27th Russian Mathematics Olympiad

10 April 2001
(Communicated by Fedor Petrov)

9 FORM

1. The integers from 1 to 999999 are partioned into two groups: those
integers for which the nearest perfect square is odd and those integers
for which the nearest perfect square is even. For which group is the
sum of all its numbers greater?
(N. Agakhanov)

2. Let P (x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d and Q(x) = x2 + px + q be two

polynomials. It is known that P (x) is negative if and only if Q(x) is
negative and that the set of all x for which they both take negative
values is an interval of length greater than 2. Prove that there exists a
real number t for which P (t) < Q(t).
(N. Agakhanov)

3. A point K inside parallelogram ABCD satisfies the following condi-

tions: the midpoint of AD is equidistant from K and C; the midpoint
of CD is equidistant from K and A. Let N be the midpoint of BK.
Prove that the angles ∠NAK and ∠NCK are equal.
(S. Berlov)

4. In a convex 2000-gon P , no three diagonals intersect at the same point.

Each diagonal is coloured in one of 999 colours. (The sides of the 2000-
gon are not coloured.) Prove that there exists a triangle whose vertices
are vertices of P or the points of intersection of the diagonals such that
all its sides are coloured in the same colour.
(Y. Lifshits)

1
 5. Yura put 2001 coins in a row, each coin worth 1,2 or 3 kopecks. He
noted that between any two 1 kopeck coins there was at least one coin,
between any two 2 kopeck coins there were at least two coins, and
between any two 3 kopeck coins there were at least three coins. How
many 3 kopeck coins could be in the row?
(Y. Lifshits)

6. In a collection of 2n + 1 persons, for any group of n persons there exists

a person, not in the group, who knows each person of the group. Prove
that there exists a person, who knows everybody.
(S. Berlov)

7. A point N is chosen on the longest side AC of triangle ABC. Perpen-

dicular bisectors of AN and NC intersect AB and BC at K and M
respectively. Prove that the circumcentre O of ABC lies on the circle
which passes through K, B, M.
(S. Berlov)

8. Find all odd positive integers n > 1 such that for any two coprime
divisors a, b of n the number a + b − 1 is also a divisor of n.
(D. Djukic)

10 FORM

9. Same as 1.

10. Let 100 subsets A1 , A2 , . . . , A100 of a line be given, each of them is a

union of 100 mutually non-intersecting closed segments. Prove that
the intersection of A1 , A2 , . . . , A100 is a union of at most 9901 mutually
non-intersecting closed segments (a single point is also considered to
be a closed segment).
(R. Karasev)

11. Let two circles, touching internally at point N be given. A tangent

to the internal circle through a point K of this circle intersects the
external circle at points A and B. Let M be the midpoint of the arc
AB, not containing N. Prove that the circumradius of triangle BMK
does not depend on the choice of K.
(T. Emelyanova)

2
12. In a country with a number of towns, some of the towns are joined by
roads so that for any two towns there exists a unique non-selfintersecting
way joining them. It is known that there exist exactly 100 towns, from
each only one road is originated. Prove that it is possible to construct
50 new roads such that after the construction of new roads, any two
towns will be connected, even if to close any one road.
(D. Karpov)
13. A polynomial P (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c has three different real roots
but the polynomial P (Q(x)), where Q(x) = x2 + x + 2001, does not
have any real roots. Prove that P (2001) > 1/64.
(D. Tereshin)
14. In an n × n magic square all its n2 cells are filled with the numbers
1, 2, . . . , n2 , and for any pair of cells, their centres are connected by an
arrow which is directed from the cell with the smaller number to the
cell with the larger one. Prove that the sum of all such vectors equals
to zero.
(I. Bogdanov)
Comment: A magic square is a square table of numbers such that the
sum of numbers in each row equals the sum of numbers in each column.
See example below:
1 9 5
8 4 3
6 2 7

15. Points A1 , B1 , C1 lie on the altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 of an acute-angled

triangle ABC (those points lie strictly on the altitudes, not on their
continuations). It is known that A1 , B1 , C1 are different from the or-
thocentre H and
area(ABC1 ) + area(BCA1 ) + area(CAB1 ) = area(ABC).
Prove that the points A1 , B1 , C1 , H are concyclic.
(S. Berlov)

16. Find all positive integers n > 1 such that for any two coprime divisors
a, b of n the number a + b − 1 is also a divisor of n.
(D. Djukic)

3
 11 FORM

17. The total weight of a collection of stones is 2S. A positive integer k

is called realizable, if there exist k stones in this collection with total
weight S. Find the maximal number of realizable integers which can
occur.
(D. Kuznecov)

18. Same as 11.

19. In the plane, there are two families of convex polygons P1 and P2 . For
any two polygons from different families, their intersection is not empty.
Also, each of the two families contains a pair of disjoint polygons. Prove
that there exists a line which intersects all the polygons in both families.
(V. Dolnikov)

20. Contestants of a multichoice competition had n questions to answer. A

correct answer for the ith question is worth pi points, where pi is a pos-
itive integer. Any incorrect answer brings zero points and there are no
partial credits for incorrect answers. For any contestant, her total score
is the total number of points she gained for her correct answers. After
the test was written and marked and the ranking of contestants was
determined, the jury noticed that, with the given answers of contes-
tants, the numbers p1 , p2 , . . . , pn can be changed to achieve any other
ranking. What is the largest number of contestants in this contest?
(S. Tokarev)

21. Two monic quadratic polynomials f (x) and g(x) take negative values
on disjoint intervals. Prove that there exist real numbers a, b such that
for any real x the inequality af (x) + bg(x) > 0 holds.
(S. Berlov, O. Podlipskiy)

22. Suppose that a and b are two distinct positive integers√such that ab(a+
b) is a multiple of a2 + ab + b2 . Prove that |a − b| > 3 ab.
(S. Berlov)

4
23. There are 2001 towns in a country. For any town, there exists a road
going out of it, and there does not exist a town directly connected by
roads with all the rest. A set of towns D is said to be dominating if any
town that does not belong to D is directly connected by a road with at
least one town from D. It is given that any dominating set consists at
least k towns. Prove that the country may be partioned into 2001 − k
republics such that no two towns from the same republic will be joined
by a road.
(V. Dolnikov)

24. A tetrahedron SABC is given. The centre of a sphere lies in the plane
ABC. The sphere passes through the points A, B, C and intersects
edges SA, SB, SC in points A1 , B1 , C1 , different from the points
A, B, C, respectively. The tangent planes to this sphere at points A1 ,
B1 , C1 intersect at O. Prove that O is the circumcentre of the tetrahe-
dron SA1 B1 C1 D1 .
(L. Emelyanov)