary 0111 1011 1000
Hexadecimal 7 B 8
111101110002 = 7B816
Converting binary numbers to decimal.
(h) 0.000100010101012
Binary .0001 0001 0101 0100
Hexadecimal .1 1 5 C
0.000100010101012 = 0.115C16 .

10 Converting hexadecimal numbers direct to binary.

16
 (a) 7AB216 .
Hexadecimal 7 A B 2
Binary 0111 1010 1011 0010
7AB216 = 11110101100102 .
(d) AB9D5F
Hexadecimal A B 9 D 5 F
Binary 1010 1011 1001 1101 0101 1111
AB9D5F16 = 1010101110011101010111112 .
(h) 12E72.115D16
Hexadecimal 1 2 E 7 2 .1 1 5 D
Binary 0001 0010 1110 0111 0010 .0001 0001 0101 1101
12E72.115D12 = 10010111001110010.00010001010111012 .

11 Converting hexadecimal numbers to octal numbers.

(a) 5627BC16 .
hexadecimal 5 6 2 7 B C
Binary 0101 0110 0010 0111 1011 1100
Binary 010 101 100 010 011 110 111 100
Octal 2 5 4 2 3 6 7 4
5627BC16 = 254236748 .
You may first convert the hexadecimal number to decimal, then convert
the decimal number to octal.
(c) F 76ADD.BD
Hexadecimal F 7 6 A D D .B D
Binary 1111 0111 0110 1010 1101 1101 .1011 1101
Binary 111 101 110 110 101 011 011 101 .101 111 010
Octal 7 5 6 6 5 3 3 5 .5 7 2
F 76ADD.BD16 = 75665335.5728 .

12 Determining which number is greater than the other.

(b) 101102 or 2110 .

101102 = 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 2210 .

101102 is greater than 2110 .

17
 (e) 3224 or 678 ?

2224 = 2 × 42 + 2 × 41 + 2 × 40
= 3 × 16 + 2 × 4 + 2
= 48 + 8 + 2
= 5810 .

678 = 6 × 81 + 7 × 80
= 48 + 7
= 5510 .

2224 is greater than 678 .

13 (b) 1011102 + 110012 .

1 0 1 1 1 0
+ 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1
(d) 101010112 − 111012 .
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
- 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
(h) 1101100101.10112 − 110110101.112 .
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 . 1 0 1 1
- 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 . 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1
(i) To find 101010102 − 10111012 + 101101112 , we add the first and the last
numbers and then subtract the second number.
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
+ 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
- 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
(m) 11110110.112 × 1.12 .

18
 1 1 1 1
0 . 1 1 0 1 1
× 1 . 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
+ 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 1

(p) 11012 × 1012 .

1 1 0 1
× 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
+ 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1

14 (a) 217645.228 + 12017105.2018 .

2 1 7 6 4 5 . 2 2
+ 1 2 0 1 7 1 0 5 . 2 0 1
1 2 2 3 6 7 5 2 . 4 2 1

(c) 2368 + 1578 .

2 3 6
+ 1 5 7
4 1 5

(e) 27328 − 1568 .

2 7 3 2
- 1 5 6
1 5 5 4

(h) 100010028 − 7762.360048 .

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 .
- 7 7 6 2 . 3 6 0 0 4
7 7 7 1 0 1 7 . 4 1 7 7 4

k) 70728 × 2778 .
0 7 7 2
× 2 7 7
6 1 6 2 6
+ 6 1 6 2 6
+ 1 6 1 6 4
2 5 1 6 5 0 6

(o) 778 × 2.48 .

19
 7 7
× 2 . 4
3 7 4
+ 2 0 6
2 4 5 .4

15 (a) 45616 + 78416 .

4 5 6
+ 7 8 4
B D A

(e) 11ABCDEF.43A16 + 1EF 345DC.11BC16

1 1 A B C D E F . 4 3 A
+ 1 E F 3 4 5 D C . 1 1 B C
3 0 A F 1 3 C B . 5 5 5 C

(h) D9716 − 46A16 .

D 9 F
- 4 6 A
9 3 5

(j) 405716 − 9ED16 .

4 0 5 7
+ 9 E D
3 6 5 A

(m) DDE30116 × F A16 .

D D E 3
0 1
× F A
8 A A D E 0 A
+ D 0 0 4 D 0 F
D 8 A F A E F A

(p) F F 81C.B16 × D.E16 .

F F 8 1 C . B
× D . E
D F 9 1 9 1 A
+ C F 9 9 7 4 F
D D 9 2 8 E . 0 A

20
16 (a) Converting 2314 to base 10, then convert the result to base 9.

2314 = 2 × 42 + 3 × 41 + 1 × 40
= 2 × 16 + 3 × 4 + 1 × 1
= 32 + 12 + 1
= 4510 .

4510 ÷ 9 = 5 Remainder 0
5 ÷ 9 = 0 Remainder 5.
Therefore 2314 = 509 .
(c) Converting 1121023 to base 10:

1121023 = 1 × 35 + 1 × 34 + 2 × 33 + 1 × 32 + 0 × 31 + 2 × 30
= 243 + 81 + 54 + 9 + 0 + 2
= 38910 .

Converting 38910 to base 6:

38910 ÷ 6 = 64 Remainder 5
64 ÷ 6 = 10 Remainder 4.
10 ÷ 6 = 1 Remainder 4
1 ÷ 6 = 0 Remainder 1.
Hence 1121023 = 14456 .

21
Unit 2

Number Systems

2.1 Introduction
1. Sets of real numbers, R, are

• Natural numbers: N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....}.

• Whole numbers: W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ....}.
• Integers: Z = {..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}.
 
3 6
• Rational numbers: R = , 2, −4, − , ... .
7 17
√ √
• Irrational numbers: I = {π, 2, 3, ....}.

2. A complex
√ number, z ∈ C, takes the form z = a + bi, where a, b ∈ R and
i = −1.

3. Operations with complex numbers:

• Addition: (a1 + b1 i) + (a2 + b2 i) = (a1 + a2 ) + (b1 + b2 )i.

• Subtraction: (a1 + b1 i) − (a2 + b2 i) = (a1 − a2 ) + (b1 − b2 )i.
• Multiplication:

(a1 +b1 i)(a2 +b2 i) = a1 a2 +a1 b2 i+a2 b1 i+b1 b2 i2 = (a1 a2 −b1 b2 )+(a1 b2 +a2 b1 )i.

• Conjugation: a + bi = a − bi.
a1 + b 1 i a1 + b 1 i a2 − b 2 i
• Division: = × .
a2 + b 2 i a2 + b 2 i a2 − b 2 i

22
2.2 Practice Questions
1. State whether each of the following statements is true or false;

(a) The conjugate of bi + a is bi − a.

(b) The equation 2x2 + 5 = 3 has no solution over complex numbers.
(c) All irrational numbers are complex numbers and all complex numbers
are irrational numbers.
√
(d) 17 is a complex number.

2. Express the following numbers in the form a + bi , where a and b are real
numbers:

(a) 3(7 + 7i) + (7 + 7i)i

(b) (1/3 + 3i)3
(c) i−13 − i26
(d) i13 + i23 + i40
(e) 1 + i2 + i4 + i6 + ... + i100
(f) i43 − i−46
√
(g) (2 3 − 2i)−1
√
(h) (−2 + 2i 3)2
(i) (4 − 3i)(2 + i)
(j) i(3 − 2i)2
(k) (7 − 6i) − (−11 − 3i)
(l) −3i − (3 − 7i) − (−i − 2)
(m) (7 − 6i)(−8 + 3i)
(n) (4 − 5i)(4 + i)
(o) (i − 4) ÷ 2 − 3i × (1 − 2i)
(p) −6 + 6i − (−5 − 4i) − 8i
(q) (1 + 5i) − (−6i) + (3i + 1)

3. Express the following numbers in the form a + bi where a and b are real
numbers:
√
(a) (−7i) + ( 2 + i)2 + (1 − i)(i − 2)
1 − 7i
(b)
6 − 2i

23
 −3 − 2i
(c)
5 + 2i
7−i
(d)
3 − 5i
−2 + 6i
(e)
3i
5i − 3 i
(f) − (1 + 2i)2 +
i 1+i
−i 6
(g) + − (2 + 1)−1
2+i i−2
√ √
(3 + i 5)(3 − i 5)
(h) √ √ √ √
( 3 + i 3) − ( 3 − 2)i
5 + 10i 40 − 20i 20
(i) − +
2−i 3+i 2 + 6i
4. Given that z1 = 2 − i, z2 = 3 + 2i and z3 = −1 + 4i, find

(a) 2z3 − z1
(b) (z1 + z2 ) × z3
(c) Re(z1 − 3z1 + z3 )
(d) Im(z1 − 3z1 + z3 )

5. Simplify the quantity;

√
(a) −9
√
(b) − −9
p
(c) (−81)(−4)
√ √
(d) −25 −9
√ √
(e) (2 − −4)(3 − −9)
√
4 + −36
(f) √
7 − −144
√
3 − −18
(g) √
1 + −25
6. Compute the real and imaginary part of;
√
(a) 3 − i
(b) −2 + 4i

24
 (c) 3i
(d) −117
√
(e) 5 + 5i 3
(f) −12 − 5i
 
1
(g) 2i −i
2
5
(h)
1 − 3i

7. Let x = 3 − i Show that:

(a) x = x
(b) x2 = x2

8. Solve the following equations;

(a) (7x − yi) − (6x + 3yi) = −7i + 1

(b) 4 + (x + 2y)i = x + 2i
(c) x − 2yi − 6i = −4 + yi − x
(d) (−3 + 6i)x − (−5 − 3i)y − 3i + 8 = 0

9. Find the complex number z in the following equations;

(a) (2i + 1)z = 1 − 3i

(b) (3 + 4i) = (4 + 3i) + (1 + i)z

2.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

1. (a) False. (c) False.

2. (a)

3(7 + 7i) + (7 + 7i)i = 21 + 21i + 7 + 7i2

= 21 + 28i − 7
= 14 + 28i

25
 (c)

i−13 − i26 = i−12 × i−1 − (i2 )13

1 1
= 12 × − (−1)13
i i
1 1 i
= 4 3 × × − (−1)
(i ) i i
i
=1× 2 +1
i
= 1 × −i + 1
=1−i

Note; i4 = 1 and i2 = −1
(g)
√ 1
(2 3 − 2i)−1 = √
2 3 − 2i
√
1 2 3 + 2i
= √ × √
2 3 − 2i 2 3 + 2i
√
2 3 + 2i
= √
(2 3)2 + 22
√
2 3 + 2i
=
√ 16
3 1
= + i
8 8
(j)

(4 − 3i)(2 + i) = 12 + 4i − 6i − 3i2
= 12 − 2i − 3(−1)
= 12 + 3 − 2i
= 15 − 2i

(k)

(7 − 6i) − (−11 − 3i) =7 − 6i + 11 + 3i

= (7 + 11) − 6i + 3i
= 18 − 3i
√
3. (a) −2 + (−2 2 − 6)i

26
(c)
−3 − 2i −3 − 2i 5 − 2i
= ×
5 + 2i 5 + 2i 5 − 2i
−3(5 − 2i) − 2(5 − 2i)
=
24 + 4
−15 + 6i − 10i − 4
=
29
−19 − 4i
=
29
−19 −4
= − i
29 29
(e)
−2 + 6i −2 + 6i i
= ×
3i 3i i
−2i + 6i2
=
3i2
−2i − 6
=
−3
−6 −2i
= +
−3 −3
2
=2+
3i
5 + 10i 40 − 20i 20
(i) − +
2−i 3+i 2 + 6i
5 + 10i 5 + 10i 2 + i
= ×
2−i 2−i 2+i
10 + 20i + 5i − 10
=
4+1
25i
=
5
= 5i.

40 − 20i 40 − 20i 3 − i
= ×
3+i 3+i 3−i
120 − 40i − 60i − 20
=
9+1
100 − 100i
=
10
= 10 − 10i,

27
 20 20 2 − 6i
= ×
2 + 6i 2 + 6i 2 − 6i
40 − 120i
=
4 + 36
40 − 120i
=
40
= 1 − 3i,

Therefore,
5 + 10i 40 − 20i 20
− + = 5i − (10 − 10i) + 1 − 3i
2−i 3+i 2 + 6i
= 5i − 10 + 10i + 1 − 3i
= 12i − 9
= −9 + 12i.

4. (a) −4 + 7i. (c) Re(Z1 − 3z1 + z3 ) = −5.

√ √ √
5. (a) −9 = 9 × −1 = 3 −1 = 3i.
p √
(c) (−81) × (−4) = 81 × 4 = 9 × 2 = 18.
When applying the idea of multiplication of surds in complex numbers,
apply it cautiously because some rules do not apply directly!
√ √ p
For instance −81 × −4 6= (−81)(−4).
(f)
√
4 + −36 4 + 6i
√ =
7 − −144 7 − 12i
4 + 6i 7 + 12i
= ×
7 − 12i 7 + 12i
28 + 48i + 42i − 72
=
49 + 144
−44 + 90i
=
193
−44 90i
= + .
193 193
√ √ √
6. (a) Re( 5 − i) = 5, Im( 5 − i) = −1.
(c) Re(3i) = 0, Im(3i) = 3.
7. (a) z = 2 − 2i, z = 2 + 2i.
Therefore z = 2 − 2i = z.

28
 (c)

z × w = (2 − 2i)(3 + 7i
= 6 + 14i − 6i + 14
= 20 + 8i
= 20 − 8i.

z × w = (2 + 2i)(3 − 7i)
= 6 − 14i + 6i + 14
= 20 − 8i
= z × w.

7
8. (a) x = 1 and y = .
4
(c) x = −2 and y = −2.

29
Unit 3

Set Theory

3.1 Introduction
1. A set is a well-defined collection of objects.

2. A set is finite of all of its elements can be counted, otherwise it is infinite.

3. A set without elements is called null set.

4. A set A is a subset of set B, A ⊂ B, if all elements of A are elements of B.

5. Sets A and B are equal, A = B, if they have exactly the same elements.

6. The universal set, ξ, is the set of all elements under consideration.

7. The difference set, A − B, has all elements in A which are not in B.

8. If X ⊂ ξ, then the complement of set X is given by X 0 = ξ − X.

9. The union of two sets A and B, A ∪ B, is the set of all elements in A and
all elements in B including those in both A and B.

10. The intersection of sets A and B, A ∩ B, is the set of all elements common
to A and B.

11. The symmetric difference between sets A and B is given by

A4B = (A ∪ B) − (A ∩ B).

30
3.2 Practice Questions
1. State whether each of the following statement is true or false;

(a) For any sets A and B, (A ∩ B) ⊂ (A ∪ B).

(b) Let ξ be the universal set and R any set such that R ⊂ ξ. Then
(R0 )0 = R.

2. Let A, B and C be any sets. Which of the following statements are true?

(a) A − (B ∩ C) = (A − B) ∪ (A − C)
(b) A − (B ∪ C) = (A − B) ∩ (A − C)

3. Identify each of the following sets as finite, infinite or empty. ;

(a) {z|z ∈ N, 0 < z ≤ 1000000}

(b) {a|a ∈ R, −1 < a ≤ 1}
(c) {p|p ∈ N, −10 < p < −1}
(d) {y|y ∈ Z, −35 ≤ y < 1}
(e) {x ∈ Q|1 ≤ x ≤ 2}

4. Write each set in set builder notation;

(a) {1, 3, 5, ..., 17}

(b) {−7, −5, −3, −1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(c) {25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, }
(d) {12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30}
(e) {18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48}
(f) {..., −7, −6, −5, −4, −3, ...}

5. Write each set in roster notation (list the actual elements);

(a) {x|x is an odd integer greater than 15}

(b) {a|a ∈ N, a ≤ 10}
(c) {x|x is an even integer, 22 < x ≤ 23}
(d) {z|z ∈ W, −5 ≤ z < 6}
(e) {c : c ∈ N, 2c + 1 = 7}
(f) {x : x ∈ Z, 2 ≤ x ≤ 6}

31
 (g) {y : y ∈ N, x ≥ 12}
(h) {x : x ∈ N, x < 5}
(i) {2n + 1 : n ∈ Z}

6. In a class, 100 students take MAT111 or PHY111,48 students take MAT111

and 62 students take PHY111, How many students take both MAT111 and
PHY111?

7. In a school of 320 students, 85 students are in the band, 200 students are
on sports teams, and 60 students participate in both activities. How many
students are involved in either band or sports?

8. If A and B are subsets of ξ, simplify (A ∪ B) ∩ (A0 ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ B 0 ).

9. Let ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {3, 4, 5} and C = {1, 6}. Find

(a) A0 ∩ B 0
(b) (A ∪ B) − C
(c) (C 0 )0
(d) [(A ∩ B)0 ∪ C]0

10. Let X = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, and Y = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}. Find

(a) X − Y
(b) Y − X
(c) (X − Y ) ∪ (Y − X)
(d) (X − Y ) ∩ (Y − X)

11. Let A = {x : x is a natural number between 8 and 20}, B = {x : x is an

even number, 10 ≤ x ≤ 18}, and C = {9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18} . Find

(a) A − B
(b) C − A
(c) C − B
(d) A − C

12. Let R (real numbers) be the universal set. Suppose that A = {x ∈ R : 0 ≤

x < 7} and B = {x ∈ R : 4 < x < 10}. Write A − B in set builder notation.

13. Let A and B be any sets. Find A4B and B4A for the following pairs of
sets;

32
 (a) A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = {0, 2, 5, 7, 8}
(b) A = {x|x is an old integer} and B = {y|y is an even integer}
(c) A = {z|z ∈ N, Z ≤ 25} and B = {positive multiples of 4 less than 30}

14. Let X and Y be two finite sets such that n(A) = 30, n(B) = 38 and n(A ∪
B) = 46. Find n(A ∩ B)

15. If n(X − Y ) = 20, n(X ∪ Y ) = 85 and n(X ∩ Y ) = 28. Find n(Y )

16. In a group of 28 people 15 cultivate Kanyani maize variety, 12 cultivate

Nkango maize variety, and 6 cultivate neither of the two varieties.

(a) How many cultivate both varieties?

(b) Draw the Venn diagram and fill in the number of people in all four
regions.

17. In a college of 40 students, 11 are intelligent, 15 are hard working, and 17

are neither hard working nor intelligent.

(a) How many are hard working or intelligent?

(b) A student will pass if and only if the student is intelligent and hard
working. How many will fail?

18. In a class of 50 students, 6 take both History and Geography, 10 take Geog-
raphy and 8 do not take History. How many take

(a) neither?
(b) History?
(c) Geography but not History?

19. In a group of 60 students, 25 play table tennis (T), 16 do swimming (S) and
22 play cricket (C), 8 play T and do S, 6 play C and do S, 5 play T and C,
and 12 students do not play any of these games.

(a) how many play all the three games?

(b) how many play T but not C?
(c) how many do not do S?
(d) how many play T and C only?
(e) how many do not play T and C?

33
 20. In a farm club, 32 people grow Maize, 36 grow Cassava, and 27 grow Beans.
20 people grow both Maize and Cassava, 12 people grow both Maize and
Beans, 16 people grow both Cassava and Beans, and 7 people grow all the
three crops.
(a) how many grow both Maize and Beans only?
(b) how many grow beans but Maize?
(c) how many grow both Maize and Cassava?

3.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

1 (a) The statement is true since (A ∪B) contains all elements of the set A and
all elements of the set B, whilst (A ∩ B) contains elements that are common
to both sets A and B. Therefore elements of (A ∩ B) are also in (A ∪ B).
2 (a) A − (B ∩ C) = (A − B) ∪ (A − C) the statement is true, this is one of
the laws of difference sets.
3 (a) The set is finite since every element of the set can be assigned to a
counting number up to 1,000,000.
(c) This set is a null set since there are no counting numbers that are
negative.
(e) The set is infinite since the rational numbers in the given interval can
be assigned counting numbers indefinitely.
4 (a) {x : x is an odd integer, 1 ≤ x ≤ 17}
(c) {a2 : a ∈ Z, 5 ≤ a ≤ 11}
5 (a) {17, 19, 21, 23, ...}
(c) This is an empty set.
(e)
2c + 1 = 7 ⇒ 2c = 6 ⇒ c = 3.
Therefore the given set, in roster notation, is {3}.
6 Refer to Figure 3.1.
Clearly d = 0. c = 62 − b and a = 48 − b.
The total number of students is 100. So
(48 − b) + (62 − b) + b = 100 ⇒ 110 − b = 100 ⇒ b = 10.
Hence 10 students take both subjects.

34
 Figure 3.1: Venn Diagrams for Questions 6 and 18

(A ∪ B) ∩ (A0 ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ B 0 ) = B ∩ (A ∪ B 0 )
= (B ∩ A) ∪ (B ∩ B 0 )
= (A ∩ B) ∪ φ
= (A ∩ B).

10 (a) (X − Y ) = {2, 4, 6}
(b) (Y − X) = {9, 11, 13}
(c) (X − Y ) ∪ (Y − X) = {2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13}
(d) (X − Y ) ∩ (Y − X) = {}

12 A = {x ∈ R : 0 < x < 7} and B = {x| ∈ R, 4 < x < 10} then A − B = {x ∈

R : 0 ≤ x ≤ 4} Note: Set B contains real numbers greater than 4, those real
numbers greater than 4 but less than 7 must be excluded to get A − B

16 (a) 5 people cultivate both varieties.

18 Refer to Figure 3.1.

b = 10 − 6 = 4. b + c = 8 giving c = 4.
The total number of students is 50, so

a + b + c + 6 = 50 ⇒ a + 4 + 4 + 6 = 50 ⇒ a + 14 = 50 ⇒ a = 36.

Hence the final solutions are (a) 4 (b) 42 and (c) 4.

35
Unit 4

Relations and Functions

4.1 Introduction
1. A function from set X to set Y , is a relation which maps, to each element
of X, exactly one element of Y .

2. A function from X to Y is one-to-one if no two elements of X are mapped

to the same element of Y .

3. The inverse, f −1 , of a function f , if it exists, is found by:

(a) replacing f (x) with y

(b) solving for x (making x the subject)
(c) replacing x with f −1 (x) and y with x.

4. The inverse of a function f exists if and only if f is one-to-one.

5. We can add and subtract functions by collecting and simplifying like terms.

6. Functions can also be multiplied. Division of functions is possible only if the

denominator is non-zero.

7. The composition of two functions f and g is given by f ◦ g = f (g(x)).

8. For any invertible function f we have f −1 (f (x)) = x and f (f −1 (x)) = x.

9. An even function satisfies f (−x) = f (x) while an odd function is a

function g such that g(−x) = −g(x).

10. An exponential function takes the form f (x) = ax where x ∈ R, a is a

constant, a > 0 and a 6= 1.

36
 11. Alogarithmic function is the function g(x) = loga x, where a is a positive
constant, a 6= 1 and x ∈ R.

12. Growth or decay formular: Let Q0 be the value of the quantity Q at time
t = 0, that is Q0 is the initial amount of Q. If Q changes instantaneously at
a rate proportional to its current value, then

Q(t) = Q0 ekt

where k > 0 is the rate of growth or k < 0 is the rate of decay of Q.

4.2 Practice Questions

1. State whether each of the following statements is true or false.

(a) Every relation is a function.

(b) Every one-to-one function has an inverse.
(c) The relation R = {(1, −1), (4, −2), (81, 9), (81, −9), (36, −6)} represents
a function.
(d) The domain of (g ◦ f )(x) consists of the numbers x that are in the
domain of both g and f .
(e) f − (f (x)) = x, where x is in the domain of f .
x2 − 4
(f) The domain of the function f (x) = is {x|x 6= 2}.
x
(g) If f and g are inverse functions then the domain of f is the same as the
domain of g.
(h) If y = loga x, then y = ax .

2. Suppose f and g are both even functions. What can be said about each of
the following functions?

(a) f + g
(b) f − g
(c) f g
(d) f /g?

3. Let h(x) = 4x3 + 3x − 17. Find the image of −3.

4. Let f (x) = x. This is called an identity function. Find f (12), f (−35), f (−5.78), f (90)
and f (2/3).

37
 5. Let g(x) = 65. (A function of the form f (x) = a where a ∈ R is called a
constant function.) Find f (12), f (−35), f (−5.78), f (90) and f (2/3).
6. Given that g(x) = x+2 and h(x) = x2 −3, what value of x satisfies g(h(x)) =
h(g(x))?
7. Given the functions f (x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = 1 − 3x, for what value of x is
f ◦ g −1 = f −1 ◦ g?
x+p
8. Given a function f : x 7→ (x 6= 3), where p ∈ R,
x−3
3
(a) Find the value of p if f (5) = .
2
−1
(b) Find f (x).
(c) Show that f (f −1 (x)) = x.
9. If g(x) = x2 − 3xb − 4 and g(1) = −2, find b.
10. Let h(t) = 7t − 2t2 . Find the values of t whose image is 5.
11. For the function f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants, f (0) =
4, f (−1) = 8 and f (−2) = 18. Find the values of a, b and c.
12. Let f (x) = x2 + x + 1. If f (x) = 5, find the values of x.
13. State the range of g(x) = x2 + 2.
√
14. Use the pair of functions f (x) = x2 and g(x) = x + 1 to find the domain
of the function (f /g)(x).
15. What values of x must be excluded from the domain of
x−1
(a) ?
2x2 − x − 3
x+1
(b) 2
?
x +x−2
2
(c) 3− ?
x+3
√
x−4
(d) ?
3x2
2x
(e) √ ?
2−x
x−2
(f) ?
2x − 3

38
16. f is the function add 2 then square,

(a) write f in the form f (x) = ...

(b) find f (−4), and f (5)
(c) If f (x) = 16 find the value of x.
2
17. If the range of the function f (x) = 1 − is {−1, 2, 4} find its domain.
x
18. Given f (x) = x2 − x and g(x) = 2x − 3. If f (p) + g(−p) = 1, find the value
of p.

19. Determine algebraically whether each of the following functions is even, or

odd or neither even nor odd.

(a) f (x) = 3x2

1
(b) f (x) = (x 6= 0)
x
(c) f (x) = 2x
(d) f (x) = x4 − 5x2
(e) g(x) = −x2 − 15
−x5
(f) h(x) =
1 4
x −7
2
√
(g) f (x) = 3 2x2 + 1
2x
(h) f (x) = (x 6= 0
|x|
20. Find f (x) given the following;

(a) f −1 (x) = 2x − 3
x+3
(b) f −1 (x) =
2
21. For the given functions f and g find the following (i) (f ◦g)(4), (ii) (f ◦f )(1),
(iii) (g ◦ f )(−2) and (iv) (g ◦ g)(0).

(a) f (x) = 2x and g(x) = 3x2 + 1

(b) f (x) = 2x2 and g(x) = 1 − 3x2
√
(c) f (x) = x and g(x) = 2x

39
22. State the domain of the composite (f ◦ g)(x) of the following functions,
3 2
(a) f (x) = and g(x) =
x−1 x
√
(b) f (x) = x and g(x) = 2x + 3
√
(c) f (x) = x2 + 4 and g(x) = x − 2

23. Verify that the functions f and g are inverse of each other by showing that
f (g(x)) = x and g(f (x)) = x.
1
(a) f (x) = 3x + 4 and g(x) = (x − 4)
3
3
√
(b) f (x) = x − 8 and g(x) = 3 x + 8
1
(c) f (x) = 2x + 6 and g(x) = x − 3
2
x−5 3x + 5
(d) f (x) = and g(x) =
2x + 3 1 − 2x
24. Find the inverse of each function.

(a) f (x) = 2x − 5
2x − 3
(b) f (x) = (x 6= 5)
x−5
x+1
(c) f (x) = (x 6= 2)
x−2
(d) f (x) = x2 + 4
(e) f (x) = x3 + 1
3x + 1
(f) f (x) = −
x
−3x − 4
(g) f (x) =
x−2
25. Suppose f (x) = 2x ,

(a) What is f (4)?

1
(b) If f (x) = , what is x?
16
26. Suppose h(x) = 3−x − 2,

(a) What is h(−2)

−13
(b) If h(x) = , what is x?
8
40
27. Suppose g(x) = 4x + 2,

(a) What is g(−1)?

(b) If g(x) = 66, what is x?

28. Determine whether the following relations represents a function;

(a) {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7)}

(b) {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 5), (6, 10)}
(c) {(−3, 9), (−2, 4), (0, 0), (1, 1), (−3, 8)}
(d) {(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 3)}
(e) {(2, 6), (−3, 6), (2, 9), (2, 10)}
(f) {(−2, 4), (−1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)}
 
18 d
29. Given a function f : x 7→ x 6= − ;
cx + d c
(a) Find the values of c and d if f (3) = 2 and f (−3) = −6.
(b) Find f −1 (7).
2x
30. Let f (x) = . Find f (f (x)) − f −1 (x).
x−2
2
31. Let g(x) = 3x − 2 and h(x) = .
x+1
(a) Find h(g(x)), [g(h(x))]−1 and the value of x such that h(g(x)) = g(h(x)).
(b) Show that [g(h(x))]−1 = h−1 (g −1 (x)).

32. State the domain of each of the following functions;

(a) f (x) = ln(x − 3)

(b) f (x) = ln(x + 5)
(c) f (x) = 8 + 5 ln (2x + 3)
(d) h(x) = log5 x3
 
x
(e) h(x) = log3
x−1
33. If f (x) = ln x, g(x) = ex and h(x) = x2 , find each of the following;

(a) (f ◦ g)(x)

41
 (b) (g ◦ f )(x)
(c) (f ◦ g ◦ h)(3)
(d) (f ◦ h)(e)
f
34. For the given functions f and g, find the following (f +g)(x), (f g)(−3), (gf )(−1), ( )(x)
g
and 2f (x) − 3g(x).

(a) f (x) = 3x + 4, g(x) = 2x − 3

(b) f (x) = x − 2), g(x) = 2x2
(c) f (x) = 2x2 + 3, g(x) = 4x3 + 1
√ 2
(d) f (x) = x + 1, g(x) =
x
35. If f (x) = 2x3 + Ax2 + 4x − 5 and f (2) = 5, find A
3x + 8
36. If f (x) = and f (0) = 2, find C
2x − C
37. For the two functions, f (x) and g(x), the table of values is shown below.

x −2 1 2 3
f (x) −5 3 0 2
g(x) 3 −1 −3 −5

Find f −1 (0), f (g(−2)) + f (3), g(1) − g(f (1)), f (g −1 (−3)), f −1 (g −1 (−5)).

38. Find the value of a in the following equation;

(a) (2x − 1)(−3a−4) = 4x2 − 4x + 1

39. Find the values of the following logarithms;

 
1
(a) log2
8
(b) log8 4
(c) log4 9
(d) log9 27
√
(e) log2 2 2
(f) log64 8

42
 40. If you start a biology experiment with 5000000 cells and 45 % are dying
every minute, how long will it take to have about 1000 cells?

41. The half-life of carbon-14 is known to be 5720 years. Doctor Frankenstein

has 300 grams of carbon-14 in his experimental laboratory. If untouched,
how many of the 300 grams will remain after 1200 years?

42. The radioactive element polonium-210 has a half-life of 138 days. If you have
100 micrograms of polonium-210, how much will remain after 60 days?

43. Radium-226, a common isotope of radium, has a half-life of 1620 years.

Professor Korbel has a 120 gram sample of radium-226 in his laboratory. a.)
Find the constant of proportionality for radium-226. b.) How many grams
of the 120 gram sample will remain after 100 years?

44. A certain strain of bacteria that is growing on your kitchen counter doubles
every 5 minutes. Assuming that you start with only one bacterium, how
many bacteria could be present at the end of 96 minutes?

4.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

1. (a) The statement is false. Check the definition of a function.
(c) The statement is false since the number 81 has two images −9 and 9.
(e) The statement is true.
(g) The statement is false.

2. (a) f + g is also an even function since the sum of two even function is also
even.
(b) f − g is neither even nor odd.
f
(d) is also an even function since the quotient of two even functions is
g
also even.

4. (i) f (12) = 12
(ii) f (−35) = −35

5. (i) f (12) = 65
(ii) f (−35) = 65

43
6. h(x) = x2 − 3, g(x) = x + 2
g(h(x)) = g(x2 − 3) = (x2 − 3) + 2 = x2 − 1
h(g(x)) = h(x − 2) = (x − 2)2 − 3 = x2 − 4x + 4 − 3 = x2 − 4x + 1.

x2 − 4x + 1 = x2 − 1

−4x + 1 = −1

−4x = −2

1
x=
2

1
Therefore, if g(h(x)) = h(g(x)), x = .
2
7. f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = 1 − 3x
x−1
f −1 (x) = ,
2
1−x
g −1 (x) =
3
1−x 1−x 2 2x 5 2x
f ◦ g = f (g −1 (x)) = f (
−1
) = 2( +1= − +1= −
3 3 3 3 3 3
−1 −1 −1 1 − 3x − 1 −3x
f ◦ g = f (g(x)) = f (1 − 3x) = =
2 2
Therefore,

5 2x −3x
− =
3 3 2

10 − 4x = −9x

10 = −9x + 4x

10 = −5x

−10
x= = −2.
5

9. g(1) = 5 from the function g(1) = 12 − 3(1)b − 4 = 1 − 4 − 3b = −3 − 3b

Then

−3 − 3b = 5

44
 −3b = 5 + 3 = 8

−8
b= .
3

10. h(t) = 4
Then

7t − 2t2 = 54

2t2 − 7t + 5 = 0

(2t − 5)(t − 1) = 0

5
t= or t = 1.
2

13. The range of g(x) = x2 + 2 is (2, ∞) since for all values x of the domain
g(x) ≥ 2.

14. The domain of f is R and the domain of g is {x : x ≥ −1}.

f
Therefore the domain of is {x : x > −1}.
g
15. (a) Exclude the values that will make the denominator equal to zero , i.e
3
x = −1 and x = .
2
(c) The value x = −3 must be excluded since it will make the denominator
equal to zero hence making the function to be undefined a that point.

16. (a) f (x) = (x + 2)2 .

(b) f (−4) = (−4 + 2)2 = (−2)2 = 4, f (5) = (5 + 2)2 = 72 = 49.
(c) f (x) = 16,
Then
(x + 2)2 = 16

x2 + 4x + 4 = 16

x2 + 4x − 12 = 0

(x − 2)(x + 6) = 0

45
 x = 6 or x = −2.
2
17. f (x) = 1 − , Range = {-1, 2, 4}
x
for f (x) = −1,

2
1− = −1
x

−2
= −2
x

x=1

for f (x) = 2,

2
1− =2
x

−2
=1
x

x = −2

for f (x) = 4,

2
1− =4
x

−2
=3
x

−2
x=
3

−2
Therefore, the domain = {1, 2, }.
3
19. (a) f (−x) = 3(−x)2 = 3x2 = f (x), and therefore f (x) is an even function.
(c) f (−x) = 2(−x) = −2x = −f (x).
Therefore the function f (x) = 2x is an odd function.

46
 (e) g(x) = −x2 − 15, g(−x) = −(−x)2 − 15 = −x2 − 15 = f (x).
Therefore the function f (x) = −x2 − 15 is an even function.
√ p √
(g) f (x) = 3 2x2 + 1, f (−x) = 3 2(−x)2 + 1 = 3 2x2 + 1 =f (x).
√
Hence, f (x) = 3 2x2 + 1 is an even function.

20. f −1 = 2x − 3. We need to find the function f (x).

Let f −1 (x) = y, then y = 2x − 3. interchanging variables and then making
y subject,
x+3
x = 2y − 3 ⇒ x + 3 = 2y ⇒ y = .
2
x+3
Therefore, f (x) = . (Note that (f −1 )−1 = f (x)).
2
21. f (x) = 2x and g(x) = 3x2 + 1

(a) (i) (f ◦ g)(4) = f (g(4) = f (3(4)2 + 1) = f (48 + 1) = f (98).

(ii) (f ◦ f )(1) = f (f (1)) = f (2(1)) = f (2) = 2(2) = 4.
(iii) (g◦f )(−2) = g(f (−2)) = g(2(−2)) = g(−4) = 3(−4)2 +1 = 3(16)+1
= 48 + 1 = 49.
(iv) (g ◦ g)(0) = g(g(0)) = g(g(0)) = g(1) = 3(1)2 + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4.
3 2
22. (a) f (x) = , and g(x) = .
x−1 x
2 3 3x
f (g(x)) = f ( ) = = .
x 2 2−x
−1
x
Therefore, the domain of f (g(x) is {x : x 6= 2 and x 6= 0}, that is we
exclude the value x = 2 because the composite function is undefined
at x = 2 and we exclude the value x = 0 because the function g is
undefined at x = 0.
1
23. (a) f (x) = 3x + 4, g(x) = (x − 4), required to show that the two functions
3
are inverses of one another.
1
f (g(x)) = f ( (x − 4)
3
1
= 3( (x − 4)) + 4
3
= (x − 4 + 4)
= x.

47
 and

g(f (x)) = g(3x + 4)

1
= (3x + 4 − 4)
3
1
= (3x)
3
= x.

Hence f (x) and g(x) are inverses of one another.

24. (a) f (x) = 2x − 5, required to find f −1 (x).

Let y = 2x − 5. Interchanging the variables and making y subject, we
have
x+5
x = 2y − 5 ⇒ 2y = x + 5 ⇒ y = .
2
x+5
Therefore, f −1 (x) = .
2
x+1
c f (x) = (x 6= 2), required: f −1 (x).
x−2
x+1
Let y = . Interchanging variables and making y the subject:
x−2
y+1
x= ,
y−2
x(y − 2) = (y + 1),
xy − 2x = y + 1,
xy − y = 1 + 2x,
y(x − 1) = 1 + 2x,
1 + 2x
y= .
x−1
1 + 2x
Therefore, f −1 (x) = x 6= 1.
x−1
25. f (x) = 2x .

(a) To find the value of f (4)

f (4) = 24 = 16.
1
(b) If f (x) = , required to find x
16
x 1
2 =
16
48
 2x = 16−1
2x = 2−4
x = −4.

28. (a) The relation is a function because every member of the domain has a
unique image.
(c) The relation is not a function because the element −3 in the domain
has two images 8 and 9.
2x
30. f (x) = , required f (f (x)) − f −1 (x)
x−2
2x
Let y = . Then
x−2

2y
x=
y−2

yx − 2x = 2y

yx − 2y = 2x

y(x − 2) = 2x

2x
y=
x−2

2x
Therefore, f −1 (x) =
x − 2
2x
  2
2x x−2 4x x−2 4x
f (f (x)) = f = = × = =x
x−2 2x x − 2 2x − 2x + 4 4
−2
x−2
Therefore,

2x x(x − 2) − 2x x2 − 2x − 2x x2 − 4x
f (f (x)) − f −1 (x) = x − = = = .
x−2 x−2 x−2 x−2

32. (a) {x : x > 3}.

(d) x > 0.

33. f (x) = ln x, g(x) = ex and h(x) = x2 .

49
 (a) (g ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (ex ) = ln(ex ) = x.
(c) (f ◦ g ◦ h)(3) = f (g(h(x))) = f (g(32 )) = f (g(9)) = f (e9 ) = In(e9 ) = 9.

34. (a) f (x) = 3x + 4,, g(x) = 2x − 3.

(i) (f + g)(x) = 3x + 4 + 2x − 3 = 5x + 1.
(ii) (f g)(−3) = f (3) × g(3) = (3(−3) + 4)(2(−3) − 3) = (−2 − 3)(−3 + 4) =
(−9 + 4)(−6 − 3) = (−5)(−9) = −45.
(iii) (gf )(−1) = g(−1)f (−1) = (2(−1)−3)(3(−1)+4) = (−2−3)(−3+4) =
(−5)(−1) = −5.
f f (x) 3x + 4
(iv) ( )(x) = = .
g g(x) 2x − 3
(v) 2f (x) − 3f (x) = 2(3x + 4) − 3(2x − 3) = 6x + 8 − 6x + 9 = 17.

37. Referring to the table on item 37.

(i) f −1 (0) = 2.
(ii) f (g(−2)) + f (−3) = f (3) + f (3) = 2f (3) = 2(2) = 4.
(iii) g(1) − g(f (1)) = −1 − g(3) = −1 − (−5) = −1 + 5 = 4.
(iv) f (g −1 (−3) = f (2) = −3.
(v) f −1 (g −1 (−5)) = f −1 (3) = 1.

38. (2x − 1)−3x−4 = 4x2 − 4x + 1

(2x − 1)−3a−4 = 4x2 − 2x − 2x + 1

(2x − 1)−3a−4 = (2x − 1)2

Therefore, −3a − 4 = 2 a = −2 Since the bases are equal.

41. Qt = 259.4029 grams.

42. Qt = 73.9805.

43. (a) k = −0.00042786. (b) Qt = 114.974 grams.

44. Qt = 602, 248.7625. bacteria

50
Unit 5

Graphs of Linear, Exponential

and Logarithmic Functions

5.1 Introduction
p
1. The distance between points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is (x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2 .

2. The mid-point
 of the straight
 line joining (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) has co-
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
ordinates , .
2 2
3. The slope of the straight line which passes through (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is
y1 − y2
m= .
x1 − x2
4. The equation of a straight line takes the form y = mx + c where m is
the slope and c is the y-intercept.

5. y = mx + c can be transformed to the general form ax + by + c = 0 where

a, b, c ∈ R.

6. The equation of a straight line which passes through (x1 , y1 ) and has slope
m is y = mx + (y1 − mx1 ).

7. The equation of a straight line which passes through (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is
y − y1 y2 − y1
= .
x − x1 x2 − x1
8. The equations of a horizontal line and a vertical line are y = b and x = a
respectively where a, b ∈ R.

9. Two straight lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slope.

51
 10. Two straight lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their
slopes is −1.

5.2 Practice Questions

1. Evaluate the distance between the given points.

(a) P (−2, 4) and Q(−2, 8) (b) X(5, −6) and Y (−12, −6)
(c) L(1, 0) and M (−4, 8) (d) A(5, −4) and B(14, 14)
(e) C(9, −5) and D(−3.5, 3) (f) V (0, 0) and W (7, −14)

2. The distance between two points A(a, 6) and B(−2, 4) is 9 units. Find the
possible values of a.

3. The distance between two points X(−1, 2b) and Y (8, (3b − 1)) is 12 units.
Find the possible values of b.

4. Find the mid-point of the line segment joining the following points.

(a) P (−2, 4) and Q(−2, 8) (b) X(5, −6) and Y (−12, −6)
(c) L(1, 0) and M (−4, 8) (d) A(5, −4) and B(14, 14)
(e) C(9, −5) and D(−3.5, 3) (f) V (0, 0) and W (7, −14)

5. The mid-point of the line segment joining the points A(−2, 5) and (a, −5) is
(8, 4b + 1) find the values of a and b.

6. Calculate the gradient of the line segment joining the following points.

(a) P (−2, 4) and Q(−2, 8) (b) X(5, −6) and Y (−12, −6)
(c) L(1, 0) and M (−4, 8) (d) A(5, −4) and B(14, 14)
(e) C(9, −5) and D(−3.5, 3) (f) V (0, 0) and W (7, −14)

7. Find the equation of the line passing through the given points.

(a) P (−2, 4) and Q(−2, 8) (b) X(5, −6) and Y (−12, −6)
(c) L(1, 0) and M (−4, 8) (d) A(5, −4) and B(14, 14)
(e) C(9, −5) and D(−3.5, 3) (f) V (0, 0) and W (7, −14)

8. Find the equation of a straight line whose gradient and the point through
which the line passes are given.

(a) m = 2 and P (−3, 7) (b) m = −5 and P (0, −1)

52
 −1
(c) m = and P (12, −9) (d) m = 4 and P (9, 6)
3
9. Discuss whether the following pairs of lines are perpendicular or not.
1
(a) 2y = 4x − 5 and 6y = x + 4
3
1
(b) y + 3x + 4 = 0 and 6y − x − 10 = 0
2
(c) −x + y = −7 and −y = x + 12
−x − y
(d) = 6 and x = y + 2
2
1
10. The line y = x + 7 is perpendicular to the line l which passes through the
2
point (−2, 5). Find the equation of the line l.

11. Discuss whether the following pairs of lines are parallel or not.
1 1
(a) y + x + 4 = 0 and 6y + 12x − 5 = 0
4 2
(b) −x + y = −7 and 2y = 2x + 12
5 2
(c) 5x − 7y = 35 and y = x +
7 7
12. Find the equation of a straight line parallel to the line 2y = −4x − 7 which
passes through the point (−2, 1).

13. Draw graphs of the following functions

(a) y = −2x − 5 (b) 2x + 3y = 12

(c) 4x − 3y = 24 (d) y = 2x
(e) y = 3−3 (f) y = 1.4x
(g) y = ln(x − 1) (h) ln(2x)
(i) y = log(x − 2) (j) y = e2x
(k) y = log(x + 3)

5.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

1. Finding the distance between the two given points.

53
(a) P (−2, 4) and Q(−2, 8)
p
PQ = (−2 − (−2))2 + (8 − 4)2
√
= 0 + 42
√
= 16
=4

Therefore P Q = 4 units.

(c) L(1, 0) and M (−4, 8)

p
LM = (−2 − 1)2 + (8 − 0)2
p
= (−5)2 + 82
√
= 25 + 64
√
= 89
√
Therefore LM = 89 units.

(e) C(9, −5) and D(−3.5, 3)

p
CD = (−3.5 − 9)2 + (3 − (−5))2
p
= (−12.5)2 + 82
√
= 156.25 + 64
√
= 220.25
√
Therefore CD = 220.25 units.

2. The line passes through the points A(a, 6) and B(−2, 4) and has length 9
units. Required: the value of a.
p
AB = (−2 − a)2 + (4 − 6)2 = 9
(−2 − a)2 + (−2)2 = 81
(−2 − a)2 + 4 = 81
(−2 − a)2 = 81 − 4
(−2 − a)2 = 77
√
−2 − 1 = ± 77
√
−a = 2 ± 77
√
a = −2 ± 77.

54
    
−2 + (−2) 8 + 4 −4 12
4. (a) MP Q = , = , = (−2, 6).
2 2 2 2
     
1 + (−4) 0 + 8 −3 8 −3
(c) MLM = , = , = ,4 .
2 2 2 2 2
     
9 + (−3.5) −5 + 3 5.5 −2 5.5
(e) MCD = , = , = , −1 .
2 2 2 2 2

5. The line passes through the points A(−2, 5) and (a, −5) and has mid-point
(8, 4b + 1). Required: the values of b.
 
−2 + a) −5 + 5
MAB = , = (8, 4b + 1)
2 2
−2 + a
=8
2
−2 + a = 16
a = 18.

0 = 4b + 1
4b = −1
1
b=−
4

8−4 4
6. (a) P (−2, 4) and Q(−2, 8). mP Q = = (undefined). This
−2 − (−2) 0
implies that the straight line is vertical.
8−0 8
(c) L(1, 0) and M (−4, 8). mLM = = .
−4 − 1 −5
(e) C(9, −5) and D(−3.5, 3).

3 − (−5) 8 −25 2 16
mCD = = =8÷ =8× = .
−3.5 − 9 −12.5 2 25 25

7. (a) P (−2, 4) and Q(−2, 8). From 6(a) the line is vertical. Therefore, its
equation has only the variable x and the equation is x = −2.
8
(c) L(1, 0) and M (−4, 8). From 6 (c), m = .
−5

55
 Using the point (x1 , y1 ) = (1, 0) the equation is
y = m(x − x1 ) + y1
−8
y= (x − 1) + 0
5
−8 8
y= x+ .
5 5
16
(e) C(9, −5) and D(−3.5, 3). From Question 6(e) m = .
25
Using the point (x1 , y1 ) = (9, −5), the equation is
y = m(x − x1 ) + y1
16
y = (x − 9) − 5
25
16 −144
y = x− −5
25 25
16 269
y = x− .
25 25
8. (a) m = 2, P (−3, 7)
y = m(x − x1 ) + y1
= 2(x + 3) + 7
= 2x + 6 + 7
= 2x + 13.
−1
(c) m = , P (12, −9)
3
y = m(x − x1 ) + y1
−1
= (x − 12) − 9
3
−1
= x+4−9
3
−1
= x − 5.
3
5
9. (a) For 2y = 4x − 5, y = 2x − giving m1 = 2.
2
1 1 2 1
For 6y = + 4, y = x + giving m2 = .
3 18 3 18
1 2 1
m1 × m2 = 2 × = = 6= −1.
18 18 9
Therefore the two lines are not perpendicular.

56
 (c) −x + y = −7 ⇒ y = x − 7 giving m1 = 1.
y = x + 12 ⇒ y = −x − 12 giving m2 = −1.
m2 × m1 = 1 × −1 = −1.
Therefore the lines are perpendicular.
1
10. Required: To find the line perpendicular to y = x + 7 and passing through
2
the point (−2, 5).
Let the required line be l and its gradient be m2 . Then
1
m2 × = −1 ⇒ m2 = −2.
2
Therefore

y = −2(x − x1 ) + y1
= −2(x − (−2)) + 5
= −2x − 4 + 5
= −2x + 1.

1 1
11. (a) y + x + 4 = 0 ⇒ y = −2x − 16 giving m1 = −2.
4 2
5
6y + 12x − 5 = 0 ⇒ y = −2x + giving m2 = −2.
6
Since the two gradients are equal, the two lines are parallel to each
other.

57
Unit 6

Systems of Linear Equations and

Quadratic Equations

6.1 Introduction
1. To solve a system of three linear equations in three variables using substi-
tution method:

• choose one equation and solve for one variable in it

• substitute into other equations
• solve the resulting system of two linear equations in two unknowns
• substitute the two variables in any equation to find the value of the
third variable.

2. Two systems of linear equations are equivalent if they have the same solu-
tion set.

3. The completed square form of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is

b b2
a(x + d)2 + e = 0 where d = and e = c − .
2a 4a
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
4. The formula x = gives solution(s) to the quadratic equation
2a
ax2 + bc + c = 0.
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
5. In the quadratic formula x = , the number b2 − 4ac is called
2a
the discriminant and is used to determine the nature of solutions to the
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 as follows:

58
 • b2 − 4ac > 0: the equation has two distinct real roots.
• b2 − 4ac = 0: the equation has one repeated real root.
• b2 − 4ac < 0; the equation has no real roots. Instead it has two complex
roots which are conjugate to each other.

b2
6. The maximum value of ax2 + bx + c is c − and is obtained when a < 0
4a
b
and x = − .
2a
b2
7. The minimum value of ax2 + bx + c is c − and is obtained when a > 0
4a
b
and x = − .
2a

6.2 Practice Questions

1. Solve the following quadratic equations by the factor method.

(a) (x − 2)(x − 6) = −3 (b) −3x2 − 9 = −12x (c) x2 = 4x

(d) 2y 2 + 4 − 9y = 0 (e) x2 + 9x + 18 = 0 (f) x2 − 3x − 10 = 0
(g) 2x2 − 10x − 28 = 0 (h) x2 + 50 = −15x (i) a2 = 36
(j) 2x2 + 3x − 2 = 0

2. Solve the following quadratic equations using the quadratic formula.

(a) x2 + 2x − 8 = 0 (b) x2 − 12x + 16 = 0 (c) 2x2 = −7x − 3

(d) 2x2 − 8x + 5 = 0 (e) 2x2 + 9x − 5 = 0 (f) 5x2 − 21x + 2 = 0
5
(g) 2 − x = 3x2 (h) 3 − x − 3x2 = 0 (i) −5x2 + 7x + 9 = 0
2
(j) 12 + 11x − 15x2 = 0

3. Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square.

(a) x2 + 6x + 3 = 0 (b) 2x2 + 2x = 1 (c) 5x2 − 6x − 8 = 0

(d) x2 − 5x − 5 = 0 (e) 3x2 − 10x + 5 = 0 (f) x2 + 2x − 8 = 0
(g) −5x2 − 2x = −2 (h) x2 = 4x − 4 (i) x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
(j) 2x2 − 6x = 20

59
 4. b and c in the quadratic equation x2 + bx + c = 0 are real numbers. Find
−1
the values of b and c so that the given equation has solutions , x = and
4
1
x=
2
5. Find all values of m for which the quadratic equation x2 + 2x − 2m = 0 has
no real solutions.
6. Find all values of m for which the quadratic equation 2x2 + 3x − m + 2 = 0
has two distinct roots.
7. Find all values of m for which the quadratic equation x2 + −mx + 4 = 0 has
real and equal roots.
8. If one of the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + mx + 24 = 0 is 1.5, then
what is the value of m?
9. State the type of roots for each of the following quadratic equations, i.e.,
repeated (equal) roots, distinct roots or no real roots (complex roots).
(a) 2x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 (b) 4x2 − 20x + 25 = 0 (c) 2x2 + 8x + 5 = 0
(d) 4x2 − 48 = 16 (e) −3x2 − 5x = 3 (f) −3x2 + 6x = −1
(g) 3x2 + 6x = 0
10. If the equation x2 + 3 = t(x + 1) does not have real roots, find the range of
values of t.
11. The equation x2 − (r + 2)x + (1 + 3r) = 0 has equal roots. Find the possible
values of r.
12. For what values of p does the equation x2 − px + 25 = 0 have equal roots?
13. Show that the equation m2 x2 + mx + 1 = 0 can never have real roots.
14. If the equation x2 − 2kx + 3k + 4 = 0 has equal roots, find the possible values
of k and solve the two equations.
15. Show that the equation (n + 3)x2 + (2n + 5)x + (n + 2) = 0 has real roots
for all values of n.
16. Solve the following systems of linear equations by using substitution method.
  
−3x + 2y + −6z = 6,
 4x − 3y + z = −10
 2x + y + 3z = 1,

(a) 5x + 7y − 5z = 6, (b) 2x + y + 3z = 0 (c) 2x + 6y + 8z = 3,
  
x + 4y − 2z = 8. −x + 2y − 5z = 17 6x + 8y + 18z = 5.
  

60
   

 2x − y + z = 10 7x + 5y − 3z = 16
 x + 2y − z = 4

(d) 3x − 2y − 2z = 7 (e) 3x − 5y + 2z = −8 (f) 2x + y + z = −2
  
x − 3y − 2z = 10 5x + 3y − 7z = 0 x + 2y + z = 2
  

x − 2y + 3z = 7,

(g) 2x + y + z = 4,

−3x + 2y − 2z = −10.


17. Solve the following systems of linear equations by using elimination method.
  

 x − 2y + z = 0 
 x + y + z = 5 x − 3y + 2z = −11

(a) 2x + 3y − z = 16 (b) 2x − y + z = 9 (c) 2x − 4y + 3z = −15
  
3x − y − 3z = 23 x − 2y + 3z = 16 3x − 5y − 4z = 5
  
  
2x − 3y + z = −9
 3x − 4y + z = 19
 2x − 5y + 2z = 16

d −2x + y − 3z = 7 (e) 2x + 4y + z = 0 (f) 3x + 2y − 3z = −19
  
x − y + 2z = −5 x − 2y + 5z = 17 4x − 3y + 4z = 18
  

−2x + 3y − 4z = 3

(g) 3x − 5y + 2z = 4

−4x + 2y − 3z = 0


6.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

1. Required to solve the given equations using factor method.

(a) (x − 2)(x − 6) = −3.

x(x − 6) − 2(x − 6) = −3
x2 − 6x − 2x + 12 = −3
x2 − 8x + 12 + 3 = 0
x2 − 8x + 15 = 0
x2 − 3x − 5x + 15 = 0
(x − 3)(x − 5) = 0

either x − 3 = 0 , x = 3
or x − 5 = 0 , x = 5.
Therefore the solutions to the equation are : x = 3 and x = 5.
(b) x = −3 and x = −1

61
 (c) x2 = 4x

x2 − 4x = 0
x(x − 4) = 0

Hence x = 0 and x = 4.
(d) y = 0.5 and y = 4.
(e) x2 + 9x + 8

x2 + 6x + 3x + 18 = 0
x(x + 6) + 3(x + 6) = 0
(x + 3)(x + 6) = 0

x = −3 and x = −6.
(f) Either x = −2 or x = 5
(g) Either x = −2 or x = 7
(h) Either x = −10 or x = −5
(i) Either x = −6 or x = 6
1
(j) Either x = −2 or x =
2
2. Solving the given equations using the quadratic formula.

(a) x2 + 2x − 8 = 0. a = 1, b = 2 and c = −8.

p
−2 ± (2)2 − 2(1)(−8)
x=
2(1)
√
−2 ± 4 + 32
=
2
√
−2 ± 36
=
2
−2 ± 6
=
2
−2 + 6 4 −2 − 6 −8
Hence x = = = 2 and x = = = −4.
2 2 2 2
√ √
(b) x = 6 − 2 5 and x = 6 + 5.

62
(c) x2 = −7x − 3. Rearranging we have, 2x2 + 7x + 3 = 0. a = 2, b = 7 and
c = 3.
p
−7 ± 72 − 4(2)(3)
x=
2(2)
√
−7 ± 49 − 24
=
√4
−7 ± 25
=
4
−7 ± 5
=
4
−7 + 5 −2 −1 −7 − 5 −12
Hence x = = = and x = = = −3.
4 4 2 4 4
(d) 2x2 − 8x + 5 = 0. Here a = 2, b = −8 and c = 5.
Therefore
p
−8 ± (−8)2 − 4(2)(5)
x=
2(2)
√
8 + ± 64 − 40
=
√ 4
8 ± 24
=
4√
8±2 6
=
4√
4± 6
=
2
√ √
4+ 6 4− 6
Hence x = and x = .
4 4
(e) Either x = −5 or x = 0.5
√ √
− 401 + 21 401 + 21
(f) Either x = or x =
10 10
2
(g) Either x = −1 or x =
3
3 2
(h) Either x = − or x =
2 3
√ √
7 − 229 7 + 229
(i) Either x = or x =
10 10
−3 4
(j) Either x = or x =
5 3
63
3. Solving the given equations by completing the square.

(a) x2 + 6x + 3 = 0,

x2 + 6x + 32 = −3 + 32
x2 + 6x + 9 = −3 + 9
x2 + 6x + 9 = 6

Factorising the left hand side: (x + 3)2 = 6.

p √ √
Taking square roots both sides: (x + 3)2 = 6 ⇒ x + 3 = ± 6.
√ √
Hence x = −3 + 6 and x = −3 − 6.
(b) 2x2 + 2x = 1. Dividing both sides by 2, we have,

2x2 + 2x 1 1
= ⇒ x2 + x = .
2 2 2
Therefore
 2  2
2 1 1 1
x +x+ = +
2 2 2
1 1 1
x2 + x + = +
4 2 4
1 2+1
x2 + x + =
4 4
1 3
x2 + x + =
4 4
 2
1 3
Factorising the left side: x + = .
2 4
r √
1 3 1 3
Taking square roots both sides: x + = ± ⇒ x+ =± .
2 4 2 2
√ √ √ √
1 3 −1 + 3 1 3 −1 − 3
Hence x = − + = and x = − + = .
2 2 2 2 2 2
4
(c) x = 2 and x = − .
5
√ √
5−3 5 5+3 5
(d) Either x = or x = .
2 2
√ √
5 − 10 5 + 10
(e) Either x = or x = .
3 3
(f) Either x = −4 or x = 2 .

64
 √ √
11 − 1 11 − 1
(g) Either x=− or x = .
5 5
(h) Either x = 2 or x = 2.
√ √
5−3 5−3
(i) Either x= or x = .
2 2
(j) Either x = −2 or x = 5.
1 1
4. b = − and c = − .
2 4
5. a = 1, b = 2 and c = −2m. The quadratic equation has no real roots if
b2 − 4ac < 0.
Therefore
1
22 − 4(1)(−2m) < 0 ⇒ 4 + 8m < 0 ⇒ 8m < −4 giving m < − .
2
7
6. m > .
8
7. m = 4 and m = −4.
3
8. We put x = in the equation x2 + mx + 24 = 0.
2
 2
3 3
+ m + 24 = 0
2 2
9 3
+ m + 24 = 0
4 2
9 + 6m + 96 = 0
6m = −105
m = −17.5.

9. (a) 2x2 + 4x + 3 = 0. a = 2, b = 4 , c = 3. b2 − 4ac = 42 − 4(2)(3) =

16 − 24 = −8.
Since the discriminant is negative the equation has no real roots.
(b) 4x2 − 20x + 25 = 0. a = 4 b = −20 and c = 25. b2 − 4ac = (−20)2 −
4(4)(25) = 400 − 400 = 0.
Since the discriminant is zero, the equation has repeated roots.
(c) The equation has two distinct roots.
(d) The equation has two distinct roots.

65
 (e) The equation has no real roots.
(f) The equation has two distinct real roots.
(g) The equation has two distinct real roots.

10. −6 < t < 2.

11. Hint: Take a = 1, b = (r + 2) and c = (1 + 3r), then find the value of the
discriminant b2 − 4ac = 0.

12. p = 10 and p = −10.

13. Evaluate b2 − 4ac with a = m2 , b = m and c = 1, you will obtain −3m2

which is always negative regardless of the value of m.
Hence the equation can not have real roots.

14. Either k = −1 or k = 4.

15. With a = n + 3, b = 2n + 5, and c = n + 2, evaluate b2 − 4ac. You will

observe that for all values of n, b2 − 4ac = 1.
Therefore the equation has real roots always.

16. Solutions to systems of linear equations by using Substitution method.


−3x + 2y + −6z = 6...(i),

(a) 5x + 7y − 5z = 6, ...(ii)

x + 4y − 2z = 8....(iii)

From (iii), x = 8 − 4y + 2z.....(iv)
Substituting (iv) in (i):

−3(8 − 4y + 2z) + 2y − 6z = 6 ⇒ 14y − 12z = 30...(v)

Substituting (iv) in (ii):

5(8−4y+2z)+7y−5z = 6 ⇒ 40−20y+10z+7y−5z = 6 ⇒ −13y+5z = −34...(vi)

Solving (v) and (vi) simultaneously gives y = 3 and z = 1.

Substituting in (iv): x + 4(3) − 2(1) = 8 ⇒ x = −2.
Therefore x = −2, y = 3 and z = 1.
(b) x = 1, y = 4 and z = −2.
3 2
(c) x = , y = and z = 0.
10 5
66
 (d) x = 1, y = −5 and z = 3.
32 40 216
(e) x = , y = and z = − .
67 67 67
−5 7
(f) x = , y = and z = −1.
3 3
(g) x = 2, y = −1 and z = 1.

17. (a) x = 5, y = 1 and z = −3.

(b) x = 2, y = −1 and z = 4.
(c) x = 1, y = 2 and z = −3.
(d) x = −1, y = 2 and z = −1.
(e) x = 3, y = −2 and z = 2.
(f) x = −1, y = −2 and z = 4.
(g) x = 1, y = −1 and z = −2.

67
Unit 7

Inequalities, Linear Programming

and Partial Fractions

7.1 Introduction
1. General tips for solving inequalities:

• We can add (or subtract) the same number to both sides of an inequality
without changing the inequality.
• We can multiply (or divide) by the same positive number on both sides
of an inequality without changing it.
• Multiplying or dividing by a negative number reverses the inequality
symbol.

2. Let b ∈ R. Then

• |x| < b if and only if −b < x < b.

• |x| > b if and only if x < −b or x > b.

3. The solution of a linear programming problem, if it exists, must occur at the

vertex of the set of feasible solutions.

4. To solve a linear programming problem involving two variables;

• Sketch the region corresponding to the system of constraints. The

points inside or on the boundary of the region are called feasible so-
lutions.
• Find the vertices of the region.

68
 • Test the objective function at each vertex and select the values of the
variables that optimise the objective function.

5. Rules for decomposing a rational function into partial fractions:

p(x)
• For a rational function to be expressed in partial fractions, the
q(x)
degree of p(x) must be less than that of q(x).
• Corresponding to a linear factor ax + b in the denominator of a com-
A
pound fraction, there is a partial fraction of the form .
ax + b
• Corresponding to a linear factor ax + b repeated r times in the denom-
inator of a compound fraction, there are partial fractions of the form
A1 A2 Ar
, 2
, ..., .
ax + b (ax + b) (ax + b)r
• Corresponding to a quadratic factor ax2 + bx + c in the denominator,
A1 x + A2
there is a partial fraction of the form 2 .
ax + bc + c
• Repeated quadratic factors are treated in the same way as repeated
linear factors.

7.2 Practice Questions

1. State whether the following statements are true or false.

(a) The equation |x| = 2 is equivalent to x = 2 or x = −2.

(b) The inequality |x| > 5 is equivalent to x > 5 or x < −5.
(c) The inequality |x| < −2 is equivalent to x < 2 and x > −2.

2. Solve the following inequalities and write your solution in interval notation.

(a) x − 5 ≥ 5
(b) |x + 3| ≤ 1
1
(c) |2x − 1| ≥ 3
3
(d) |4 − 5x| + 3 ≥ 17
(e) −|2x − 5| > 6
(f) |5 − x| + 5 > 5
(g) 2 + 4|3x| ≤ 34

69
 (h) 2 + |6 − 3x| ≥ 2
3−x
(i) −1 <0
2
x
(j) 2 + 3 > 8
3
31
(k) ≤5
|x − 2|
x
(l) ≤x−3
4
4 − 5x
(m) < −1
2
3. Solve the following inequalities and write your solution in interval notation.

(a) x2 − 6x + 8 > 0
(b) 8x ≤ 33 − x2
(c) x2 + 2x + 1 ≥ 0
(d) 12x + 2x2 ≤ −20
(e) x2 − 4x > −171 − 30x
x
(f) >3
2x − 8
(g) −x2 − 4x − 7 < 0
(h) (x − 2)2 ≤ 16
2
(i) 15x − > 1
x
(j) −4x2 + 36 < 0
(k) 2x2 + 3x + 1 ≤ x2 − 2x − 5
(l) x2 + 2x − 8 ≥ 0
(m) −x2 ≤ 2x − 3
(n) −15 < −x2 − 2x
x+5
(o) <2
4x − 1
4. Solve the following linear programming problems graphically;

Maximise Z = 60x + 15y where x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0, subject to constraints;

(a) (
x + y ≤ 50,
3x + y ≤ 90.

70
 Maximise P = 30x+60y where x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0, subject to constraints;
(b) 
2x + y ≤ 70,

x + y ≤ 40,

x + 3y ≤ 90.


(c) Minimise
 C = 4x + 3y where x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0, subject to constraints;
2x + y ≥ 40,

x + 2y ≥ 50,

x + y ≥ 35.


5. A painter has exactly 32 units of yellow dye and 54 units of green dye. He
plans to mix as many tins as possible of colour A and colour B. Each tin
of colour A requires 4 units of yellow dye and 1 unit of green dye. Each tin
of colour B requires 1 unit of yellow dye and 6 units of green dye. Find the
maximum number of tins he can mix.

6. A company makes cattle feed in two different factories. At factory X it

takes 30 hours to produce each bag of the feed and at factory Y it takes 20
hours. The costs of producing these bags of feed are K50000 each at factory
X and K60000 each at factory Y . The company’s labour force can provide
6000 hours of labour each week and resources are K12, 000, 000 each week.
How should the company allocate its labour and resources to maximize the
number of feed (in bags) produced?

7. A transport company has two types of vehicles, Type X and Type Y . Type
X has a refrigerated capacity of 20m3 and a non-refrigerated capacity of 40m3
while Type Y has the same overall volume with equal sections for refrigerated
and non-refrigerated stock. A grocer needs to hire vehicles for the transport
of 3, 000m3 of refrigerated stock and 4, 000m3 of non-refrigerated stock. The
cost per Kilo meter of a Type X is K3, 000, and K4, 000 for Type Y . How
many vehicles of each type should the grocer rent to achieve the minimum
total cost?

8. A Collage is preparing a trip for 400 students. The company which is pro-
viding the transportation has 10 buses of 50 seats each and 8 buses of 40
seats, but it has only 9 drivers available. The rental cost for a large bus is
K8, 000 and K6, 000 for the small bus. Calculate how many buses of each
type should be used for the trip for the least possible cost.

9. A business lady wants to clear her old stock of 200 blouses and 100 skirts.
She decided to give two offers, 1 and 2. Offer 1 is a package of one blouse
and a skirt which will sell for K300, while Offer 2 is a package of three blouse

71
 and a skirt, which will sell for K500. The business lady does not want to
sell less than 20 packages of Offer 1 and less than 10 of Offer 2. How many
packages of each does she have to sell to maximize the money generated from
the promotion?
10. Moyo sells two blends of rice: blend A and blend B. Blend A is one-half
Kilombero and one-half Super fire. Blend B is one-quarter Kilombero rice
and three-quarters Super fire. Profit on the blend A is K350 per kg, while
profit on the Blend B is K400 per kg. Each day Moyo receives a shipment
of 200 Kilograms of Kilombero and 330 Kilograms of Super fire to use for
the two blends. How many Kilograms of each blend should be prepared each
day to maximize profit? What is the maximum profit?
11. A farmer has 10 acres to plant in maize and ground nuts. He has only
K124, 000 to spend and each acre of maize costs K2000 to plant and each
acre of ground nuts costs K1000 to plant. Moreover, the farmer has to get
the planting done in 12 hours and it takes an hour to plant an acre of maize
and 2 hours to plant an acre of ground nuts. If the profit is K5000 per acre
of maize and K3000 per acre of ground nuts how many acres of each should
be planted to maximize profits?
12. Decompose the following fractions into partial fractions.
2x + 3
(a)
(x − 2)(x + 5)
2x + 5
(b) 2
x + 5x + 6
3x2 − 2x − 5
(c)
(x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 3)
x
(d)
x2 + 2x − 3
x2 + 1
(e)
(x − 1)2 (x + 1)
x2 − 3x − 7
(f)
(x2 + x + 2)(2x − 1)
13
(g)
(2x + 3)(x2 + 1)
x−2
(h) 2
x + 4x + 4
1
(i)
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)

72
 5
(j)
(t + 4)2 (t − 1)
3x2 − x + 8
(k)
(x + 4)(x2 + 4)
5x2 + 17x + 15
(l)
(x + 2)2 (x + 1)
2x − 1
(m)
(x + 2)(x − 3)
2x + 3
(n)
(x + 1)2
1
(o)
x − 42
2

2x − 1
(p)
(x − 1)(x2 + 1)2
x2 − 2
(q)
(x − 2)(x + 1)3
2x − 2
(r) 2
(x + x + 4)(x + 2)
x+3
(s) 2
(x − 1)(x − 5)
7x − 6
(t)
(x − 2)(2x + 3)
x2 + 2x − 2
(u)
x3 (x − 1)

7.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

1. (a) True. (b) True. (c) False.

2. (a)

x−5≥5

x≥5+5

x ≥ 10

73
 Interval Test Number (x − 4) (x − 2) (x − 4)(x − 2)
x<2 1 − − +
2<x<4 3 − + −
x>4 5 + + +
2 − 0 0
4 0 + 0

Table 7.1: Test Table for the inequality x2 − 6x + 8 > 0

x ∈ [10, ∞).
(b)

|x + 3| ≤ 1

−1 ≤ x + 3 ≤ 1

−1 − 3 ≤ x ≤ 1 − 3

−4 ≤ x ≤ −2

x ∈ [−4, −2].
 
18
(c) x ∈ (−∞, −4] ∪ [5, ∞). (d) x ∈ (−∞, −2] ∪ , ∞ . (e) Has no solution.
5
 
−8 8
(f) x ∈ R x 6= 5. (g) x ∈ , . (h) x ∈ R.
3 3

21 41
(i) Has no solution. (j) x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ [3, ∞). (k) x ∈ (−∞, ] ∪ [ , ∞).
5 5
(l) x ∈ [4, ∞). (m) Has no solution.

3. (a)

x2 − 6x + 8 > 0

(x − 4)(x − 2) > 0

74
 Key numbers are x = 4 and x = 2.
Refer to Table 7.1. For x < 2 we have x2 − 6x + 8 > 0. For 2 < x < 4 we
have x2 − 6x + 8 < 0. For x > 4 we have x2 − 6x + 8 > 0.
Therefore the solution is x < 2 or x > 4. Alternatively x ∈ (−∞, 2] ∪ [4, ∞).
(b)

8x ≤ 33 − x2

x2 + 8x − 33 ≤ 0

(x + 11)(x − 3) ≤ 0

Key numbers are x = −11 and x = 3.

For x < −11 we have x2 + 8x − 33 > 0. For −11 < x < 3 we have
x2 + 8x − 33 < 0, and for x > 3 we have x2 + 8x − 33 > 0.
Hence the solution is x ∈ [−11, 3].
(c)

x2 + 2x + 1 ≥ 0

(x + 1)2 ≥ 0

(x + 1)2 is always positive.

Therefore, x ∈ R.
26
(d) Has no solution. (e) x ∈ R. (f) x ∈ (−∞, ) ∪ (4, ∞).
5
1 2
(g) x ∈ R. (h) x ∈ (−∞, 6] ∪ [−2, ∞). (i) x ∈ ( , 0) ∪ ( , ∞).
3 5
(j) x ∈ (−∞, −3] ∪ [3, ∞). (k) x ∈ [−3, −2]. (l) x ∈ (−∞, −4] ∪ [2, ∞).
1
(m) x ∈ (−∞, −3] ∪ [1, ∞). (n) x ∈ [−5, 3]. (o) x ∈ (−∞, ) ∪ (1, ∞).
3
4. (a) Z = 2050 is the maximum occurring when x = 20 and y = 30.

(b) P is maximum when x = 15 and y = 25, and the maximum value of P is

1950.

(c) C = 100 is the minimum obtained at x = 10 and y = 20.

75
 5. The maximum number of tins is 14 occurring at x = 8 and y = 6.

6. 4, 500 hrs and K7, 500, 000 of resources should be allocated to factory X while
to factory Y 1, 500 hrs and K4, 500, 000 of resources must be allocated.

7. The minimum cost that can be incurred subject to the given constraints is
K416, 000 to hire 50 vehicles of type X and 66 vehicles of type Y .

8. 4 big buses and 5 smaller buses should be used to incur a minimum cost of
K62, 000.

9. 50 packages of each type should be offered in order to make a maximum total

revenue of K40, 000.

10. 135 Kilograms of blend A and 65 Kilograms of blend B should be prepared

to realise a maximum profit of K73, 250.

11. 4 Acres of each type should be planted to maximise the profit.

2x + 3 A B
12. (a) Let = + , i.e., 2x + 3 = A(x + 5) + B(x − 2).
(x − 2)(x + 5) x−2 x+5
Setting x = −5 we have

2(−5) + 3 = B(−52) ⇒ −7 = −7B ⇒ B = 1.

Setting x = 2 we have

2(2) + 3 = A(2 + 5) ⇒ 7 = 7A ⇒ A = 1.

2x + 3 1 1
Hence = + .
(x − 2)(x + 5) x−2 x+5
2x + 5 2x + 5
(b) Factorising the denominator we have = .
x2 + 5x + 6 (x + 2)(x + 3)
2x + 5 A B
Let = + , i.e., 2x + 5 = A(x + 3) + B(x + 2).
(x + 2)(x + 3) x+2 x+3
Putting x = −3 gives

2(−3) + 5 = B(−3 + 2) ⇒ −6 + 5 = −B ⇒ B = 1.

Putting x = −2 gives

2(−2) + 5 = A(−2 + 3) ⇒ −4 + 5 = A ⇒ A = 1.

2x + 5 1 1
Hence = + .
(x + 2)(x + 3) x+2 x+3

76
 3x2 − 2x − 5 3 11 28
(c) = − +
(x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 3) 20(x − 2) 4(x + 2) 5(x + 3)
x 1 3
(d) 2 = +
x + 2x − 3 4(x + 3) 4(x − 1)
x2 + 1 1 1 1
(e) 2
= + +
(x − 1) (x + 1) 2(x + 1) 2(x − 1) (x − 1)2
x2 − 3x − 7 2x + 1 3
(f) 2
= 2 −
(x + x + 2)(2x − 1) x + x + 2 2x − 1
13 4 −2x + 3
(g) 2
= + 2
(2x + 3)(x + 1) 2x + 3 x +1
1 1 1
(h) 2 2
= −
x −4 8(x − 4) 8(x + 4)
2x − 1 1 x+1 −x + 3
(p) = − +
(x − 1)(x2 + 1)2 4(x − 1) 4(x2 + 1) 2(x2 + 1)2

77
Unit 8

Matrix Algebra

8.1 Introduction
1. The transpose of a matrix X is formed by changing rows of X into columns.

2. The sum or difference of two matrices is found by adding or subtracting

entries in corresponding positions.

3. The product AB of two matrices A and B is found by multiplying rows of

A by columns of B.
 
a b
4. The determinant of the matrix is ad − bc.
c d
 
a b c
5. Sarrus Rule: The determinant of d e f  is
g h i
aei + bf g + cdh − ceg − af h − bdi.
(
ax + by = e
6. Cramer’s Rule: The solution of the system, , if it exists,
cx + dy = f
ed − bf af − ec
is x = and y = .
ad − bc ad − bc
   
a b 1 d −b
7. The inverse of a matrix , if it exists, is .
c d ad − bc −c a
1
8. The inverse of a 3 × 3 matrix X is X −1 = (AdjX) where AdjX is
det(X)
the transpose of the matrix obtained by replacing each entry in X by its
co-factor.

78
 9. The elementary row operations are:
• interchange rows
• multiply a row by a non-zero scalar
• replace a row by its sum with a scalar multiple of another row.
10. A matrix is in row echelon form (REF) if
• zero rows occur at the bottom
• The first non-zero entry in every non-zero row is 1.
• The leading 1 in lower rows occur to the right of the leading 1 in higher
rows.
11. A matrix is in reduced row echelon form (RREF) if
• it is in REF
• each leading 1 is the only no-zero entry in its column.
(
ax + by = e
12. To solve the system , we can perform elementary row oper-
cx + dy = f
 
a b e
ations to the augmented matrix reducing it to triangular
c d f
form. The solution set is obtained using back substitution.

8.2 Practice Questions

1. Determine whether each statement is true or false:
(a) For all matrices A, B, and C of the appropriate dimensions, we have
(AB)C = (CA)B.
(b) If A is an m × n matrix, B is an n × p matrix, and C is a p × q matrix,
then ABC is an m × q matrix.
(c) If A and B are symmetric n × n matrices, then so is A + B.
(d) If A and B are skew-symmetric n × n matrices, then AB is a symmetric
matrix.
(e) For n × n matrices A and B, we have (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B 2 .
(f) If AB = 0 , then either A = 0 or B = 0.
(g) If A and B are square matrices such that AB is upper triangular, then
A and B must both be upper triangular.

79
 (h) If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then A must be the zero
matrix or the identity matrix.
   
6 −1 −1 4
2. Given that A =  2 4  and B = −1 5 , work out the following:
−3 5 1 10

(a) A + B
(b) B − A
(c) 2A − 3B
(d) 3A + 4B
   
2 1 1 2 −3 4
3. Given that A = and B = , work out the
−1 −1 4 −3 1 −2
following:

(a) A − B
(b) 4A − 3B
(c) A − 2B
   
−2 1 0 3
4. Given the following matrices A =  1 0  and B =  2 0 ,
3 −4 −4 −1

(a) Find X if 2X = 2A − B.
−3 1
(b) Find Y if Y = A + B.
2 2
   
  2 −1 3 1
1 −1 −2

5. Let A = , B = 5 1 2  , C = −1 and D = 2 −2 3 .
3 1 4
4 6 −2 2
Work out the following.

(a) AB
(b) BC
(c) CA
(d) DB
(e) CD
 
x 1
6. If A = , determine all values of x and y for which A2 = A.
−2 y

80
      
2−i 1+i i 1 − 3i −1 + i 2 − i 0
7. Let X = ,Y = ,W =
 −i 2 + 4i 0 4+i 1 + 5i 0 3 − 2i
32i i
and Z = . Work out the following.
−i i
(a) XY
(b) ZW
 
  0 1
1 −1 1 4 −1 2
8. Suppose that L = 2 0 2 3 and M = 
1
. Find the follow-
1
3 4 −1 0
2 1
ing.
(a) LT
(b) M T
(c) LLT
(d) (LM )T
   
2 3 5 −1
9. Given that X = and Y = , find XY T + 2Y .
1 −2 3 0
 
−2 2
10. Find the determinant of each of the following matrices: A = ,
  −3
 −5 
    3 0 4 1 3 2
0.05 0.06 0.02 0.5
B= ,C = , D = 2 3 2 , E = 4 1 3
  
10 20 30 50
  0 5 −1 2 2 0
2 −4 3
and F = 3 1 2 .
1 4 −1
 
2 −2
11. Given that A = and detA = −8, find the possible values of a.
a 3a
 
6 −3
12. Find the inverse of each of the following Matrices if it exists: A = ,
   −2
 1
    3 −1 1 1 3 0
3 4 2 3
B= ,C= , D = −1 1 0 , E = 1 2 3,
  
5 7 1 2
   1 0 1  0 −1 2 
1 0 −1 2 3 1 1 −1 −1
F = 2 −1 0 , G = −1 2
   1  and H = 2 1
 0 .
1 1 −4 4 −1 −1 3 −2 1

81
      
4 3 6 6 3 4
13. Given that A = ,B = , and C = , find each of the
8 7 0 6 5 7
following:

(a) (AT )−1

(b) (AB)−1 .
(c) B −1 C −1 − AC.

14. If A is invertible and AB = AC, prove that B = C.

 
2 1 1
15. Find A−1 and B −1 (if they exist) given that A = 1 2 1 , and
  1 1 2
2 −2 −1
B = −1 2 −1.

−1 −1 2

16. Find (i) (AB)−1 , (ii) A−1 B −1 , and (iii) B −1 A−1 for each of the following
pairs of matrices.
   
3 4 3 7
(a) A = ,B = .
2 3 2 5
   
1 −1 6 2
(b) A = ,B = .
2 3 2 1

17. Use Cramer’s rule to solve each of the following systems of linear equations:
( ( (
2x − y = 5 x − y = −1 4x − 3y = −2
(a) (b) (c)
3x + 2y = −3. 3x − 2y = 0 2x + 3y = 5
 
(  −3x + 2y + −6z = 6 4x − 3y + z = −10

3x − 5y = −2 
(d) (e) 5x + 7y − 5z = 6 (f) 2x + y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y = 5  
x + 4y − 2z = 8 −x + 2y − 5z = 17
 
  
2x + y + 3z = 1
 2x − 3y + z = −9
 3x − 4y + z = 19

(g) 2x + 6y + 8z = 3 (h) −2x + y − 3z = 7 (i) 2x + 4y + z = 0
  
6x + 8y + 18z = 5 x − y + 2z = −5 x − 2y + 5z = 17
  

2x − 5y + 2z = 16

(j) 3x + 2y − 3z = −19 .

4x − 3y + 4z = 18


82
 18. Find 
the REFof each of the following matrices:
 
1 2 1   3 −2 4 7
1 2 3
A= 2  2 2 , B = and C = 2 1 0 −3 .
2 3 4
1 0 1 2 8 −8 2
19. Find the RREF of each of the following matrices:  
    1 1 −1
1 2 1 3 −1 2 4 2 −1 1 
A = −2 −3
 1 ,B = 2
  1 3 −1 and C =  2 −1 1 .

3 5 0 1 2 3 −2
1 1 2
20. Use Gaussian elimination to find all solutions to the following systems of
linear equations.
 
x + 2y + 3z = 9 3x + 2y + z = −6
 ( 
 x + 2y + 3z = 9
(a) 2x − 2z = −2 (b) (c) 4x − 3y + 3z = 7
 3x + 2y + z = 7 
3x + 2y + 2z = 7. 2x + y − z = −9.
 
 
3x − 2y + z = 4
 x − 3y − z = −3

(d) x + 3y − z = −3 (e) 2x − 8y + 8z = −2
 
4x − 10y + 4z = 10 −6x + 3y − 15z = 9
 

8.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

1. (a) False (b) True (c) True (d) False (e) False (f) False (g) True (h) False
       
5 3 −7 5 15 −14 14 13
2. (a)  1 9  (b) −3 1 (c)  7 −7  (d)  2 32
−2 15 4 5 −9 −20 −5 55
     
0 4 −3 2 13 −8 −2 7 −7
3. (a) (b) (c)
2 −2 6 5 −7 22 5 −3 8
   
1 3 0
−2 2   −1 
4. (a) X =  0

0  (b) Y =  2
  0 

 −7   −13 11 
5
2 2 2
   
  2 −1 3 1
1 −1 −2
5. A = B = 5 1 2  C = −1.
3 1 4
 4 6 −2 2
−11 −14 5
(a) AB =
27 22 3

83
    
2−5+8 9
(b) BC = −1 − 1 + 12 =
   8
4−6−4 −6
(c) The dimensions of the matrices are incompatible for matrix multiplica-
tion.  

2 −2 3
(d) DB = 6 16 −1 (e) CD = −2 2 −3.
4 −4 6

6. Either x = 2 and y = −1 or x = −1 and y = 2.

 
1 + 2i 2 − 2i
7. (a) XY =
1 1 + 7i

(b)

 
32i × (−1 + i) + i × (1 + 5i) 32i × (2 − i) + 1 × 0 32i × 0 + i × (3 − 2i)
ZW =
−i × (−1 + i) + i × (1 + 5i) −i × (2 − i) + i × 0 i × 0 + i × (3 − 2i)
 
−32i + 32i2 + i + 5i2 64i − 32i2 + 0 0 + 3i − 2i2
=
i − i2 + i + 6i2 −2i + i2 + 0 0 + 3i − 2i2
 
−31i + 37i2 64i + 32 3i + 2
=
2i + 4i2 −2i − 1 3i + 2
 
−37 − 31i 32 + 64i 2 + 3i
=
−4 + 2i −1 − 2i 2 + 3i

 
1 2 3  
 −1 0 4. (b) M T = 0 −1 1 2 .
8. (a) LT = 
1 2 −1 1 2 1 1
4 3 0

84
 (c)
 
1 −1 1 4
L = 2 0 2 3
3 4 −1
 
  1 2 3
1 −1 1 4 
T −1 0 4 
LL = 2 0
 2 3   1 2 −1

3 4 −1
4 3 0
 
1 + 1 + 1 + 16 2 + 0 + 2 + 12 3 − 4 − 1 + 0
= 2 + 0 + 2 + 12 4 + 0 + 4 + 9 6 + 0 − 2 + 0 
3 − 4 − 1 + 0 6 + 0 − 2 + 0 9 + 16 + 1 + 0
 
19 16 −2
=  16 17 4 
−2 4 26.
 
T 10 8 −5
(d) (LM ) = .
4 7 10
 
T 17 4
9. XY + 2Y =
13 3

10. (a) det(A) = 16.

(b) det(B) = (0.05)(20) − (0.06)(10) = 1 − 0.6 = 0.4.
 = −14. 
(c) det(C)
3 0 4
(d) D = 2 3 2 .

0 5 −1
det(D) = 1
(e) det(E) = 24. (f) det(F ) = −5.
 
2 −2
11. A =
a 3a
det(A) = 6a + 2a = −8
Therefore 8a = −8 ,a = −1.
 
6 −3
12. (a) A =
−2 1
det(A) = 6 − 6 = 0
Therefore the
 matrixA is not invertible.
 
−1 7 −4 −1 2 −3
(b) B = . (c) C =
−5 3 −1 2

85
  
3 −1 1
(d) D = −1 1 0
1 0 1
In row 1,
Cofactor of 3 is 1.
cofactor of −1 is 1.
cofactor of 1 is −1.
In the second row,
cofactor of −1 is 1.
cofactor of 1 is 2.
cofactor of 0 is −1.
In the third row,
cofactor of 1 is −1.
cofactor of 0 is −1.
cofactor of 1 is 2.  
1 1 −1
Matrix of cofactors of D is  1 2 −1.
  −1 −1 2
1 1 −1
Adj D =  1 2 −1
−1 −1 2
 + 1(−1) =3 − 1 − 1 = 1
det(D) = 3(1) + (−1)(−1)
1 1 −1
1
D−1 = AdjD =  1 2 −1.
det D
 −1 −1 2  
7 −6 9 4 −1 −1
(e) E −1 = −2 2 −3 (f) F −1 = 8 −3 −2
−1 1 −1 3 −1 −1
1 3 1
 
 10 10 10 
−1
 −1 2 −1 
(g) Matrix G is not invertible. (h) H =  5
.
5
 −7 −1 5 
3 
10 10 10
−7
   
7 5
 4 −2  8
13. (a) (AT )−1 =  −3 . (b) (AB)−1 =  −1 24 
1 .

1
4  3 6
−229

 −25 6 
(c) B −1 C −1 − AC =  −359 −161 .
6 2

86
14. Watch the tutorial video.
3 −1 −1 −5 −4
   
 4 4 4  −1 3 3 
−1
 −1 3 −1  −1
 −1 −1 
15. (a) A =   4
. (b) B = −1 .
 −1 −1 4 4 
  4 2 
3  −4 −2 
−1
4 4 4 3 3
     
3 41 3 7 −1 3 −4
16. (a) A = , B = , and A = and B −1 =
  2 3 2 5 −2 3
5 −7
.
−2 3
−1 −1 −1
(AB)
 = B A     
5 −7 3 −4 15 + 14 −20 − 2 29 −41
= = = .
−2 3 −2 3  −6 − 6 8 +9 −12
 17
23 33 29 −41
(ii) A−1 B −1 = . (iii) B −1 A−1 = .
−16 23 −12 17

7 −1
   
1
 10 10   10 0
(b) (i) (AB)−1 =  −9 2  . (ii) A −1 −1
B =  −2 .
1
5 5  5
−1
710
(iii) B −1 A−1 =  −9 10 2 .
 

5 5
1 4
17. (a) x = 1, y = −3 (b) x = 2, y = 3. (c) x = , y = . (d) x = 1, y = 1.
2 3
3 2
(e) x = −2, y = 3, z = 1. (f) x = 1, y = 4, z = −2. (g) x = , y = , z = 0.
10 5
(h) x = −1, y = 2, z = −1. (i) x = 3, y = −2, z = 2. (j) x = −1, y = −2,
z = 4.
     
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
18. (a) A = 2
 2 2 2R1 − R2 = R2 0
  2 0 R1 − R3 = R3 0 2 0
−−−−−−−−−−→ −−−−−−−−−→
1 0 1  1 0 1 0 2 0
1 2 1 1 2 1
R2
R2 − R3 = R3 0 2 0
  = R2 0
 1 0.
−−−−−−−−−→ 2
0 0 0 −−−−−−→ 0 0 0
   
1 2 3 1 2 3
(b) 2R1 − R2 = R2 .
2 3 4 −−− −−−−−−−→ 0 1 2

87
 1 −3
 
4 10
−8 −23 
(c) The REF of C = 0 1 .

7 7
0 0 0 1
19.
     
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
(a) A = −2 −3 1 2R1 + R2 = R2 0 1 3 3r1 − R3 = R3 0 1 3
−−−−−−−−−−→ −−−−−−−−−−→
3 5 0  3 5 
0  0 1 3
1 2 1 1 0 −5
R2 − R3 = R3 0 1 3 −2R2 + R1 = R1 0
   1 3 .
−−−−−−−−−→ −−−−−−−−−−−−→
0 0 0 0 0 0
 
1 0 1 3
(b) The RREF of matrix B is 0 1 1 −1.
0 0 0 0
 
1 0 0
0 1 0
(c) The RREF of matrix C is 
0 0 1.


0 0 0
9 −5
20. (a) x = −1, y = 5, z = 0. (b) x = t, y = − 2t, z = t. (c) x = −2, y = ,
2 3
10
z= .
3
−5 1 13
(d) The system of equations has no solution. (e) x = ,y= ,z= .
2 32 32

88
Unit 9

Sequences and Series

9.1 Introduction
1. Summation notation rules: Suppose c1 and c2 are constants and f and
g are functions of k. Then
n
P
• c1 = nc1
k=1
n
P n
P n
P
• [c1 f (k) + c2 g(k)] = c1 f (k) + c2 g(k).
k=1 k=1 k=1

2. The n-th term of arithmetic sequence is an = a1 + (n − 1)d where a1 is the

first term and d is the common difference.
n
3. The sum of the first n terms of arithmetic series is Sn = [a1 + an ] where
2
an is the last term.

4. The n-th term of a geometric sequence is an = a1 rn−1 where a1 and r are

the first term and common ratio respectively.

a1 (1 − rn )
5. The sum of the first n terms of the geometric series is Sn = where
1−r
a1 and r are the first term and common ratio respectively.
a1
6. The sum of infinite geometric series is S = where a1 and r are the
1−r
first term and common ratio respectively and |r| < 1.

7. Coefficients of the expansion of (x + y)n are entries of the (n + 1)-th row of

Pascal’s triangle (refer to Module 2).

89
9.2 Practice Questions
1. Say whether each statement is true or false:
(a) The arithmetic sequence 3, 1, −1, −3, −5, ... has common difference 2.
(b) If a1 = 5 and a3 = 10 in an arithmetic sequence, then a4 = 15.
P5
(c) The series (3 + 2j) is an arithmetic series.
j=1

(d) The sequence 2, 6, 24, 120, ... is a geometric sequence.

(e) For the sequence an = 2n , there is a common difference between adja-
cent terms.
1
(f) The common ratio of the geometric sequence an = 3(0.5)n−1 is .
2
−n+3
(g) If an = 3(2) , then a1 = 12.
2
(h) 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + ..... = .
1−2
2. Write the following sums in sigma notation:
1 1
(a) 1 + + + ...
3 9
1 1 1 1 1
(b) − + − +
2 4 8 16 32
(c) 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25
(d) 4, 1, −2, −5, −8, ...
3. Write the first five terms of each sequence
n(n − 1)
(a)
2
(b) an = (−1)n (n + 1)2
n
(c) 2n−2 + 22
4. Evaluate each of the following.
P2 1
(a) k
k=−2 2
4
(−2)k+1
P
(b)
k=0
15
P
(c) 13
n=1

90
 2
P
(d) (k − 2)(k + 2)
k=−2
5
(−3)n−1
P
(e)
k=1

5. Write a formula for the n-th term of each arithmetic sequence below.

(a) 0, 6, 12, 18, ....

(b) −4, −2, 0, 2, 4, ...
(c) 4, 15, 26, 37, 48, ...

6. Find the sum of each arithmetic series.

(a) −9 − 1 + 7 + .... + 103

(b) 20 + 12 + 4 − 4 + .... − 92
P7
(c) (6 − 4i)
i=1
19
P
(d) (3k − 5)
k=1

(e) 19 + 1 − 17 + .... − 125

7. Find the common difference of an arithmetic sequence with first term −8

and ninth term −64.

8. If the common difference of an arithmetic sequence is 5 and the 20-th term

is −7, what is the first term?

9. Find the common ratio r for the geometric sequence that has first term 1
and fourth term −27.
2 2
10. Find a5 for the geometric sequence that has a1 = − and r = − .
3 3
11. Write a formula for the n-th term of each geometric sequence.
1 1 4
(a) − , − , − , ...
4 5 25
(b) 8, −4, 2, −1, ...
1
(c) , 2, 16, ...
4
1
(d) , 1, 3, 9, ...
3

91
 12. Find the sum of each infinite geometric series.
1 1 1
(a) + + + ...
8 16 32
1 1 1
(b) + + + ....
9 27 81
4 4 4
13. The repeating decimal number 0.44444.... can be written as + + +
10 100 1000
4
+..., an infinite geometric series. Find the sum of this geometric series.
10000
14. Find the sum of the first 50 terms of the sequence 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, .....

15. What number is the term −172 in the arithmetic sequence 4, −4, −12, −20, −28, ....?

16. Suppose you deposit one thousand kwacha into your bank account on the
first day of December and, on each day of December after that, you deposit
twice as much as on the previous day. How much will you have in the bank
after the last deposit?

17. Find the n-th term of the sequence given the first five terms.
1 1 1 1
(a) 1, , , , , ...
4 9 16 25
(b) −1, 4, −9, 16, −25, ...
1 1 1 1 1
(c) − , , − , , − , ...
2 4 6 8 10
(d) 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, ...
(e) 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, ...

9.3 Suggested Solutions to Selected Questions

1. (a) False: The common difference is −2.
(b) False
(c) True: a1 = 5 and d = 2.
(d) False: There is no common ratio.
(e) False: There is a common ratio 2 and no common difference.
(f) True
∞
 k 5
 r 6 ∞
1 1
(−1)r+1 (c)
P P P P
2. (a) (b) (4n + 1) (d) (7 − 3k)
k=0 3 r=1 2 n=1 k=1

92
4. (a)
2  −2  −1  0  1  2
X 1 1 1 1 1 1
k
= + + + +
k=−2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
=4+2+1+ +
2 4
31
= .
4

(b)
4
X
(−2)k+1 = (−2)1 + (−2)2 + (−2)3 + (−2)4 + (−2)5
k=0
= −2 + 4 − 8 + 16 − 32
= 20 − 42
= −22.

15
P
(c) 13 = 13 × 15 = 195.
n=1

6. (a) a1 = −9, d = −1 − (−9) = 8, and an = −9 + 8(n − 1) = 8n − 17.

Equating an to 103 we have

8n − 17 = 103 ⇒ 8n = 120 ⇒ n = 15.

n
Sn = (a1 + an )
2
15
S15 = (−9 + 103)
2
15
= × 94
2
= 15 × 47
= 705.

7
P
(c) (6 − 4i) = 2 − 2 − 6 − .... − 22.
i=1
a1 = 2, d = −4, n = 7 and a7 = −22.
7 7
S7 = (2 − 22) = × −20 = 7 × −10 = −70.
2 2

93
 7. The n-th term is an = a1 + (n − 1)d. a1 = −8 and a9 = −64.
So

−64 = −8 + (9 − 1)d ⇒ −64 = −8 + 8d ⇒ −56 = 8d ⇒ d = −7.

9. The n-th term is an = a1 rn−1 .

Therefore
−27 = 1 × r4−1 ⇒ r3 = −27 ⇒ r = −3.
   n−1  n−1    
1 4 1 1 n−1 1 n
11. (a) an = − (b) an = 8 − (c) 8 (d) 3
4 5 2 4 9
1 1
12. (a) (b)
4 6
14. 6225

15. n = 21
1 1
17. (a) an = 2
(b) an = (−1)n × n2 (c) an = (−1)n × (d) an = 5n + 2 (e)
n 2n
an = 3n−1

94
Bibliography

[1] S. Lipschutz, Set Theory and Related Topics (2nd ed.), New York, McGraw
Hill, 1998.

[2] J. Stewart, L. Redlin, and S. Saatson, College Algebra (5th ed.), USA:
Brooks/Cole, 2009.

[3] M. Sullivan, Algebra and Trigonometry (8th ed.), USA:Pearson Prentice Hall,
2008.

[4] E. Swokowski, and J. Cole, Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry (9th

Ed.), Brooks/Cole, 1979.

[5] J. F. Talbert and H. H. Heng, Additional Mathematics: Pure and Applied,

South Asia: Pearson Education, 1990.

95