CLASS-TENTH-ECoNomiCS {2023-24}

LESSoN-1-DEVELoPmENT
1. What is meant by Development?

Ans. Growth of economy along with the improvement in the quality of life of the people like health,
education etc.

2. What are the characteristics of development?

Ans-The characteristics of development are:

(i) Developmental goals are different for different people.

(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the others.

(iii) For development, people look at a mix of goals.

(iv) Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of country’s development.

(v) Income is the most important developmental goal.

3. People have conflicting goals. Explain with the help of example.

Ans- People have conflicting goals means that development for one may not be development for the
other. Their goals may clash.

The Sardar Sarovar Dam is an example of conflicting developmental goals for the people who are being
affected by it. While the people of Gujarat are happy as they will get water for irrigation and drinking in the
areas which are deficient in water but the people of Madhya Pradesh are not at all happy because their
villages and large part of land will submerge in water thereby leaving them landless and uprooted from
their place of work with insufficient compensation.

4. Why do people have different developmental goals?

Ans-People have different developmental goals. Developmental goals are the aspirations and desires of
the people. They are different for different individuals. Since people come from different situations, their
developmental goals differ.

5. On what factors Quality of life depends? OR

People look for mix of goals. Elucidate.

Ans- The quality of life depends upon the following factors :

(i) Money and material things. (ii) Presence of family members, friends and relatives.

(iii) Good working atmosphere at the office. (iv) An opportunity to learn.

(v) A position of self-respect in the family. (vi) A safe and secure environment.

6. Besides income, What are other developmental goals?

Ans-- Besides seeking more income, one way or the other, people also seek things like equal treatment,
freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent discrimination
7. Define Economic development.

Ans- It is a process whereby the national income and the per capita income of a country rises and along
with this, the number of people living in poverty falls, more employment opportunities are created and
standard of living among the poor section of society improves is known as “Economic Development”.

OR

Economic development applies to the all round development of a country where the people earn higher
income and can satisfy all their needs.

It is a process where the real per capita income increases over a long period. It is measured by per capita
income and national income.

8. Define National development-

Ans- National Development means the ideology of different persons regarding countries’ development.
These ideologies could be at times conflicting. It is measured by (a) Average Income (b) Per Capita
Income

9. How can we generally categories different countries?

Ans-

A}Developed countries- Rich countries excluding the countries of Middle East and certain other small
countries are generally called developed countries.

B}Underdeveloped Country: A country which does not have high income and the standard of living is also
low is considered as “Underdeveloped Country”.

C} Developing Countries: These are the countries in which income rises along with the standard of living
are called “Developing Countries”.

10. What is meant by National income?

Ans- It is the sum total of all final goods and services produced in a country during a given period of time
plus net factor income from abroad.

11. What are the various indicators used for measuring national development?

Ans—

A} Total income of a country--Intuitively, the income of the country is the income of all the residents of

the country. This gives us the total income of the country.

B}Per Capita income- average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population.

The average income is also called per capita income.

C} Equal distribution of income

D} Infant Mortality Rate: The number of children that die before the age of one year per 1000 live births
in one year.

E} Net Attendance Ratio: Total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage
of the total number of children in the same age group.
F} Literacy Rate: measures the proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above age group.

12. How World Bank classify different countries?

Ans- In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, per capita income is used in
classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are
called high income or rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are called low-
income countries.

India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2019 was
just US$ 6700 per annum.

The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally
called developed countries.

13.What are the limitations on using per capita income to categorised different countries?

Ans- Limitations of the criterion are as mentioned below :

A} It does not tell us how this income is distributed among people. A country may have more equitable
distribution. People may be neither very rich nor extremely poor.

B}In another country with same average income, one person may be extremely rich while others may be
very poor. So, the method of average income does not give correct picture of a country.

C} This system hides disparities among people.

D}It considers only income and not other aspects such as literacy, health, life expectancy, etc.

14. Why Kerala has low infant mortality rate?

Ans-Kerala has a low infant mortality rate as it has adequate provision of basic healthcare and
educational facilities.

The proportion of children dying in Punjab within one year of birth is 49, which is nearly five times more
than Kerala where out of 1000 children born alive 11 died before completing one year of age

15. Why greater income is considered as an important goal?

Ans-For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income. This is based on the
understanding that more income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever people
like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater income. So, greater income itself is considered
to be one important goal

16. Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well” Do you agree with
this statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments

Ans-:Yes, I agree with the statement because money income and material goods alone are not an
adequate indicator of a good quality of life.

A}Money cannot buy a pollution free and dean environment with fresh air.

B}It cannot protect us from infectious diseases and guarantee good health for us.
C}Money cannot assure that medicines available in the market are not adulterated.

D}To live well one needs non-material factors such as equal treatment, freedom, security, equal
opportunity to learn, a pollution free environment, good and safe working conditions etc.

17.What are public facilities? Why they are important? OR

Highlight any three advantages of public facilities.

Ans: Public facilities are the facilities that are provided to the people by the government. Government has
to provide certain essential facilities like healthcare, sanitation, electricity, public transport and
educational institutions

(i) Public facilities is the cheapest way toprovide basic services collectively.
(ii) Most of the poor people survive only because of public facilities.
(iii) There are many services like police, education, transportation, etc., which become affordable only if
they are part of public facilities.

18. Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country ? Explain three public
facilities.

Ans: Public facilities play very important role in the development of a country as these include education,
health, transportation, banking which are the base for any kind of development.
(i) Education : Education is the most important public facility which is required both by the rich as well as
the poor.
(ii) Public Distribution System (PDS) : Public distribution system is another important facility which plays
an important role in providing food security to the people.
(iii) Transportation : Many transport facilities like railway, airways, waterways, banking become affordable
only if they are provided collectively.

19.What are the features of Developed countries?

Ans- Features of a Developed Country

(i) High per capita income. (ii) High HDI.

(iii) Greater focus on economic growth rather than development. (iv) High standard of living.

(v) Most of the population has access to basic healthcare and education.

(vi) High quality of life parameters—including freedom, equal opportunities etc.

20. Define Body Mass Index (BMI)

Ans- It is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to adult men and women.

21. How can we calculate BMI?

ANS- Take the weight of each student in kilograms (kg). Then, take the height by drawing up a scale on
the wall and measuring accurately with the head straight. Convert the height recorded in centimeters into
meters. Divide the weight in kg by the square of the height. The number you get is called BM
22. What is meant by Human Development?

Ans-Human development means the development of an individual in such a way that he could lead a
happy life according to his cherished wish and fulfill all the materialistic desires.

Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries on the basis of educational levels
of the people, health status and per capita income.

23. Explain the meaning of Human Development Index?

Ans- It is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators, which is
used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

According to the HDR (Human Development Report), compares countries on the basis of educational
levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.

Human development index is the quality of life-index prepared by UNDP.

It has mainly three indicators.

(i) Life Expectancy at Birth: It denotes the average expected length of life of a person at the time of
birth.

(ii) Gross Enrolment Ratio: It shows enrolment ratio in primary schools, secondary schools and in
higher education.

(iii) Per Capita Income: It is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared.

24. Why Per capita income is measured / calculated in Dollars?

Ans- Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also
done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country

25. Explain the meaning of Sustainability of Development and its importance?

Ans- Sustainable economic development is the process of economic development which aims to
maintain the quality of life of both the present and the future generations without harming natural
resources and environment.

Importance of Sustainable Development

(i) Sustainable development aims at fulfilling the needs of today without compromising the needs of the
future generation.

(ii) Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judiciously and maintain ecological balance.

(iii) It lays emphasis on environmental protection and checks environmental degradation.

(iv) To stop over-exploitation and overuse of resources

26. What measures can be taken to promote Sustainable Development?

(i) Increased use of renewable resources: Sustainable development is the management of renewable
resources for the good of the entire human and natural community. For sustainable development, we
must support the usage of renewable resources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass energy
sources.
(ii) Less use of fossil fuels: Fossil fuels take a lot of time to be formed. These fossil fuels contribute
tremendously to environmental pollution.

(iii) Introduction of organic farming: Organic Farming contributes largely in creating a better quality of
soil and combating erosion.

(iv) Adopting measures to reduce global warming: In our everyday life, we should contribute towards
building a better environment.

27-How can Environmental degradation can be observed?

ANS-Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of

ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and
combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the
examples of environmental degradation.

The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one
person. This means that there are enough resources to meet the needs of all if they are used judiciously
and not over exploited by a few, and depriving the others who need them.

28- Distinguish between renewable and non renewable resources?

A} Resources that are replenished by nature are known as renewable resources.For example: ground
water.

Resources that are not replenished that is those which will get exhausted after some time are known
as non-renewable resources. For example: crude oil.