L.J.

POLYTECHNIC
Architectural Assistantship

SURVEYING & LEVELLING (025080303)

UNIT 1
FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS

• Manisha Parikh
 Surveying

 Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of various points on,
above or beneath the surface of the earth.
 The relative positions are determined by measuring the horizontal and vertical
distances, angles using various surveying instruments.
 After taking the measurements in field, computations are done and the plans &
maps are prepared in the office.

Surveying & Levelling

 Objective of Surveying

 To take measurement to determining the relative positions of various points on,

above or beneath the surface of the earth.
 To determine area and volumes.
 To layout or to make the position of the proposed structures on the ground e.g.
building, canal, road etc..
 The object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to show the relative
positions of the objects on the surface of the earth.
 The map or plan is drawn to some suitable scale.
 It also shows boundaries of districts, states, and countries too.

Surveying & Levelling

 Uses of Surveying

The surveying may be used for following purposes:

 To prepare a topographical map which shows hills, valleys, rivers, forests,
villages, towns etc.
 To prepare a cadastral map which shows the boundaries of fields, plots, houses
and other properties..
 To prepare an engineering map which shows the position of engineering
works such as buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals.
 Rout surveys are conducted to fix the alignment, drainage, gas line, alignment
of road, railway, canal, tunnel, bridge etc..

Surveying & Levelling

 Uses of Surveying

 To lay particular gradient or slope for water supply.

 Military survey is used for determining points of strategic importance.
 Mine survey is used for exploring mineral wealth.
 City survey is used for planning streets, water supply systems, sewer etc..
 Remote sensing is useful to determine agriculture soil, forest cover, water
bodies etc.

Surveying & Levelling

 Fundamental Principles of Surveying

Two basic principles of surveying are:

 Always work from whole to the part, and
 To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or angular) from
fixed reference points.
Work from Whole to the Part
 Always work from whole to the part: According to the first principle, the whole
survey area is first enclosed by main stations (i.e.. Control stations) and main
survey lines.

Surveying & Levelling

 Fundamental Principles of Surveying

 The area is then divided into a number of divisions by forming well

conditioned triangles. The main survey lines are measured very accurately with
precise survey instruments.
 The remaining sides of the triangle are measured.
 The purpose of this method of working is to control accumulation of errors.
 During measurement, if there is any error, then it will not affect the whole
work, but if the reverse process is followed then the minor error in
measurement will be magnified.

Surveying & Levelling

 Fundamental Principles of Surveying

 According to this principle, first of all control points A,B, C are fixed with
great care, Then main frame work subdivided in small areas like DEF & GHI
with less accuracy.

Surveying & Levelling

 Fundamental Principles of Surveying

To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or angular)

from fixed reference points.
 According to the second principle the points are located by linear or angular
measurement or by both in surveying.
 If two control points are established first, then a new station can be located by
linear measurement.
 Let A & B are control points, a new point C can be established.

Surveying & Levelling

Fundamental Principles of Surveying

Surveying & Levelling

 Plan and Maps

Sr
No
Plan Map
1 A plan is the graphical If the scale of the graphical projection
representation to large scale. on a horizontal plane is small, the plan
is called a map.
2 A plan is drawn on a large scale. A Map is drawn on a small scale.
3 Scale 1 cm =10 m or< 10m Scale 1cm=100 m or >100m
4 On a plan, generally horizontal On a topographical map, vertical
distances and directions are shown. distances are shown by contour lines.
5 A plan is drawn for small area. A map is drawn for large area.
e.g. House, bridge… e.g. map of India, Ahmedabad….
Surveying & Levelling
 Plan

Surveying & Levelling

 Map

Surveying & Levelling

 Primary Divisions of Surveying

No. Plain Surveying Geodetic Surveying

The earth surface is considered as plain The earth surface is considered as Curved
1
Surface. Surface.
2. The Curvature of the earth is ignored The curvature of earth is taken into account.
Line joining any two stations is considered The line joining any two stations is considered
3
to be straight as spherical.
4. The standard of accuracy is low. The standard of accuracy is high.
The angles of triangle are considered as The angles of the triangle are considered as
5.
plain angles. spherical angles.
Carried out for a small area < 250 km2 like Carried out for a large area > 250 km2 like
6.
Buildings, canal etc.. map of India, map of Gujarat etc..

Surveying & Levelling

 Classification of Surveying

 Classification based on instruments

 Classification based on methods
 Classification based on purposes
 Classification based on nature of field

Surveying & Levelling

 Classification of Surveying
Classification Based on Instruments.
 Chain Survey:
This is the simplest type of surveying in which only linear measurements
are made with a chain or a tape. Angular measurements are not taken.
 Compass Survey:
In Compass Survey, the angles are measured with the help of a magnetic
compass.
 Chain and compass survey:
In this survey linear measurements are made with a chain or a tape and
angular measurements with a compass.

Surveying & Levelling

 Classification of Surveying

 Plane Table Surveying:

It is a graphical method of surveying in which field works and plotting both
are done simultaneously.
 Techeometry Survey:
A special type of theodolite known as tachometer is used to determine
horizontal and vertical distances indirectly.
 Theodolite Survey:
In theodolite survey the horizontal angles are measured with the theodolite
more precisely than compass and the linear measurements are made with a
chain or tape.

Surveying & Levelling

 Classification of Surveying

 Leveling Survey:
This type of survey is used to determine the vertical distances (elevations) and
relative heights of points with the help of an instrument known as level.
 Photogrammetric Survey:
Photogrammetry is the science of taking measurements with the help of
photographs taken by aerial camera from the air craft.
 EDM Survey:
In this type of survey all measurements ( length, angles, co-ordinates) are made
with the help of EDM instrument ( i.e.. Total Station).

Surveying & Levelling

 Classification of Surveying

Classification Based on methods.

 Triangulation:
Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the area to be surveyed is
large, triangulation is adopted. The entire area is divided into network of
triangles.
 Traversing:
A Traversing is circuit of survey lines. It may be open or closed. When the
linear measurements are done with a chain and a tape and the directions or
horizontal angles are measured with a compass or a theodolite respectively the
survey is called traversing.

Surveying & Levelling

 Classification of Surveying

Classification based on Purpose

 Geological Survey:
In this both surface and subsurface surveying are conducted to locate different
minerals and rocks. In addition, geological features of the terrain such as folds
and faults are located.
 Mine Survey:
Mine survey includes include both surface and underground surveys. It is
conducted for the exploration of mineral deposits and to guide tunneling and
other operations associated with mining.

Surveying & Levelling

 Classification of Surveying

Classification based on Purpose

 Archaeological Survey:
It is conducted to locate relics of antiquity, civilization, kingdoms, forts,
temples, etc.
 Military Survey:
It has a very important and critical applications in the military. Aerial surveys
are conducted for this purpose. It is conducted to locate strategic positions for
the purpose of army operations.
 Control surveying: To establish horizontal and vertical positions of control
points.

Surveying & Levelling

 Classification of Surveying

Classification based on Purpose

 Land surveying
To determine the boundaries and areas of parcels of land, also known as
property survey, boundary survey or cadastral survey.
 Topographic survey
To prepare a plan/ map of a region which includes natural as well as and man-
made features including elevation.

Surveying & Levelling

 Classification of Surveying

Classification based on Nature of field

 Land Survey
Land Survey is done on land to prepare plan and maps of a given area.
Topographical, city and cadastral surveys are some of the examples of land
surveying.
 Marine and Hydrological Surveying
This survey is conducted on or near the body of water such as lake, river,
coastal area. This Survey consists of locating shore lines of water bodies.

Surveying & Levelling

 Classification of Surveying

Classification based on Nature of field

 Astronomical Survey:
This survey is conducted for the determining of latitudes, longitudes, azimuths,
local time, etc. for various places on earth by observing heavenly bodies ( sun
or the stars).
 Aerial Survey:
An aerial survey is conducted from aircraft. Aerial cameras take photographs
of the surface of the earth in overlapping strips of land. This is also known as
photographic survey

Surveying & Levelling

Construction of scales

Surveying & Levelling

 Scales

 It is not always possible or convenient to draw drawings of an object to its

actual size.
 Drawings of very big objects like buildings, machines etc. cannot be prepared
in full size.
 for example., if 1 cm on a map represents a distance of 10 meters on the
ground, the scale of the map is said to be 1 cm = 10 m.

Surveying & Levelling

 Representative Fraction

 The ratio of the distance on the drawing to the corresponding actual length of
the object on the ground is known as the representative fractions. i.e..
 R.F= Distance of the Object on Drawing
Corresponding Actual distance of object on Ground
 Both the distances are in same unit. For example,
If a scale is 1 cm = 10 m
R.F. = 1 = 1 = 1: 1000
10 x 100 1000

Surveying & Levelling

 Types of Scale

 Plain Scale
 Diagonal scale
 Chord scale
 Vernier scale

Surveying & Levelling

 Simple or Plain Scales

 Before constructing a scale, it is necessary to know:

(a) Its R.F.,
(b) Maximum length to be measured and
(c) Divisions it has to show.
 If the length of scale and distance to be marked are not given in the problem,
then assume the scale length = 15 cm.

Surveying & Levelling

 Plain Scale

Surveying & Levelling

 Example 1

Construct a plain scale to show meters when 1 centimeter represents 4 meters and
long enough to measure up to 50 meters. Find the R.F. and mark on it a distance
of 36 meters.
Solution:
 R.F.== Drawing size (in same units) = 1 cm = 1
Actual size size 4 x 100 cm 400
 Length of scale = R.F. x maximum length to be measured. Maximum length to
be measured = 50 m (given)
 length of scale = 1 x 50 /400= 1 x 50 m x100 cm /400 =12.5cm

Surveying & Levelling

 Example 1

 Draw a horizontal line of length 12.5 cm (L)

 Draw a rectangle of size 12.5cm x 0.5cm on the horizontal line drawn above.
 Note: Width of the scale is usually taken as 5 mm 400
 Total length to be measured is 50m. Therefore divide the rectangle into 5 equal
divisions, each division representing 10m.
 Note: 1. For dividing the length L into n number of equal parts,
 Mark 0 (zero) at the end of the first main division.
 From 0, number 10,20,30 and 40 at the end of subsequent main divisions towards
right.
Surveying & Levelling
 Example 1

 Then sub-divide the first main division into 10 sub-divisions to represent

meters.
 Number the sub-divisions. i.e. meters to the left of 0.
 Write the names of main units and sub-units below the scale. Also mention the
R.F.
 Indicate on the scale a distance of 36 meters (3 main divisions to the right side
of 0 + 6 sub-divisions to the left of 0.

Surveying & Levelling

 Example 1

36 m

5 mm
10 5 0 10 20 30 40

METRES

L = 12.5 cm
1
R.F =
400

Surveying & Levelling

 Diagonal Scale

 Using a diagonal scale, one can measure three dimensions such as “ Units,
tenths and hundredths”, i.e. metre, decimeter, and centimeters, and so on.

Surveying & Levelling

 Example 2

The distance between two stations by road is 200 km and it is represented on a

certain map by a 5 cm long line. Find the R.F. and construct a diagonal scale
showing a single kilometer and long enough to measure up to 600 km. Show a
distance of 467 km on this scale.
Solution:
 Determine R.F. = 50cm = 5 cm = 1
200 km 200x105 4 x 106
 Calculate length of scale =Ls = 1 x 60 x103 = 15 cm
4 x 106

Surveying & Levelling

 Example 2

 Draw a rectangle ABCD of length 15 cm and width between 40 to 50 mm.

 Divide AB into 6 equal parts so that each part may represent 100 km.
 Divide A0 into 10 equal divisions, each representing 10 km. Erect diagonal
lines through them.
 Divide AD into 10 equal divisions and draw horizontal lines through each of
them meeting at BC.
 Write the main unit, second unit, third unit and R.F.
 Mark a distance of 467 km on the scale.

Surveying & Levelling

 Example 2

467k m
D C
10

A B
10 5 0 100 200 300 400 500
KILOMETRE R.F = 1:4000000

Surveying & Levelling

 Important Questions

 What is surveying? State its objects and uses.

 Distinguish between geodetic surveying and plain surveying.
 Distinguish between Plan and Map
 What are the fundamental principles of surveying? Explain briefly.
 Discuss the classifications of surveying based on
 (i) Instruments used (ii) Objective of survey and (iii) Methods employed.

Surveying & Levelling

 Important Questions

 Distinguish between plans and maps.

 Explain types of Scales.
 Define representative fraction.
 If a scale is 1 cm = 1000 m calculate R. F.
 Construct a scale having R.F.=1/2500 and show 228m distance on scale.

Surveying & Levelling