FIGURE 1.

1 A user creating an
image on a paint system.
(ZBrush interface. Courtesy of
Ofer Alon.www.pixologic.com.)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
a) b) FIGURE 1.2 Enhancing an
image. (a) Original.
(b) Enhanced.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.3 Monitoring a
manufacturing process.
(Courtesy of Dataviews
Corporation.)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.4 A woman wears a
head-mounted display and data
gloves to interact with a virtual
world. (Courtesy of NASA.)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.5 Digital logic design application. (Courtesy of Chris Vadnais and Capilano Computing Systems, Ltd.)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.6 Display of complex
scientific data.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 a) 3
b)
1

2
0

11 -1

00
1

0.5

0
0

-0.5

-1 -1
0

-1
2

3
1

FIGURE 1.7 Mathematica

ParametricPlot3D[{t,u,Sin[t u]},{t,0,3},{u,0,3}]
displays of (a) a complex
mathematical surface and (b) a
mathematically defined solid
object.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.8 (a) A polyline
drawing of a dinosaur.
(Courtesy of Susan Verbeck.)
(b) A plot of a mathematical
function. (c) A wire-frame
rendering of a three-
dimensional object.

a) b) c)

0.5

1 2 3 4 5

−0.5

−1

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.9 A curved line made
up of straight-line segments. blowup

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 10

5 10

FIGURE 1.10 A sample polyline.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.11 Examples of
a) c) polygons.

b)

d) e)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.12 Polylines with
different attributes.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 a) b) c) d)

The attributes of a polyline are sometimes set by calling routines such as

setDash(dash7) or setLineThickness(thickness).

FIGURE 1.13 Some ways of

joining two thick lines in a
polyline.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.14 Some text drawn
graphically.
Big Text
Little Text
Shadow Text
Distorted Text
Rot ated Tex t Outlined text

SMALLCAPS

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.15 Some examples of
Helvetica fonts.
Helvetica bold
Helvetica italic
Times
Times bold
Times italic
Courier
Courier bold
Courier italic

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.16 A character shape
a) b)
defined by (a) a polyline and
(b) a pattern of dots.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.17 Examples of filled
polygons. A B

C D

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.18 Filling polygonal
faces of three-dimensional
objects to suggest proper
shading.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
a) b)

FIGURE 1.19 (a) A raster image

of a chess piece. (b) A blowup
of the image. (Ray tracing
courtesy of Andrew Slater.)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.20 A simple figure
a) b) represented as a bit map.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7
2 2 2 2 2 7 7 1
2 2 2 2 7 1 1 1
2 2 2 7 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 7 1 1 7 7

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.21 (a) A collection of
lines and text. (b) Blowup of a) b) c)
part (a), having “jaggies.” 6 5
4
3
2
1
0
Te s t P a t t e r n

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.22 A scanned image.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.23 Three successive
blowups of the kitten image
of Figure 1.22. (a) Three-
times enlargement.
(b) Six-times enlargement.
(c) Twelve-times enlargement.

a) b) c)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 a) b)
FIGURE 1.24 Examples of
image enhancement.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 a) b)
FIGURE 1.25 Examples of
altering an image for visual
effect.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.26 (a) A bilevel
a) b) image of a cursor. (b) A bit map
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 of the image.
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.27 Sixteen levels of
0000 0001 0010 1110 1111 gray.

brightness

black white

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 a) b)

FIGURE 1.28 The image of

Figure 1.22 reduced to (left) six
bits per pixel and (right) five
bits per pixel.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 a) b)

FIGURE 1.29 The image of

Figure 1.22 reduced to (left)
four bits per pixel and (right)
three bits per pixel.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 a) b)
FIGURE 1.30 The image of
Figure 1.22 reduced to (left)
two bits per pixel and (right)
one bit per pixel.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 color value displayed
0,0,0 black
0,0,1 blue
0,1,0 green
0,1,1 cyan
1,0,0 red
1,0,1 magenta
1,1,0 yellow
1,1,1 white

FIGURE 1.31 A common

correspondence between color
value and perceived color.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.32 Example of a
drum plotter. (Courtesy of
Hewlett Packard Company.
Reprinted with permission.)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.33 Cross-hatching to
simulate filling a region.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.34 (a) Video monitors
on PC. (b) Flat-panel display.

a) b)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.35 The built-in
0 639
coordinate system for the
surface of a raster display. 0 sx

479

sy

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.36 Block diagram of
a computer with raster display. scan
controller

System frame
CPU
memory buffer

converter display
surface
system bus

The Scanning Process

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 x x
scan
logical controller geometric
y y
address position

at (639, 0)
0 639
0 x

p i x e l a t a d d r e s s [x , y ] spot at (x , y )
convert pixel 4 7 9
value to color
frame buffer display surface
y
at (639, 479)

FIGURE 1.37 Scanning out an

image from the frame buffer to
the display surface.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 x
scan controller
y

red

green y
spot
pixel blue
value electron–
beam deflection
frame buffer DACs guns coils
(6 planes)

FIGURE 1.38 Operation of a

color video monitor display
system.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.39 Input–output
characteristic of a two-bit DAC. Input Voltage/brightness

00 0 * Max

01 0.333 * Max

10 0.666 * Max

11 1 * Max

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.40 A color display
LUT system that incorporates an
63
LUT.

frame buffer:
index 39 01010 11001 10010
6 bit planes
to LUT

39
2
1
0

5 5 5

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.41 Comparison of
expensive (frame buffer needs ~ 4Mbyte)
two raster display systems.
24 bits/pixel
8
8
8

1.3 million pixels

inexpensive (frame buffer needs ~ 1Mbyte)

8 bits/pixel
8 24

8
1.3 million pixels
8
8

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.42 Flat-panel plate with
displays. “display” material

0
1 observer
2
vertical 3
grid 2
wires 4
5 8
7
6 6
5
7 4
8 3 horizontal
2
1 grid
0
wires

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
a) b)

FIGURE 1.43 Blowups of dot

matrix and laser printer images.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.44 A PostScript script
a) PostScript script b) Resulting picture and the resulting image.

200 300 moveto

200 300 200 60 0 arc
closepath
.7 setgray fill
showpage

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.45 A graphics tablet.

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.46 Joystick and
trackball.

a) b)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
FIGURE 1.47 A bank of knobs.
(Courtesy of Tektronix, Inc.)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.48 The space ball
(Courtesy of Logicad 3D, a
Logitech Company) and data
glove (Courtesy of NASA
Headquarters).

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.49 Digitizing a three-
a) b)
dimensional shape (Courtesy of
Digiboties, Inc.)

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 FIGURE 1.50 Capturing a
dancer’s motion (Courtesy of
Motion Analysis, Inc.).

from Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 2e, by F. S. Hill

© 2001 by Prentice Hall / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458