NDJ10203

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
NDJ10203 : ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES
Course Objective:

CO1:

Ability to apply knowledge of fundamental for electric circuit.

CO2:
Ability to analyse problems related to electrical circuit

CO3:
Able to demonstrate fundamental of electric circuit.
 Programme Objective

PO1:
Knowledge: Apply knowledge of applied mathematics, applied
science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering
specialization to wide practical procedures and practices.

PO2:
Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using codified
methods of analysis specific to their field of activity.

PO5:
Modern Tool Usage: Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools to well-defined engineering
problems, with an awareness of the limitations.
 NDJ10203 : ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES
Syllabus: List of Experiments:
CH 1: LAB 1:
Introduction to Electrical Introduction to Basic
Measurements Laboratory Equipment

LAB 2:
CH 2: Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law, Energy and Power LAB 3:
CH 3: Series and Parallel Circuit
Series and Parallel Circuits
LAB 4:
Introduction to Electric Circuit
CH 4: Simulation Tools
Circuit Theorems and Conversion LAB 5:
Kirchhoff Law’s
CH 5:
Introduction to Capacitors and LAB 6:
Inductors Node Voltage and Mesh
Current Method
NDJ10203: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

Evaluation Contribution:

1) Final Exam (FE) : 40%

2) Course Work (CA) : 60%
- Test = 15%
- Laboratory Works = 20%
- Lab Test = 10%
- Assignment (1 & 2) = 10%
- Quizzes = 5%
TOTAL : 100%
 NDJ10203
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Chapter 1
Introduction to Electrical Measurements
+
Chapter 2
Ohm’s Law, Energy and Power

1
WHAT IS ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT???
An "electric circuit" is
an interconnection of electrical elements
Learn various analytical techniques for
describing the behavior of a circuit

Analysis of the circuit : Current, Voltage,

Charge, Power, Energy etc

2
WHAT IS ELECTRIC CIRCUIT???
Definition 1: An interconnection of electrical elements
linked together in a closed path so that an electric current
flow continuously.

Battery
Resistor

Wire

A Simple Circuit
WHAT IS ELECTRIC CIRCUIT???
Definition 2: A mathematical model that approximates the
behavior of an actual electrical system.

Definition 3: An interconnection between components or

electrical devices for the purpose of communicating or
transferring energy from one point to another. The
components of electric circuit are always referred to as
circuit elements.
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
▪ SI Unit
▪ Voltage, current, resistance, power & energy
▪ Elements on the circuit (passive & active) voltage
& current source
▪ Ohm’s Law
▪ Component coding

3
 SI UNIT
SI*: International System of Unit is used by all the
major engineering societies and most engineers
throughout the world.

Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviation

Length l Meter m
Mass m Kilogram kg
Time t Second s
Electric current I, i Ampere A
Temperature T Kelvin K
*French: Système international d'unités, SI

4
Standardized prefixes to signify powers of 10

Power Prefix Symbol

1012 Tera T
109 Giga G
106 Mega M
103 Kilo k
100 - -
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a

5
Passive Components

You will study important ideas that are used in

electronics. You may already be familiar with a
few of the important parts used in electronic
circuits. Resistors are introduced in Chapter 2.

Color bands
Resistance material

• Resistors
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating

Leads
Passive Components

Capacitors will be introduced in Chapter 5

• Capacitors
Foil
Mica
Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
Mica
Foil

Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)
Passive Components

Inductors will be introduced in Chapter 5

• Inductors
Active Components

Passive components are used in conjunction with active

components to form an electronic system. Active components
will be the subject of future courses.

•Transistors

•Integrated Circuits
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
▪ SI Unit
▪ Voltage, current, resistance, power & energy
▪ Elements on the circuit (passive & active) voltage
& current source
▪ Ohm’s Law
▪ Component coding

3
 ELECTRIC UNITS
Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviation
Force F newton N
Energy W joule J
Power P watt W
Voltage V,v,E,e volt V
Charge Q,q coulomb C
Resistance R ohm Ω
Capacitance C farad F
Inductance L henry H
Frequency f hertz Hz
Magnetic Flux Φ weber Wb
Magnetic Flux B tesla T
Density
7
SI Fundamental Units
Quantity Unit Symbol

Length Meter m
Kilogram kg
Mass
Second s
Time Ampere A
Electric current Kelvin K
Candela cd
Temperature
Mole mol
Luminous intensity
Amount of substance
Some Important Electrical Units
Except for current, all electrical and magnetic
units are derived from the fundamental units.
Current is a fundamental unit.
Quantity Unit Symbol
Current Ampere A
Charge Coulomb C
Voltage Volt V
Resistance Ohm W
Power Watt W
Scientific and Engineering
Notation
Very large and very small numbers are represented
with scientific and engineering notation.

47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

= 47. x 106 (Engineering Notation)
Scientific and Engineering
Notation
0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)
= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)

0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

= 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)
 Engineering Metric
Prefixes
P peta 1015

Can you name T tera 1012

the prefixes
and their G giga 109
meaning?

M mega 106

k kilo 103
 Engineering Metric
Prefixes
m milli 10-3

Can you name m micro 10-6

the prefixes
and their n 10-9
nano
meaning?

p pico 10-12

f femto 10-15
Metric Conversions
When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit, move the
decimal point to the right. Remember, a smaller unit means the
number must be larger.

Smaller unit

0.47 MW = 470 kW

Larger number
Metric Conversions
When converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit, move the
decimal point to the left. Remember, a larger unit means the
number must be smaller.

Larger unit

10,000 pF = 0.01 mF

Smaller number
Metric Arithmetic
When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix,
convert them to the same prefix first.

10,000 W + 22 kW =

10,000 W + 22,000 W = 32,000 W

Alternatively,
10 kW + 22 kW = 32 kW
Metric Arithmetic
When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix,
convert them to the same prefix first.

200 mA + 1.0 mA =

200 mA + 1,000 mA = 12,000 mA

Alternatively,
0.200 mA + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA
 Significant Figures

Most work in electronics involves measurements, which always have

error. You should report only digits that are reasonably assumed to
be accurate.
The rules for determining if a reported digit is significant
are
1. Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant.
2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never
significant.
3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.
4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal
number are significant.
5. Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole
number may or may not be significant depending on the
measurement.
 Selected Key Terms

Engineering A system for representing any number as a one-, two-, or

notation three-digit number times a power of ten with an exponent that
is a multiple of three.

Exponent The number to which a base is raised.

Metric prefix A symbol that is used to replace the power of ten in numbers
expressed in scientific of engineering notation.

Scientific A system for representing any number as a number between 1

notation and 10 times a power of ten.
 CHARGE, Q

▪ Charge is a property possessed by both electrons

and protons, measured in coulombs (C).
▪ The coulomb is a large unit for charges.
▪ In 1 C of charge, there are:

1/(1.602 x 10-19 C) or 6.24 x 1018 electrons

1e = -1.602 x 10-19 C

8
 Example 1
How many charge represented by 4600 electrons ?

1 e = -1.602 x 10-19 C

4600 e = (4600)(-1.602 x 10-19 C)

= -7.3692 x 10-16 C

9
 CURRENT, I

▪ The movement of charge is called electric

current
▪ The more electrons per second that pass
through a circuit, the greater the current.
▪ Measured in Ampere (A)
▪ Current = Charge/time

Q Charge (C)
I Time (s)
t
10
 CURRENT, I
▪ If we assume current flows from the positive
terminal of a battery, we say it has
conventional current flow.
▪ In metals, current actually flows in the
negative direction.
▪ Conventional current flow is used in this
course.
▪ Alternating current changes direction
cyclically.
 CURRENT, I

▪ Direct current (DC) is a

current that remains
constant with time
Direct current (DC)

▪ Alternating current (AC) is a

current that varies t

sinusoidally with time

Alternating current (AC)

11
 Example 2
If 840 coulomb of charge pass through the imaginary
plane during a time interval of 2 minutes, what is the
current ?

Q
I
t
840 C
I 7A
(2x60s)

12
 Exercise 1
Between t = 1 ms and t = 14 ms, 8µ of charge pass
through a wire. How much a current?

ANS: 0.615 mA
13
 VOLTAGE, V

▪ Voltage is the energy required to move a

joule of charge from one point to the other
▪ Measured in Volt (V)
▪ 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb

W Energy (J)
V
Charge (C)
Q

14
 VOLTAGE, V
▪ The voltage vab is proportional to the
work required to move a positive charge
from terminal a to terminal b.
▪ The voltage vba is proportional to the
work required to move a positive charge
from terminal b to terminal a.
 VOLTAGE, V
▪ vab is read as “the voltage at terminal a
with respect to terminal b”; or, “the
voltage drop from terminal a to terminal
b”.
 Example 3
If it takes 35 J of energy to move a charge of 5 C
from one point to another, what is the voltage
between the two points ?

W
V=
Q

35J
V= = 7V
5C
15
 Exercise 2
The potential difference between two points is 140
mV. If 280 µJ of energy are required to move a
charge Q from one point to the other, find the value
of Q?

ANS: 2 mC
16
 RESISTANCE, R

▪ Resistance is the opposition to charge movement

▪ Resistance of material is depend on :

1) Type of material
2) Temperature
3) Cross-sectional area
4) Length of material

17
 RESISTANCE, R


R=
A
Where;

R = resistance, [Ω]
Ρ = resistivity, [Ω/m]
l = length, [m]
A = cross-sectional area [m2]

18
 RESISTIVITY, ρ(rho)
Table lists the resistivity of various materials at
a temperature of 20°C.

Material Resistivity [Ω/m]

Silver 1.645 x 10-8
Copper 1.723 x 10-8
Gold 2.445 x 10-8
Aluminum 2.825 x 10-8
Tungsten 5.485 x 10-8
Mercury 95.8 x 10-8
Carbon 3500 x 10-8
Wood 108 – 1014
19
 Example 4
The solid copper wire having a diameter of 1.5 mm
connected from distribution board to the lamp.
Determine the resistance of 10 meters of that wire.

1.723x10 8 (copper )

R  10m
A d 1.5mm
d
2
1.5mm 2
A 1.767 x10 6 m2
2 2
(1.723x10 8 ) x10
R 6
97.5 mW
1.767 x10
20
 Exercise 3
Find the resistance of a 100 m long tungsten wire
which has a circular cross-section with a diameter of
0.1 mm.

ANS: 698.4Ω
22
MEASURING CURRENT, VOLTAGE &
RESISTANCE

▪ Current, Voltage & resistance are measured in

practice using instruments called ammeters,
voltmeter and ohmmeters.

▪ While ammeters, voltmeter and ohmmeters are

available as individual instruments, they are more
commonly combined into a multipurpose
instrument called a multimeter.

23
MEASURING CURRENT, VOLTAGE &
RESISTANCE

Analog Digital
Multimeter Multimeter

24
 MEASURING VOLTAGE

▪ Measure voltage by placing the

voltmeter leads across the
component
▪ The red lead is the positive lead;
the black lead is the negative lead.
▪ If leads are reversed, you will read
the opposite polarity.

25
 MEASURING CURRENT

▪ The current that you wish to

measure must pass through the
meter.
▪ To measure this current, open the
circuit and insert the ammeter.
▪ The sign of the reading will be
positive if current enter the A
terminal or negative if it enters the
COM terminal

26
Measure Measure
voltage current
 MEASURING RESISTANCE

▪ Connect the two probes of the

ohmmeter across the component
to be measured

27
 POWER, P
▪ Power is the rate of doing work, or the rate of
transfer energy
▪ Measured in Watts (W)
▪ 1 hp = 746 watts
▪ 1 W = 1 J/s

Energy (J)
W
P= Time (s)
t

28
 POWER, P

W
Voltage V W VQ
Q W
P
Q t
Current I
t P VI
W VQ Q
Power P P V VI
t t t
29
 Example 5
The DC motor draws 6 A from a 120 V source;

1) Calculate the power input in watts.

2) Assuming the motor is 100% efficient, calculate the
power output in horsepower.

1) P = VI 2) 1hp = 746W
= (120)(6) so,
= 720W 720 = 0
.965hp
746
30
 ENERGY, W
▪ Work consists of a force moving through a distance
▪ Energy is the capacity to do work.
▪ Energy = Power × time
▪ Units are joules = watt-seconds, watt-hours, or
more commonly, kilowatt-hours.
▪ The electric power utility companies measure
energy in watt-hours (Wh).

Energy (J)
W W = Pt
P= Time (s)
t
from equation
of ‘Power’ 32
 Example 6
Determine the total energy used by a 100W lamp
for 12 hours and a 1.5 kW heater for 45 minutes.

W = Pt
=(100W 12h) (1500W 0.75h) 2325Wh

Hint: Convert all quantities to the same set of units.

e.g., convert 1.5 kW to 1500W and 45 minutes to 0.75 h

34
 Exercise 4
Suppose you use the following electrical appliances:

▪ A 1.5 hp air-conditioning for 7 hours;

▪ A 1.8 kW iron for 17 minutes;
▪ Three 100 W lamps for 4 hours and a 900 W
toaster for 6 minutes.

At RM 0.28 per kilowatt-hour, how much the cost of

energy?

ANS: RM 2.70
35
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
▪ SI Unit
▪ Voltage, current, resistance, power & energy
▪ Elements on the circuit (passive & active)
voltage & current source
▪ Ohm’s Law
▪ Component coding

3
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
Circuit
Elements

Active elements Passive elements

▪ Capable of generating ▪ Incapable of generating
electric energy (supply electric energy
energy) (absorbs energy)
▪ Example: independent ▪ Example: resistor,
and dependent sources inductor, capacitor,
diode and etc

37
 INDEPENDENT SOURCES
Active element that provides a specified voltage/current
that is completely independent of other circuit elements

voltage current

38
IDEAL INDEPENDENT SOURCES

Ideal voltage source connected

in series

40
IDEAL INDEPENDENT SOURCES

Ideal current source connected

in parallel

41
 DEPENDENT SOURCES
Active element in which the source quantity is
controlled by another voltage or current

Vs ix is Vx

voltage current
39
 IDEAL DEPENDENT SOURCES

v=f(vx) v=f(ix) i=f(vx) i=f(ix)

+ +
- -

Voltage Controlled Current Controlled Voltage Controlled Current Controlled

Voltage Source Voltage Source Current Source Current Source
(VCVS) (CCVS) (VCCS) (CCCS)
IDEAL DEPENDENT SOURCES

Current Controlled Voltage Controlled

Current Source (CCCS) Current Source (VCCS)
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
▪ SI Unit
▪ Voltage, current, resistance, power & energy
▪ Elements on the circuit (passive & active) voltage
& current source
▪ Ohm’s Law
▪ Component coding

3
 OHM’S LAW
George Simon Ohm (1787-1854) formulated
the relationships among voltage, current, and
resistance as follows:

“The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the

applied voltage and inversely proportional to the
resistance of the circuit.”

V IR
43
 OHM’S LAW
W Q
From V and I we get P VI
Q t

From Ohm’s Law, we can get:

2
V
P I R 2
and P
R
43
 Example 7
Determine the current in figure below :

100 W

V IR
V 8V
I 0.08A
R 100W
44
 Exercise 5
Determine the value of the voltage source and the
power absorbed by the resistor in figure below if the
value of current is 2mA.

3k Ω

ANS: 6V, 12mW

45
 SHORT CIRCUIT
Short circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching zero

V V
I A
R 0

V IR I (0) 0V
46
 OPEN CIRCUIT
Open circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching infinity

V V
I 0A
R

47
 VOLTAGE SYMBOLS
▪ For voltage sources electromotive force emf,
use uppercase E.
▪ For load voltages, use uppercase V.
▪ Since V = IR, these voltages are sometimes
referred to as IR or voltage drops.
 VOLTAGE POLARITIES
▪ The polarity of
voltages across
resistors is of
extreme importance
in circuit analysis.

▪ Place the plus sign

at the tail of the
current arrow.
 CURRENT DIRECTION
▪ We normally show current out of the plus (+)
terminal of a source.
▪ If the actual current is in the direction of its
reference arrow, it will have a positive
value.
▪ If the actual current is opposite to its
reference arrow, it will have a negative
value.
 CURRENT DIRECTION

▪ The following are two

representations of the
same current:
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
▪ SI Unit
▪ Voltage, current, power & energy
▪ Elements on the circuit (passive & active) voltage
& current source
▪ Ohm’s Law
▪ Component coding

3
SYMBOLS OF CIRCUIT
ELEMENT
Resistor

62
Resistor

62
RESISTOR COLOUR CODE

63
RESISTOR COLOUR CODE

Yellow
Violet
Red
Silver

4 7 00 ±10 %
64
 RESISTOR COLOUR CODE

Green = 5 Blue = 6 Orange = 3 Gold = 5 %

56 x 103 5 % = 56000 5 % = 56 kW 5 %

Maximum resistance value

56000 W 5% 58800 W
Minimum resistance value
56000 W 5% 53200 W 65
 Exercise 6

(a) Red, Yellow, Blue, Gold

(b) Brown, Orange, Red, Silver
(c) Blue, Grey, Brown, Silver

Ans
(a) 24MΩ ± 5%
(b) 1.3kΩ ± 10%
(c) 680Ω ± 10%
66