Advanced Communication Lab Manual

21EC604

2023-2024
 Advanced Communication Lab

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1) Verification of Sampling theorem
2) Binary ASK generation and detection
3) Binary FSK generation and detection
4) Binary PSK generation and detection
5) Measurement of guide wavelength (λg), frequency and VSWR with using microwave test
bench Reflex Klystron as source
6) Determination of coupling coefficient and isolation characteristics of microstrip line
Directional coupler.
7) DPSK modulation and demodulation
8) QPSK modulation and demodulation
9) Study of optical fibers: measure losses in the analog link and numerical aperture
10) Measurement of antenna parameters for Dipole and Yagi antenna
11) Measurement of resonant characteristics of microstrip ring resonator
12) Measurement power division & Isolation characteristics of microstrip 3dB power divider

Course Outcomes:
1. Set up experiments to demonstrate the concepts of Digital Communication and Microwave
Communication schemes using suitable circuits.
2. Simulate the concepts of digital communication and microwave communication schemes
using appropriate Simulation tools.

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 3 - - 2 - - - - 1 1 - - 3 - -
CO2 2 - - - 3 - - - 1 1 - - 3 - -

3 – High 2 – Medium 1 - Low

Experiment No.1

Analog Signal Sampling and Reconstruction

Aim:
1. To study the Sampling and Reconstruction of an analog signal.
2. To study the effect of II order and IV order Low Pass Filter on the reconstructed signal.
3. To study the effect of Sample Amplifier and Sample and Hold Amplifier on the reconstructed
signal.

Components and Equipments required: ASK modulator and Demodulator kit, Oscilloscope

Figure 1. Connection diagram

Initial set up:

Duty cycle selector switch position : Position 5

Sampling selector switch : Internal position
Procedure:
1. Connect 1 KHz Sine wave to Signal Input as shown in Figure 1.

2. Select sampling frequency of 8 KHz by Sampling Frequency Selector Switch pressed till 80 KHz
signal LED glows.

3. Observe 1 KHz sine wave and its „sample and sample and hold output‟ on oscilloscope as shown
in Figure 2. The display shows 1 KHz sine wave being sampled at 8 KHz, so there are 8 samples
for every cycle of the sine wave.

4. Connect sample output to second and fourth order low pass filter input and observe the filtered
output on oscilloscope. Figure 3. shows the reconstructed 1 KHz sine wave.

5. Connect sample and hold output to second and fourth order low pass filter input and observe the
filtered output on oscilloscope. Figure 4 shows the reconstructed 1 KHz sine wave.

Figure 2. Sample output to second and fourth order low pass filter
Signal 1: Original signal Signal 2: Sample output
Signal 3: Sample & hold output Signal 4: Sampling signal
 Figure 3. Filter outputs for Sample input
Signal 1: Original signal Signal 2: II order filter output Signal 3: IV order filter output

Figure 4. Filter outputs for sample and hold input

Signal 1: Original signal Signal 2: II order filter output Signal 3: IV order filter output

Inference: Generation of samples from an analog signal and reconstruction of the signal from the
samples are studied using the kit.
Experiment No.2

AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

Aim:
To study the Generation and demodulation of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).

Components and Equipments required: Scientech 2156 and Scientech 2157 Tech Books, 2. 2 mm
Banana cable, Oscilloscope Scientech 803/831, 30 MHz or equivalent

Block Diagram of ASK modulator:

Figure 1: Amplitude Shift Keying Modulator

Block Diagram of ASK demodulator:

Figure 2: Amplitude Shift Keying Demodulator

Connection diagram:
Connection diagram for ASK modulation and demodulation is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Connection diagram for ASK modulation and demodulation

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the Figure 3.
2. Switch 'ON' the power.
3. Observe and note down the different waveforms, „Clock In‟, ‟Data In‟, „Output‟ of modulator
circuit ,„Output‟ of the detector, LPF and comparator circuits.
Expected Waveforms:

Inference:
Generation and demodulation of Amplitude Shift Keying were studied using the kit.
Experiment No.3

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

Aim:
Generation and demodulation of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).

Components and Equipments required: Scientech 2156 and Scientech 2157 TechBooks, 2. 2 mm
Banana cable, Oscilloscope Scientech 803/831, 30 MHz or equivalent

Block Diagram of FSK modulator:

Figure 1: Frequency Shift Keying Modulator

Block Diagram of FSK demodulator:

Figure 2: Frequency Shift Keying Demodulator

Connection diagram:
Connection diagram for FSK modulation and demodulation is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Connection diagram for FSK modulation and demodulation

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the Figure 3.
2. Switch 'ON' the power.
3. Observe and note down the different waveforms ,„Clock In‟, ‟Data In‟, „Output‟ of modulator
circuit ,„Output‟ of the PLL detector, LPF and comparator circuits.
Expected Waveforms:

Inference:
Generation and demodulation of FSK signal were studied using the kit.
Experiment No.4

PHASE SHIFT KEYING

Aim:
Generation and demodulation of Phase Shift Keying (PSK).

Components and Equipments required:

1. Scientech 2156 and Scientech 2157 TechBooks.
2. 2 mm Banana cable
3. Oscilloscope Scientech 803/831, 30 MHz or equivalent

Block Diagram of PSK modulator:

Figure 1: Phase Shift Keying Modulator

Block Diagram of PSK demodulator:

Figure 2: Phase Shift Keying Demodulator

Figure 3: Phase Shift Keying Receiver System

Connection diagram:

Connection diagram for PSK modulation and demodulation is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Connection diagram for PSK modulation and demodulation

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the Figure 4.
2. Switch 'ON' the power.
3. Observe and note down the different waveforms, „Clock In‟, ‟Data In‟, „Output‟ of modulator
circuit ,„Output‟ of the PSK Demodulator, LPF , comparator and Differential Bit Decoder
circuits.
4. The variation in reference voltage potentiometer may affect the Data, to recover the original
data adjust the potentiometer (if necessary).
Expected Waveforms:
Inference:
Generation and demodulation of PSK signal was studied using the kit.
Experiment No.5

MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY (f), FREE SPACE WAVE LENGTH (λo),

GUIDE WAVELENGTH (λg), AND VSWR WITH USING MICROWAVE TEST
BENCH REFLEX KLYSTRON AS SOURCE

Aim: To measure the frequency, free space wave length (λo), Guide wave length(λg), and VSWR
using microwave bench.

Components & Equipments Required : Klystron power supply, CRO, Variable Attenuator, Movable
short (load), Klystron mount, VSWR Meter, Frequency meter, Slotted section with probe.

Block diagram:

Klystron CRO
Power or VSWR
Supply Meter

Klystron Isolator & Frequency Slotted-Sect- Movable

Mount with Attenuator Meter -ion with Short
Klystron Probe (load)

Figure 1: Experimental set up

Procedure:

The initial adjustments of the klystron power supply before starting the experiment as follows:

1. Switch on the toggle switch after ensuring that all the knobs are at Zero position.
2. Keep the modulator switch in the “CW” position.
3. Turn on the beam selector switch to voltage position and verify that the beam voltage is between
250 to 300Volts.
4. Now keep the selector switch to current position and adjust the current to 20/22 mA.
5. Keep the switch in the Repeller voltage position and vary the voltage from10V to 210 Volts.
6. Keep the modulator switch to AM position and adjust the amplitude.
 Measurement of frequency (f):

1. After initial adjustment, tune the probe so that CRO shows a maximum output.
2. Slowly detune the frequency meter until a sudden dip is observed.
3. Note down the corresponding reading in the frequency meter which gives the frequency
directly.
4. Calculate the free space wave length (λo) = C/f.
Measurement of Guide wave length (λg):

1. Move the carriage scale or traveling wave detector until CRO reads a minimum (maximum)
value and note the main scale reading and the Vernier scale reading of the carriage scale and
denote it as d1 .
2. Move the carriage scale in the same direction until a second minimum (maximum) is obtained.
Note down the carriage scale reading corresponding to the position and denote it as d2 .
3. d1 ~ d2 = λg /2.
∴ λg = 2(d1~ d2).
4. Compute theoretical λg:
(1/ λg) 2 = (1/ λo ) 2 – ( 1/2a ) 2
a = broad side dimension of the wave guide.
a = 0.9″ = 2.286 cm.

Measurement of VSWR:

1. The initial adjustments are made.

2. The probe is moved along the slotted line to get a maximum deflection on the VSWR meter.
3. The SWR meter gain is adjusted to read 1.0 on the scale.
4. Now the carriage scale is moved to get a minimum. The SWR meter directly gives the value of
VSWR.

Result:

Frequency, f= GHz

Free space wave length λo = cm Guide Wave length, λg = cm

VSWR for Variable load = VSWR for Matched load =

Experiment No. 6

DETERMINATION OF COUPLING COEFFICIENT AND

ISOLATION CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROSTRIPLINE
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

Aim: a) To measure the coupling characteristics of a Microstip directional coupler.

b) To measure the isolation characteristics of a Microstip directional coupler.

Components & Equipments Required:

1) Microwave signal source (2.2 -3GHz) 2)VSWR meter 3)Detector 4) N (m) to SMA (F) adaptor
5) Attenuator pads - 3db, 6dB, 10dB 6) BNC/SMA connector fitted cables 7) Matched loads (50Ω) –2.
8) Directional couplers: Microstip parallel coupled coupler
9) Microstip ring resonator. 10) Microstip 3dB power divider.

Block diagram:

Signal source
2.2 – 3GHz
VSWR
Meter
1 kHz AM
Attenuator P Q Detector
Pad

Matched load

Parallel line 1 2
Coupler

Figure.1.Test set up for measurement of coupling and isolation of coupler

Observations:
Reference power = - 50dB at 2.3 GHz
Measured data and calculation of coupling (Parallel line coupler)
Table – a.

Frequency VSWR meter readings Coupling

F (GHz ) Pli P3 s P`li P`3 s C (dB) =
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) = P`li – P`3 s

2.3
:
:
:
:
2.8

Reference power = - 31dB at 2.3 GHz

Measured data and calculation of Isolation (Parallel line coupler)
Table – b.

Frequency VSWR meter readings Isolation

F ( GHz ) Pli P4 s P`li P`4 s Isol.(dB) =
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) = P`li – P`4 s

2.3
:
:
:
:
2.8
Measurement of Coupling and Isolation:

Procedure:

1. Assemble the set up as shown in Figure. 1. Do not switch „ON‟ the microwave signal source orthe
VSWR meter until you read the instructions given at Sl. Nos. 2 and 3 blow.
2. Procedure for switching „ON‟ the microwave signal source.
Before switching on the signal source, rotate the RF power level knob on the front panel anti-
clockwise to minimum position (lowest power output). Remember to connect a 6dB (or 10dB)
attenuator pad at the RF output port of the source as shown in the diagram.
Switch on the signal source in the following sequence:
First power switch to „ON‟ position, then RF power stitch to „ON‟ position. Set modulation switch to
AM and modulation frequency to the 1kHz preset position(click at extreme left).
3.Procedure for switching „ON‟ the VSWR meter:
Keep the range switch in the 40dB range position and the variable gain knob to maximum. (Choice
of 40 dB range initially is to avoid the meter needle from kicking in case the input power is
high).Switch „ON‟ the VSWR meter.
4.To measure the coupling:
(a) First measure reference power level by connecting the cable end at P to Q directly (refer Figure
1). Set the frequency of the source to 2.3 GHz. Increase the RF power output of the source till the
VSWR meter shows a reading in the 50dB range (say 55dB). Record the frequency (in GHz) in
column 1 and the VSWR meter readings as P li dB (minus value) in column 2 of Table – a. Increase
the frequency of the source in steps of 0.1 GHz up to 2.8 GHz and note the corresponding readings
of the VSWR meter. Column 2 now gives the reference input power at different frequencies.
(b) Next insert the coupler (branch line or parallel coupled) between P and Q with input port (Say
port 1) connected to P and the coupledport (port 3) to Q. Terminate ports 2 and 4 of the coupler in
50Ωmatched loads. Record the readings of the VSWR meter at the above frequencies as P 3s dB minus
value) in column 3 of Table –a.
c) Determination of coupling in decibels:
Using the calibration graph, get the corrected values of Pli (column 2) of Table – a and record them
as P`li(dB) in column 4 of the same Table. Similarly, get the corrected values of P3 s (column 3) and
record them as P`3 s (dB) in column 5 of Table – a.
Coupling C (dB) = P`li (dB) – P`3 s (dB). Enter this value at column 6 of Table – a.
 d) Parallel coupled Directional coupler:
Plot of coupling versus frequency: The coupling value of this coupler is provided on the component.
Observe the variation in coupling as function of frequency. Explain the variation.
1.To measure the Isolation
The value of isolation is generally much greater than coupling. Therefore, choose a higher reference
values so that with the device connected, the meter needle does not go below 70dB
(a) Connect the cable end at P and Q directly (refer Figure 1). Set the frequency of the source to 2.3
GHz. Increase the RF power output of thesource till the VSWR meter shows reading in the 40dB
range (say 48dB).Record the frequency (in GHz ) in column 1 and the VSWR meter readings as P li dB
(minus value) in column 2 of Table – b. Increase the frequency of the source in steps of 0.1GHz up to
2.8GHz and note the corresponding readings of the VSWR meter. Column 2 now gives the reference
input power at different frequencies.
b) Connect the isolated port (port 4) to Q. Terminate ports 2 and 3 in matched loads. Record the
readings of the VSWR meter at the same frequencies as P4 s dB (minus value) in column 3 of the
same table.
c) Determination of Isolation in decibels:
Using the calibration graph, get the corrected values of P li (column 2) of Table – b and record them as
P`li(dB) in column 4 of the same Table. Similarly, get the corrected values of P 4s (column 3) and record
them asP`4 s (dB) in column 5 of Table – b. Isolation (dB) = P`li (dB) – P`4 s (dB). Enter this value at
column 6 of Table – b.
d) Parallel coupled Directional coupler:
Plot of Isolation versus frequency: In the ideal case, the Isolation is Infinite dB at the center frequency
and then it deteriorates as the frequency is either increased or decreased. Observe the variation in
Isolation as a function of frequency. Explain the variation.
e) Determine the % bandwidth of the Parallel coupled directional coupler corresponding to (a) coupling
variation of 1.5dB with respect to the mean value and (b) 12dB Isolation. Compare the bandwidths in
the two cases. Which of the two parameters of the coupler limits the bandwidth?
f) Plot C (dB) and Isolation (dB) as a function of frequency.
Note that C (dB) =|𝑆31|(dB) and Isolation (dB) = |𝑆41| (dB).

Result: Coupling and Isolation characteristics of branch line directional and parallel line directional
couplers are studied.
 Experiment No. 7
DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING
Aim:
To study the modulation and de-modulation of Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK).

Components and Equipments Needed:

1. Scientech 2156 and Scientech 2157 TechBooks.
2. 2 mm Banana cable
3. Oscilloscope Scientech 803/831, 30 MHz or equivalent

Block Diagram:

NRZ(L) Differential
Data Unipolar Carrier
Data Source DPSK
Format Encoder to Bipolar Modulator
wave
CLK
Clock input CLK
Clock
Source

Figure 1: DPSK Transmitter Reconstructed

signal
1.6 MHz
CLK
Differential Serial to
LPF Comparator
Demodulator Decoder Parallel
Converter
DPSK
signal

CLK Reconstructed
sequence

Figure 2: DPSK Receiver

Connection Diagram:

Figure 3: Connection diagram

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the Figure 3.
2. Switch 'ON' the power.
3. Observe and note down the following waveforms: „Clock In‟, ‟Data In‟, „ differential data‟
,„Output of modulator circuit‟ ,„Output of the Demodulator, LPF , comparator and Differential
Decoder‟.
4. The variation in reference voltage potentiometer may affect the Data, hence to recover the
original Data adjust the potentiometer knob (if necessary).
 Expected Waveforms:

Data

Differentially
encoded
sequence

DPSK wave

Demodulator
Output

LPF output

Comparator output

Differential
decoder output

Note: All the waveforms to be plotted w.r.t. t on x axis

Inference:
Generation and detection of DPSK for a given binary sequence was studied using the kit.
Experiment No. 8
QUADRI PHASE SHIFT KEYING
Aim:
To study the modulation and de-modulation of Quadri Phase Shift Keying (QPSK).

Components and Equipments Needed:

1. Scientech 2156 and Scientech 2157 TechBooks.
2. 2 mm Banana cable
3. Oscilloscope Scientech 803/831, 30 MHz or equivalent

Block Diagram of QPSK modulator:

Figure 1: QPSK Modulator

Block Diagram of QPSK demodulator:

Figure 2. QPSK Demodulator

Figure 3: QPSK Receiver

Connection diagram:
Connection diagram for QPSK modulation and demodulation is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Connection diagram for QPSK modulation and demodulation

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the Figure 4.
2. Switch 'ON' the power.
3. Observe and note down the different waveforms, „Clock In‟, ‟Data In‟, I-data, Q data, Bi-polar
I-data, Bi-polar Q data, In phase carrier, Quadrature phase carrier, Modulator outputs, QPSK
output, „Output‟ of the detector, LPF and comparator circuits.

Expected Waveforms:

Data

Clock

In Phase Carrier

Quadrature Carrier
Bi-polar -I

Bi-polar-Q

Mod O/P-1

Mod O/P-2

QPSK O/P
Expected Wave form at Demodulator:

I- QPSK De mod

Q-QPSK De mod

I- Data

Q-Data
Low pass filter O/P- 1

Low pass filter O/P- 2

Output

Inference:
Generation and demodulation of QPSK signal was studied using the kit
Experiment No. 9
STUDY OF OPTICAL FIBERS

Aim: To study characterization of Optical Fibers

(a) Setting up Fiber Optic Analog link & Digital link.
(b) To measure the Propagation loss, Bending loss, Coupling loss.
(c) Measurement of Numerical Aperture.

Components & Equipments Required:

Fiber Optics Kit.
CRO & patch chords.

Block diagram:

Transmitter Receiver

Function Comparator
Generator
Fiber Optic Link
1kHZ OFC Low pass
Frequency Filter
Modulator Emitter Detector
1kHZ
Phase locked
Pulse width Loop
Modulator

A.C Amplifier
Circuit

Figure 1. Fiber optic communication link

 (a) Setting up Fiber Optic Analog link & Digital link:

I. Setting up of Fiber Optic Analog Link:

Circuit diagram:

Figure 2. Setting up of Fiber Optic Analog Link

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply to board.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are off.

3. Make the following connections as shown in Figure 2.

a. Connect F.G. 1 kHz sine wave output to the emitter circuits input.

b. Connect the F.O. cable between emitter output and detectors input.

c. Detector output to AC Amplifier input.

 4. „ON‟ the board, switch emitter driver to Analog mode.

5. Switch „ON‟ the power.

6. Observe the input to emitter (t.p.5) with the output from AC Amplifier and note that the two
signals are same.

7. Observe input and output on the CRO and note down waveforms.

II. Setting up of Fiber Optic Digital Link:

Circuit diagram:

Figure 3. Setting up of Fiber Optic Analog Link

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply to the board.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are off.

3. Make the following connections as shown in Figure 3.

a. Connect F.G. 1 kHz square wave output to the emitter circuits input.

b. Connect the F.O. cable between emitter output and detectors input.

c. Detectors‟ output to comparators‟ input.

d. Comparators‟ output to AC Amplifiers input.

4. „ON‟ the board, switch emitter‟s driver to Digital mode.

5. Switch „ON‟ the power.

6. Monitor both the inputs to comparator, slowly adjust the comparators bias preset, until DC
Level on the input lies midway between the high and low level of the signal on the positive input.

7. Observe the input to emitter with the output from AC Amplifier and note that the two signals
are same.

(b) To measure the Propagation loss or attenuation loss, Bending loss and
coupling loss in Optical Fiber.

Observations and Calculations:

I. Propagation Loss:
Input voltage = 2Vp-p

For 0.5m cable For 1m cable

V1 = 2.6V V2 = 0.6V
L1 = 0.5m L2 = 1m

Propagation (Attenuation) Loss = V1 = e–𝖺 ( L1+ L 2 ) => 2.6 = e–𝖺 ( 1+ 0.5 )

V2 0.6

where α is Loss in nepers / meter

1 neper = 8.686 dB
L1 = length of shorter cable ( 0.5m )
L2 = length of longer cable ( 1m )
II. Bending Loss:

1 2
MANDREL
3

Tabular column:
Input voltage = V = 2Vp - p

No. of Bends O/P voltage ( V )

VP - P

1
2
3
4
. 5

III. Coupling Loss:

Using the formula 5 = 10 log( V4) − 𝛼′(𝐿 3+ 𝐿 1)

𝑉1

Where
α' – is the attenuation constant in dB/m
η - is the coupling loss in dB.

V4 = 0.8V L3 = 1.5m
V1 = 2V L1 = 0.5
 Circuit diagram of Propagation Loss in Optical Fiber:

Figure 4. Propagation Loss in Optical Fiber

Procedure:
I. Propagation Loss in Optical Fiber:

1. Connect power supply to board.

2. Make the following connections as shown in Figure 4.

a. Function generator 1kHz sine wave output to emitter circuits input.
b. Connect 0.5 m Optic fiber between emitter output and detectors input.
c. Connect detectors output to amplifier input.

3. Switch „ON‟ the power supply.

4. Set the oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5v / div and adjust 4 – 6 div amplitude by using X 1
probe with the help of variable pot in function generator Block at input of Emitter.

5. Observe the output signal from detector on CRO.

 6. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal as that of transmitted one with the help of gain
adjusts pot in AC Amplifier Block. Note this amplitude and name it V1 .

7. Now replaced the previous F.O cable with 1m cable without disturbing any previous
setting.

8. Measure the amplitude at the receiver side again at output of amplifier socket. Note this
value end name it V2 .

Calculate the propagation (Attenuation) Loss with the help of following formula.

Propagation (attenuation) Loss = V1 / V2 = e – α ( L1 + L2 )

Where α is loss in nepers / meter.
1 neper = 8.686 dB
L1 = Length of shorter cable ( 0.5 m )
L2 = Length of Longer cable (1m)

II. Circuit diagram of Bending Loss in Optical Fiber:

Figure 5. Bending loss in optical fiber

II. Bending Loss in Optical Fiber:

Procedure:

1. Connect power supply to board.

2. Make the following connections as shown in Figure 5.

a. Function generator 1 kHz sine wave output to emitter circuit input.

b. Connect 1 m Optic fiber cable between emitter output and detectors input.
c. Connect detectors output to amplifier input.

3. Switch „ON‟ the power supply.

4. Set the oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5v / div and adjust 4 – 6 div amplitude by using X 1
probe with the help of variable pot in function generator block at input of Emitter.

5. Observe the output signal from detector on CRO.

6. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal as that of transmitted one with the help of gain
adjusts pot in AC Amplifier block. Note this amplitude and name it V1 .

7. Wind the F. O cable on the Mandrel and observe the corresponding AC Amplifier output
on CRO. It will be gradually reducing showing Loss due to bends.

II. Coupling Loss in Optical Fiber:

Procedure:

1. Establish the analog link using 0.5 m fiber.

2. Make the following connections as shown in Figure 4.

3. Note down the peak value of the received signal at Analog out terminal and note it as
V1 .

4. Now remove the one end of 0.5 m fiber from detector, connect one end of 1 m fiber there.

5. Join or couple the other ends of 1 m and 0.5 m fiber and note down the peak to peak value
of the received signal and note it as V4 .

6. Using the formula

 5 = 10 log( V4) − 𝛼′(𝐿3 + 𝐿 1 )
𝑉1
Where α1 is the Attenuation constant in dB / m and η is the Coupling Loss in dB.

(c) Measurement of Numerical Aperture:

Observations and calculations:

W
Using the formula 𝑁. 𝐴. = 𝑟 =
√𝑑2+𝑟 2 √4𝐿2+W2

= Sin 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (acceptance angle)

Mean radius , 𝑟 = (𝑀𝑅+𝑃𝑁) , d = distance

4
MR = Vertical diameter & PN = Horizontal diameter

where θ max is the maximum angle at which the light incident is properly
transmitted through the fiber.

Tabular column:

W L NA θ max
( mm ) ( cm )

10 1.25

15 1.8

20 3.6

25 4.1
 Screw

Optical
Fiber
A

Illuminated
Circular patch OA = d

Figure 6. Numerical Aperture measurement setup

Screen M

F.O. cable

W
P N

W
L
R
Scale

(𝑀𝑅 + 𝑃𝑁)
𝑟=
4
 Procedure:

1. Connect power supply to the board.

2. Connect the frequency generator‟s 1kHz sine wave output to input of emitter circuit. Adjust
its amplitude at 5Vp-p.

3. Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter circuit and the other end to the
Numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber such that its cut
face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.

4. Hold the white screen with 4 concentric circles (10, 15, 20, 25 mm diameter) vertically at a
suitable distance to make the red spot from the fiber coincide with 10mm circle (as shown in
Figure 6.)

5. Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of the spot.

6. Compute the Numerical aperture from the formula given below.

W
𝑁. 𝐴. = 𝑟 =
√𝑑2+𝑟 2 √4𝐿2+W2

= Sin θ max (acceptance angle)

7. Vary the distance between in screen and fiber optic cable and make it coincide with one of
the concentric circles. Note its distance.

8. Tabulate the various distances and diameter of the circles made on the white screen and
computes the numerical aperture from the formula given above.

Result:
1. Propagation Loss =
2. Bending Loss =
3. Coupling Loss =
Experiment No. 10
MEASUREMENT OF ANTENNA PARAMETERS

Aim: (a) To measure the E- and H- plane radiation patterns of an antenna Using Microstip.
(b) To determine the half-power beam widths in the principal planes and calculate the
directivity of the antenna.

Components & Equipments Required:

Microwave signal source (2.2 -3 GHz), VSWR meter, Coaxial detector,
N(m) to SMA(F) adaptor, Attenuator pad (3db),
BNC/SMA connector fitted cables, Antenna stands,
Planar antennas: Yagi uda and Dipole antennas.

Block diagram:

Transmitting Test antenna

Antenna (rotatable)
Signal source R
2.2 – 3GHz

1 KHz AM

Attenuator VSWR
Pad Meter

Detector
Figure 1: Antenna test set up for measurement of radiation pattern and gain
Observations:
Table 1: Measured data for Yagi – Uda antenna H – plane pattern

Frequency =

From Polar graph Δθ Hº = 41º

Relative power level Relative power level

Angle VSWR Norma- Angle VSWR Norma-
(Degrees) Meter Corrected lized (degrees) Meter Corrected lized
reading value value reading value value
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB)
0 x (ref) y 0 0 0
5 : -5 :
10 : -10 :
: : : :

: : : :

Table 2: Measured data for Yagi – Uda antenna E – plane pattern

Frequency =

From Polar graph ΔθEº = 51º

Relative power level Relative power level

Angle VSWR Norma- Angle VSWR Norma-
(Degrees) Meter Corrected lized (degrees) Meter Corrected lized
reading value value reading value value
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB)
0 x (ref) y 0 0 0
5 : -5 :
10 : -10 :
: : : :

: : : :
Table 3: Measured data for Dipole antenna H – plane pattern

Frequency =

From Polar graph Δθ Hº = 44º

Relative power level Relative power level

Angle VSWR Norma- Angle VSWR Norma-
(Degrees) Meter Corrected lized (degrees) Meter Corrected lized
reading value value reading value value
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB)
0 x (ref) y 0 0 0
5 : -5 :
10 : -10 :
: : : :

: : : :

Table 4: Measurement data for Dipole antenna E – plane pattern

Frequency =

From Polar graph Δθ Eº = 66º

Relative power level Relative power level

Angle VSWR Norma- Angle VSWR Norma-
(Degrees) Meter Corrected lized (degrees) Meter Corrected lized
reading value value reading value value
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB)
0 0 0 0
5 : -5 :
10 : -10 :
: : : :

: : : :
MEASUREMENT OF ANTENNA PARAMETERS:
Procedure:

1. Assemble the set up as shown in Figure 1. Mount the two (identical) Yagi antennas on the stands.

2. Do not switch „ON‟ the signal source, or the VSWR meter until instructions given at procedure
nos. 2 and 3 are below.

3. Procedure for switching „ON‟ the Microwave signal source :

(a) Before switching „ON‟ the signal source rotate the RF power level knob on the front panel
anti–clockwise to minimum position (lowest power output). Connect a 3dB attenuator pad at the
RF output port.
(b) Switch on the signal source in the following sequence. First power switch to „ON‟ position
and then RF power switch to „ON‟ Position. Set modulation switch to AM and modulation
frequency to the 1KHz preset passion (click at extreme left). ( while making the any changes
in the setup switch „OFF‟ RF power).

4. Procedure for switch „ON „the VSWR meter:

(a) The VSWR meter is to be used in conjunction with the coaxial detector.
(b) Keep the range switch in the 40dB position and the Variable gain knob to Maximum.
(c) Switch „ON‟ the VSWR meter. Then change the Range setting to 50dB, 60dB till the meter
needle is within the reading range.

5. Procedure to record VSWR meter readings:

Take all VSWR meter readings on the dB scale and record them as „minus‟ dB. Positive dB
numbers that you read refer to the VSWR meter gain, but for the input signal, it is negative db.
For example, if the range switch is in 40 db position and the needle on the meter points to
6dB on the dB scale, then note down the reading as (40+6)= - 46 dB.

6. Keep the receiving antenna in the far zone of the transmitting antenna. That is, the distance R
between the two antennas must satisfy the relation R > 2D2 / λ0, where D is the maximum size of
the antenna(s), and λ 0 is the free space wavelength. Calculate this value for the given antennas and
make sure that the distance between the antennas is greater than this R.

7. For E-plane pattern: Align the two Yagi antennas along their main beam peaks (bore sight
direction) and for horizontal polarization. Set the pointer on the receiving antenna stand to read
0˚.

8. Set the frequency of the source near 2.4 GHz and vary frequency around this value to get
maximum reading on the VSWR meter. (When the frequency of the source is set to the center
frequency of the antennas, the VSWR meter will show maximum reading.)

9. With the antennas properly aligned and the pointer on the rotating stand set at 0˚, adjust the
power output of the source to indicate high power in dB on the VSWR meter (say, - 46dB).This
is the reference value at the peak of the beam.
10. Next, rotate the antenna clockwise in steps of 5˚ at a time till 90˚ (or till the meter reading falls to
– 70dB). Record the angles in column 1 and VSWR meter readings as „minus‟ dB in column 2 of
Table 2.

11. Return to 0˚ position. The VSWR meter needle should return to the reference level (- 46dB). In
case of any minor deviation (which can occur due to power fluctuation), adjust the gain on the
VSWR meter slightly to read the same reference value. Repeat measurements by rotating the
antenna anticlockwise in steps of 5˚ till - 90˚(or till the meter reading falls to -70dB).
Record the angle and VSWR meter readings at every step in columns 5 and 6, respectively.

12. For H – plane pattern: Now turn both the antennas by 90˚ and mount them for vertical
polarization. Align the antennas for maximum reading on the VSWR meter.

Follow the same procedure as given above in steps 9 to 11 and tabulate

the readings in Table 1 in the respective columns (as in Table 2 ).

12. Refer to the calibration Graph that is provided with the detector and VSWR Meter. Locate the
VSWR meter readings of columns 2 and 6 on the x-axis of the graph. Read the corrected values
on the y-axis and record them in columns 3 and 7, respectively.

13. Normalize all the readings by taking the reference value as 0dB. ( For example, if the corrected
reference value is y = - 49.5dB, then add 49.5dB to all the readings of column 3 and 7 and enter
the normalized values in the respective adjacent columns). Plot the E-and H- plane patterns on a
polar plot showing normalized values in dB verses the angle.

14. For both the patterns, locate the -3db points on either side of the peak (0dB) and note the angle
between them. This gives the -3dB beam widths (ΔθEº and ΔθHº ), in the E- and H- planes,
respectively.

15. The pattern directivity D can be calculated using the approximate formula
Given below:
Directivity, 𝐷 = 32,4000 0
or
∆𝜃𝐸 ∆𝜃𝐻

32,400
𝐷(dBi) = 10 log 10
∆𝜃𝐸 0∆𝜃𝐻0

16. Repeat the steps with Yagi – uda antenna and Dipole antenna.

Result:

(a) Directivity of Yagi – uda antenna = D = ----------- dBi

(b) Directivity of Dipole antenna = D = ----------- dBi

Experiment No. 11
MEASUREMENT OF RESONANT CHARACTERISTICS OF
MICROSTRIP RING RESONATOR

Aim: To measure the resonance characteristics of a microstrip ring resonator.

Components & Equipments Required:

1) Microwave signal source (2.2 -3GHz) 2) VSWR meter 3) Detector
4) N(m) to SMA(F) adaptor 5) Attenuator pad (3dB)
6) BNC/SMA connector fitted cables 7) Microstrip ring resonator.
Parameters of Ring resonator: (a) Strip conductor width (in the ring) w = 1.84mm
(b) Height of the substrate h = 0.76mm
(c) Mean radius of the ring R = 12mm
The microstrip ring resonator provided has its lowest order resonance (n = 1) around 2.5 GHz

Block diagram:

Signal source
2.2 – 3GHz VSWR
Meter
1KHz AM Mod.

Attenuator P Q Detector
Pad (3dB)

1 2

Figure 1: Test set up for measuring the resonant response of ring resonator
Observations :
Reference power = - 27dB at 2.3 GHz

Frequency F (GHz) Output power (dB)

2.3
:
:
:
:
2.8

Procedure:

1. Assemble the set up as shown in Figure 1. Do not switch on the microwave

signal source or the VSWR meter until you read the instructions given at Sl. Nos. 2 and 3
below.

2. Procedure for switching „ON‟ the microwave signal source

Before switching on the signal source, rotate the RF power level knob on the front panel
anticlockwise to minimum position (low power output). Connect a 3 dB attenuator pad at
the RF output port of the source as shown in the diagram.
Switch on the signal source in the following sequence:
First power switch to „ON‟ position, then RF power switch to „ON‟ position. Set modulation
switch to AM and modulation frequency to the 1 KHz preset position (click at extreme left).

3. Procedure for switching „ON‟ the VSWR meter

The VSWR meter is to be used in conjunction with the coaxial detector. Keep the range
switch in the 40dB range and the variable Gain knob to maximum.
Switch „ON‟ the VSWR meter.

4. Set the frequency of the source to 2.2 GHz. Connect P to Q directly.

Increase the power output of the source till the VSWR meter shows a reading of about
45dB.
 5. Next insert the ring resonator between P and Q.

You may notice that the power output suddenly drops. The VSWR meter may not even
show any indication. That is because the ring resonator offers large attenuation away from
resonance.

Vary the frequency of the source slowly from 2.3GHz to 2.8GHz and observe the frequency
at which the VSWR meter reading shows a sharp peak. If no peak is observed, increase the
power output of the source and vary the frequency again. Note the frequency at which the
VSWR meter shows a peak. This is the (first order) resonant frequency fr of the resonator.

Result:
Resonant frequency of ring resonator is verified.
Experiment No. 12
MEASUREMENT POWER DIVISION AND ISOLATION CHARACTERISTICS
OF MICROSTRIP 3dB POWER DIVIDER

Aim: To measure the Power division and Isolation characteristics of a microstrip 3 dB power divider.

Components & Equipments Required:

1) Microwave signal source (2.2 -3GHz) 2) VSWR meter
3) Coaxial detector 4) Matched load
5) Attenuator pads (6dB, 10dB) 6) BNC/SMA connector fitted cables
7) Microstrip 3dB power divider

Block diagram:

Signal source
2.2 – 3GHz VSWR
Meter
1KHz AM

Attenuator P Q Detector
Pad

3
Power
divider 1
2 Matched load

Figure 1: Test set up for measurement of coupling and isolation of coupler

 Observations:
Table a. Measured data and calculation of Power division :

Reference power = - 50dB at 2.3 GHz

Power Power
Frequency VSWR meter readings division division
F ( GHz ) Pli P2 s P3 s P`li P`2 s P`3 s Port1 to 2 Port1 to 3
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) S21 (dB) S31 (dB)

2.3
:
:
:
:
2.8

Table b. Measured data and calculation of Isolation:

Reference power = - 48dB at 2.3 GHz

Frequency VSWR meter readings Isolation

F ( GHz ) P2 i P3 s P`2 i P`3 s Port 2 to 3
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) S32 (dB)

2.3
:
:
:
:
2.8
Procedure:
1. Assemble the set up as shown in Figure 1 . Do not switch on the microwave signal source
or the VSWR meter until you read the instructions given at Sl. Nos. 2 and 3 below.

2. Procedure for switching „ON‟ the microwave signal source

Before switching on the signal source, rotate the RF power level knob on the front
panel anticlockwise to minimum position. Remember to connect a 6dB (or 10dB) attenuator
pad at the RF output port of the source as shown in the diagram.
Switch on the signal source in the following sequence:
First power switch to „ON‟ position, then RF power switch to „ON‟ position. Set
modulation switch to AM and modulation frequency to the 1 KHz preset position (click at
extreme left).

3. Procedure for switching „ON‟ the VSWR meter

Keep the range switch in the 40dB range position and the variable Gain knob to maximum.
Switch „ON‟ the VSWR meter.

4. Measure the reference power level

Connect the cable end at P and Q directly (Refer Figure 1 ). Set the frequency of the
source to 2.3 GHz. Increase the RF power output of the source till the VSWR meter shows
reading in the 50db range (say 55dB). Note this reading as -55dB. Increase the frequency of the
source in steps of 0.1 GHz upto 2.8 GHz and note the corresponding readings of the VSWR
meter. Record the frequencies in column 1 and the VSWR meter reading as Pli dB in column 2
of Table a.

5. To measure the power division property

Insert the power divider between P and Q with input port (port 1) connected to P and
coupled port 2 to Q. Terminate port 3 in a matched load.
Set the frequency of the source to 2.3 GHz . Record the reading of the VSWR meter as P2s dB
in column 3 of Table a. Next, interchange connections at port 2 and port 3. That is, connect
port 3 to Q. Terminate ports 2 in matched load. Record the reading of the VSWR meter as P 3 s
dB in column 4 of the Table a. Increase the frequency in steps of 0.1 GHz and repeat the
above measurements up to 2.8 GHz. For every frequency setting, note P 2 s dB and P3 s dB and
record at columns 3 and 4 of Table a.

6. Determination of power division

Using the calibration graph, get the corrected values of P li (column 2) of Table a and
record them as P`li (dB) in column 5 of the same Table. Similarly, get the corrected values of
P2 s and P3 s and record them as P`2 s (dB) and P`3 s (dB) in column 6 and 7, respectively of
Table a.

Power division (loss) from

port 1 to port 2 = P`li (dB) – P`2 s (dB) = - 20 log 10 | S 12 |
Denote this loss as S21 (dB) and enter at column 8 of the Table a.
Power division (loss) from
port 1 to port 3 = P`li (dB) – P`3 s (dB) = - 20 log 10 | S 12 |
Denote this loss as S31 (dB) and enter at column 9 of the Table a.

7. To measure the Isolation property

Remove the power divider from the set–up. Measure the reference power level
again at the same frequencies by following the procedure given at Sl. No. 4 above. Since the
values of Isolation are much higher, you can keep the reference level slightly higher.

a) Set the frequency of the source to 2.3 GHz. Increase the RF power output of the source till
the VSWR meter shows reading in the 40 dB range (say 48 dB). Record the frequency (in GHz)
in column 1 and the VSWR meter readings as P2i dB in column 2 of Table b. Increase the
frequency of the source in steps of 0.1 GHz up to 2.8 GHz and note the corresponding readings
of the VSWR meter in column 2. Insert the power divider between P and Q with port 2 as the
input port connected to P and port 3 to Q. Terminate port 1 in a matched load. Record the
readings of the VSWR meter at the same frequencies as P3 s dB in column 3 of Table b.
8. Determination of Isolation
Using the calibration graph, get the corrected values of P 2i (column 2) and P3 s (column
3) of Table b and record them as P`2i (dB) and P`3s (dB) in column 4 and 5, respectively, of the
same Table.

Isolation (dB) = = P`2i (dB) – P`3 s (dB) = - 20 log10 |S32 | .

Denote this as S32 (dB) and enter at column 6 of the Table b.

Result: Power division and Isolation characteristics of a microstrip are studied.

 MODEL QUESTIONS
Ac cos 2 𝜋fct , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇 bit 1
1. Demonstrate the scheme of modulation which has s(t) = {
0, 0≤𝑡≤𝑇 bit 0
using appropriate kit.
A1 cos 2 𝜋fct , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇 bit 1
2. Demonstrate the scheme of modulation which has s(t) = { ,
A2 cos 2 𝜋fct, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇 bit 0
using appropriate kit.
Ac cos 2 𝜋f1t , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇 bit 1
3. Demonstrate the scheme of modulation which has s(t) = { ,
Ac cos 2 𝜋f2t, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇 bit 0
using appropriate kit.
Ac cos 2 𝜋fct , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇 𝑏i𝑡 1
4. Demonstrate the scheme of modulation which has s(t) = { ,
−Ac cos 2 𝜋fct, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇 bit 0
using appropriate kit.

5. Conduct an experiment to measure the following parameters for a microwave signal generated by the
Klystron: fo, λo, λg, VSWR

6. Conduct an experiment to measure: Directivity and Isolation of a directional coupler

7. Conduct an experiment to demonstrate the generation of samples of analog signal and reconstruction
of the signal from the samples.

8. Measure various losses and Numerical aperture of a fiber optic cable.

9. Conduct and experiment to measure directivity of Yagi uda/ dipole antenna.

10. With a suitable experimental setup measure resonant frequency of a ring resonator.

11. Demonstrate the generation and detection of DPSK scheme of modulation to modulate the given
binary sequence.

12. Experimentally show the generation and detection of Quadri phase shift keying scheme.
 REFERENCES

1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, “Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits”, PHI, 1999.

2. Simon Haykin, “Digital communications”, John Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008.
3. Simon Haykin, “Digital and Analog communication systems”, John Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. 2008

4. Bernard Sklar, “Digital Communications”, Pearson, Second Edition, 2005.

5. Samuel Liao, “Microwave devices and Circuits”, Third edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2004.
6. Annapurna Das, Sisir K. Das, “Microwave Engineering”, Second Edition, TMH Publication, 2010.

7. D. M. Pozar, “Microwave Engineering”, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc,2004
8. John D. Krauss, “Antennas and Wave Propagation”, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill International
edition, 2010.
9. C. A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory Analysis and Design”, Third Edition, John Wiley India Pvt. Ltd,
2008.