Q.1.

Fourier's law of heat conduction states the rate of heat flow q through a solid is proportional to
temperature gradient. If one of the faces of the slab is maintained at T 1 and other at temperature lower
than T1, express the temperature T in the slab at a distance x from the face which is maintained at T 1.

Q.2. A thin walled tube of stainless steel (Kss = 19 W/m K) with 2 cm ID and 4 cm OD is covered
with a 3 cm layer of asbestos insulation (ka= 0.2 W/m K). If the inside wall temperature of the pipe is
maintained at 1200C and the outside insulation at 400C, calculate the heat loss per meter.

Q.3. A 1 cm thick steel pipe with an 1D of 5 cm is used to convey steam. The inside pipe surface
temperature is 1200C. The pipe is covered with 3 cm thick insulation. Under steady state condition, the
outer insulation surface temperature is 30 0C. Calculate the heat loss per meter from the pipe (with
insulation). The thermal conductivity of steel is 16.3 W/m K and of the insulation is 0.038 W/m K.

Q.4. Saturated steam at 205 kPa (absolute) is used as heating medium for a milk pasteurizer. A tube,
50 mm OD and 30 mm ID is carrying steam at a flow rate of 2 kg/s. In order is reduce heat loss from
this tube surface, it has been insulated with 60 mm thick silica foam having thermal conductivity of
0.055 W/m K. If the ambient temperature is 300C and inner temperature is 1210C, calculate the heat
loss per meter length of this tube. Neglect the resistance of tube wall for heat transfer.

Q.5. A thick walled tube of SS (A) having k = 16 W/m K with dimension of 0.0254 m ID and 0.0508
OD is covered with a 0.0254 m layer of asbestos (B) insulation, k = 0.25 W/m K. The inside wall
temperature of the pipe is 1500C and the outside surface of the insulation is at 30 0C for 1 m length of
the pipe, calculate the heat loss.

Q.6. Thermal resistance of 1 mm thick stainless steel sheet of 1 m 2 area with a thermal conductivity of
15 W/m K is.

Q.7. If 10 W/m2 heat flux is conducted across a wall of 2 cm thickness experiencing a temperature
difference of 20C, then the thermal conductivity of the wall is

Q.8. A cold storage is made of composite wall consisting of 25 mm concrete, 100 mm brick, 100 mm
thermocole and 5 mm plywood having thermal conductivity of 0.76, 0.69, 0.024 and 0.02 W/m K
respectively. Calculate the rate of heat gain in W/m2 by the cold storage.

Q.9. A cork slab of 100 mm thickness has one face at -12 0C and the other face at 21 0C. If the mean
thermal conductivity (k) of the cork is 0.042 J m -1 s-1 K-1, the rate of heat transfer (J s -1) through one m2
of the wall will be.

Q.10. A constant heat flux of 500 W m-2 is supplied to one face of a food material having a plate like
structure with a thickness of 10 mm. the thermal conductivity of the food material is 1.5 W m -1 0C-1.
From the other face of the food material, heat is dissipated by convection into a fluid of 40 0C
temperature. The heat transfer coefficient of the fluid is 100 W m -2 0C-1. The temperature in 0C of the
surface to which the heat flux is supplied will be
Q.11. The wall of a cold storage is made up of four layers; concrete, brick, cardboard and paint with
respective thickness of 5, 60, 8 and 1 mm, and their corresponding thermal conductivities are 0.8, 0.7,
0.04 and 0.15 W m-1 K-1. The overall resistance of the wall to conduction heat transfer in m2K W-1 is

Q.12. Heat gain is occurring through a composite cold storage wall, made of brick and polyurethane
foam insulation (thickness and thermal conductivity values are given below). If the exposed surfaces
of brick and insulation are at 45 0C and 10 0C. respectively. the temperature at the interface of brick
and insulation in °C (round off so 1 decimal place) is

Q.13. A 2.5 m long pipe is insulated at both ends. It has ID and OD as 50 mm and 56 mm,
respectively. Its log-mean heat transfer area in m2 is

Q.14. A cold storage room is to be constructed with an inner layer of 5 mm wood board a middle layer
of corkboard and an outer of 10 mm of brick. Air inside the cold storage is to be maintained at 5 0C.
The maximum air temperature outside the cold storage is expected to reach 50 0C. Thermal
conductivities for wood, corkboard and brick are 0.15, 0.043 and 0.69 W/m K respectively. The
convective heat transfer coefficient of inside and outside air is 100 and 10 W/m 2 K respectively. What
thickness of corkboard is needed to keep the heat loss to 10 W/m2?

Q.15. A steel pipe of 25 mm ID and 30 mm OD is carrying steam at 121 0C. The convective heat
transfer coefficient due to steam flow is 500 W/m 2 K. The steel pipe has a glass wool insulation of 10
mm thickness on the outside. The near stagnant air at 30 0C on the outside of the insulation provides a
heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m 2 K. Thermal conductivities of steel and insulation are 43 and 0.031
W/m K respectively. Calculate the overall heat transfer resistance based on inside surface area of the
pipe. What is the quantity of heat lost for every meter length of the pipe?

Q.16. Heat is flowing across the layers of air, concrete and air. The convective heat transfer coefficient
for two layers of air are 100 W/m2K and 10 W/m2K. the overall heat transfer coefficient for the
composite layers is 8 W/m2 K. The thickness of concrete layer (thermal conductivity = 0.76 W/m-K)
layer is

Q.17. The convective heat transfer coefficient of a stagnant 2 mm thick air layer is 5 W/m 2 K.
Calculate the thermal conductivity of the same layer.
Q.18. In order to reduce heat loss, a steam line with a tube diameter of 1.0 cm is insulated with a
material having thermal conductivity of 0.108 W/m K. Heat is dissipated from the outer surface of the
insulating material by natural convection with a heat transfer coefficient of 12 W/m 2 K into the
ambient at a constant temperature. The heat loss becomes maximum when the thickness of insulation
is?

Q.19. A material having thermal conductivity k insulates a spherical object of diameter d. The heat
transfer coefficient between the insulating material and the environment is h o. The critical thickness of
insulation for maximum heat transfer rate is

Q.20. Convective film heat transfer coefficient (h) of air (thermal conductivity = 0.025 W/m-K) in
W/m2-K, trapped between two parallel glass panes in a window 1.5 mm apart, is

Q.21. Centre temperature of steam containing a semisolid food could be raised from 80°C to 90°C in 5
min and from 80°C to 100°C in 7 min. The initial temperature of the food was uniform at 80°C and it
was heated inside a retort maintained at 125°C by saturated steam. Neglecting the heat transfer
resistances on the surface of the food, estimate the time required for the centre of the can to be heated
from 80°C to 120°C.

Q.22. A container having volume 282.7 cm3 and total surface area 245 cm2 is completely filled with
milk whose initial temperature is 25 0C. The continually stirred milk container is suddenly exposed to a
steam bath at 1000C. The overall heat transfer coefficient between steam and milk is 1136 W m -2 K-1.
The properties of milk are: specific heat capacity = 3.9 kJ/kgK, thermal conductivity = 0.54 W m -2 K-1
and density = 1030 kg m-3. Neglecting thermal resistance and heat capacity of container walls, the
necessary time required in seconds to heat milk up to the temperature of 850C, will be

Q.23. A sphere (3.5 cm diameter) made of copper ( ρ = 8954 kg m-1; Cp = 0.4 kJ kg-1 K-1: k = 375 W
m-1 K-1) is initially at uniform temperature of 200 °C. It is suddenly placed in an environment of 35 °C
having convective film coefficient of 12 W m-2 K-1. After 18 minutes of exposure, the temperature of
the sphere in °C will be

Q.24. A pair of parallel glass panes, each of 3 mm thickness traps 2 mm layer of stagnant air. Thermal
conductivities of glass and air are 0.5 and 0.02 W m −1 K−1, respectively. If the film heat transfer
coefficient of air is 10 W m−2 K−1, then Biot Number is

Q.25. Circular rod shaped fin having thermal conductivity k (W/m 0C) is used to dissipate heat from a
hot surface that cold air is heated when it flows over the fins. If T a (0C) is the mean temperature of air,
D (m) is the diameter of the rod and h (W/m 2 0C) is the heat transfer coefficient of air on the rod
surface, the rate of change of the rod temperature T ( 0C) with respect to its length x (m) from the hot
surface can be expressed by the following equation

Q.26. A rectangular fin of length 12 cm, width 22 cm and thickness 1.5 cm is connected to a tube at a
temperature of 00C. The thermal conductivity of the fin material is 150 W m -1 K-1. The tip of the fin is
not insulated. Air at a temperature of 5 0C is in contact with the fin. The heat transfer coefficient
between the fin and the air is 25 W m-2 K-1. The rate of heat transfer is

Q.27. Butter has a thermal diffusivity of 8.6 × 10 -8 m2/s. If the characteristic dimension of butter slab
is 2 cm, then find out the Fourier number after one hour.

Q.28. Peas which have an average diameter of 6 mm are blanched to give a temperature of 85 0C at the
centre. The initial temperature of the pea is 15 0C and temperature of the hot water blancher is 95 0C.
The thermal conductivity, specific heat and density of peas are 0.35 Wm -1K-1, 3.3 kJkg-1K- 1 and 980 kg
m-3 respectively. The heat transfer coefficient is 1200 Wm -2 K-1. If the value of Fourier number (F o) is
0.32, the time of blanching will be

Q.29. One-dimension transient heat conduction equation in a solid is expressed as: is

Where, “T” is temperature, “θ” is time, “x” is distance and “α” is thermal diffusivity. The relation
between ‘T’ and ‘x’ within the solid at any time ‘θ’ under steady state heat conduction is?

Q.30. Air at 400 K is flowing at an average velocity of 0.5 m/s through a thin walled tube of 25.4 mm
diameter having a thermal conductivity of 16.4 W/m K. The flow is laminar and thermal conductivity
of air is 0.03 W/m K. For a Nusselt number of 3.66, the heat transfer coefficient in W m-2 K-1 will be

Q.31. Air 2000C dry bulb temperature, 600C wet bulb temperature thermal conductivity 1.8 × 10 -5
W/m0C is introduced into a spray dryer. Water having drop size 50 × 10 -6 m is introduced into the
dryer. If the Nusselt number for heat transfer on the surface of drop is 2, the heat transfer coefficient
from air to drop surface will be

Q.32. For laminar forced convection over a flat plate, if the free stream velocity increases by a factor
of 2, the average heat transfer coefficient will increase by a factor of

Q.33. Water flows through a tube of diameter 25 mm at an average velocity of 1m/s. The properties of
water are ρ = 1000 kg/m 3, µ = 7.25 x 10-4, k = 0.625, Pr = 4.85. Nu = 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr0.4. The convective
heat transfer coefficient is?

Q.34. Convective heat transfer coefficient outside an ice cream block is 10 W m -2 K-1. Thermal
conductivity of frozen ice cream is 0.3 W/m-K. Convection takes place across a layer of 10 mm of air
for 5 minutes. If the density and the specific heat capacity of ice cream are respectively 6000 kg/m 3
and 2.5 kJ kg-1 K-1, then Biot number is?

Q.35. An insulating material has a thermal conductivity of 0.03 W m -1 K-1. If 60 mm of this material is
applied as insulation on a heat transfer surface, the r- value of the insulation in m 2 K W-1 is

Q.36. A liquid food flows through the inside pipe of a double pipe heat exchanger in turbulent regime.
Steam is allowed to condense at the outside of the inner pipe and thus its wall temperature is
maintained constant. At a certain flow rate of the liquid, the heat transfer coefficient at the inside of
the inner pipe has been found to be 1200 W/m 2 °C. Estimate the heat transfer coefficient when the
liquid flow rate through the pipe doubles.