Read The Following Passage and Find The Paraphrases of Words in Bold

Read the following passage and find the paraphrases of words in bold.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
NB:
 The answer may have the same or different part of speech as the words in
bold.
 The answer may have the same meaning or opposite meaning to the bold
words
'Information Management: A Proposal'. That was the bland title of a document
written in March 1989 by a then little-known computer scientist called Tim Berners-
Lee, who was working at CERN, Europe's particle physics laboratory, near Geneva.
His proposal, modestly called the World Wide Web, has achieved far more than
anyone expected at the time.
In fact, the Web was originally invented to deal with a specific problem. In the late
1980s, CERN was planning one of the most ambitious scientific projects ever, the
Large Hadron Collider, or LHC, but they struggle with the question "How will we ever
keep track of such a large project?" This proposal provides an answer to such
question.
The Web, as everyone now knows, has many more uses than the initial function of
linking electronic documents about particle physics in laboratories around the world.
But among all the changes it has brought about, from personal social networks to
political campaigning, it has also transformed the business of doing science itself, as
the man who invented it hoped it would.
It allows journals to be published online and links to be made from one paper to
another. It also permits professional scientists to recruit thousands of amateurs to
give a hand. One project of this type, called Galaxy Zoo, used these unpaid workers
to classify one million images of galaxies into various types (spiral, elliptical and
irregular). This project, which was intended to help astronomers understand how
galaxies evolve, was so successful that a successor has now been launched, to
classify the brightest quarter of a million of them in finer detail. People working for
another modest project called Herbaria@home examine scanned images of
handwritten notes about old plants stored in British museums. This will allow them to
track the changes in the distribution of species in response to climate change.
Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental

laboratory. It is allowing social scientists, in particular, to do things that were
previously impossible. In one project, scientists made observations about the sizes
of human social networks using data from Facebook. A second investigation of
these networks, produced by Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs, Hewlett-Packard's
research arm in Palo Alto, California, looked at Twitter, a social networking website
that allows people to post short messages to long lists of friends.
At first glance, the networks seemed enormous - the 300,000 Twitterers sampled
had 80 friends each, on average (those on Facebook had 120), but some listed up
to 1,000. Closer statistical inspection, however, revealed that the majority of the
messages were directed at a few specific friends. This showed that an individual's
active social network is far smaller than his 'clan'. Dr Huberman has also helped
uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average
person will go from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the
details of the 'winner takes all' phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject
attract most of the attention, and the rest get very little.
Scientists have been good at using the Web to carry out research. However, they
have not been so effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking
tools to open up scientific discussion and encourage more effective collaboration.
Journalists are now used to having their articles commented on by dozens of
readers. Indeed, many bloggers develop and refine their essays as a result of these
comments. Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in
the same way, most researchers only accept reviews from a few anonymous
experts. When Nature,
one of the world's most respected scientific journals, experimented with open peer
review in 2006, the results were disappointing. Only 5% of the authors it spoke to
agreed to have their article posted for review on the Web - and their instinct turned
out to be right, because almost half of the papers attracted no comments. Michael
Nielsen, an expert on quantum computers, belongs to a new wave of scientist
bloggers who want to change this. He thinks the reason for the lack of comments is
that potential reviewers lack incentive.
a. Tim Berners-Lee was (21) not very famous for his research in computer science
before he invented the World Wide Web.
b. The (22) initial intention of the Web was to help (23) manage one extremely
complex project.
c. The Web allows amateur scientists to (24) support professional ones.
d. (25) The galaxy project following Galaxy Zoo aims to examine more galaxies.
e. The Web is used by social scientists to (26) investigate the size of social
networks.
f. Most messages on social networking sites are intended for (27) a limited
number of people – not everyone on list.
g. Huberman has (28) discovered someweb-surfing laws such as how long people
will spend on a particular website.
h. Many bloggers’ writing (29) improves as a result of feedback received from
readers?
i. The scientific journal Nature invited people to review the published articles on the
Web; however, the consequences (30) didn’t live up to their expectation.

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Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental

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