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    Week 04 Differential Equations and Coordinate Geometry

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    Week 04 Differential Equations and Coordinate Geometry

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    3 views10 pages

    Week 04 Differential Equations and Coordinate Geometry

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    kazirashiduzzamanhridoy360576
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    of 10

    Course Code: MATH 503 / MAT 05411207

    Md. Ariful Islam


    Lecturer in Mathematics
    Basic Science Division
    World University of Bangladesh
    Lecture Outcomes

    Mathematical
    Linear Differential Problems of case 1
    Equations with
    Constant Coefficient Mathematical
    Problems of case 2
    Linear Differential Equation with Constant Coefficient

    Auxiliary equation:
    The Auxiliary equation of 𝑛𝑡ℎ order differential equation be

    𝑚𝑛 + 𝐴1 𝑚𝑛−1 + 𝐴2 𝑚𝑛−2 + 𝐴3 𝑚𝑛−3 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 = 0

    Case 1: When all the roots of A.E are real and unequal:
    If 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3 … … 𝑚𝑛 are real and unequal roots of the A.E then the general solution is

    𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑚3𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛 𝑒 𝑚𝑛𝑥

    Case 2: When all the roots of A.E are real but some are equal:
    If 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3 … … 𝑚𝑛 are real and unequal roots of the A.E then the general solution is

    𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑚3𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛 𝑒 𝑚𝑛𝑥

    But if 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 and 𝑚3 = 𝑚4 then

    𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑥𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐3 + 𝑥𝑐4 𝑒 𝑚3𝑥 + ⋯


    𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
    Ex. Solve the differential equation 𝒅𝒙𝟐
    + 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎.

    Solution: Given that,


    𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
    + − 6𝑦 = 0 … … … (1)
    𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

    Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be a trial solution of (1) then


    𝑑𝑦
    = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑2𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
    = 𝑚
    𝑑𝑥 2
    Now from (1) we get,
    𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 6𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 6 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 6 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 − 2𝑚 − 6 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚+3 𝑚−2 =0
    ∴ 𝑚 = −3, 2
    Then the required solution is
    𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
    𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
    Ex. Solve the differential equation 𝒅𝒙𝟑
    + 𝟔 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎.

    Solution: Here,
    𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
    + 6 + 11 + 6𝑦 = 0
    𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

    This equation can be written as


    𝐷3 + 6𝐷2 + 11𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0 … … … (1)

    Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be a trial solution of (1) then

    𝑚3 + 6𝑚2 + 11𝑚 + 6 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚3 + 𝑚2 + 5𝑚2 + 5𝑚 + 6𝑚 + 6 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚2 𝑚 + 1 + 5𝑚 𝑚 + 1 + 6 𝑚 + 1 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 + 1 𝑚2 + 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 + 1 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2𝑚 + 6 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚+1 𝑚+3 𝑚+2 =0
    ∴ 𝑚 = −1, −2, −3
    Hence the general solution
    𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −3𝑥
    𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
    Ex. Solve the differential equation 𝒅𝒙𝟑
    − 𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝟐 +
    𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎.
    Solution: We have,
    𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
    − 3 2 + 4𝑦 = 0 … … … (1)
    𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

    Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be a trial solution of (1) then


    𝑑𝑦
    = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑2𝑦
    2
    = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑3𝑦
    3 = 𝑚3 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
    𝑑𝑥
    Now from (1) we get,
    𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑚3 − 3𝑚2 + 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚3 − 3𝑚2 + 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚3 + 𝑚2 − 4𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚2 𝑚 + 1 − 4𝑚 𝑚 + 1 + 4 𝑚 + 1 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 + 1 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚+1 𝑚−2 𝑚−2 =0
    ∴ 𝑚 = −1, 2, 2
    Then the required solution is
    𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 + 𝑥𝑐3 𝑒 2𝑥
    Ex. Solve the differential equation 𝑫𝟒 − 𝑫𝟑 − 𝟗𝑫𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝑫 − 𝟒 𝒚 = 𝟎.

    Solution: Given that,


    𝐷4 − 𝐷3 − 9𝐷2 − 11𝐷 − 4 𝑦 = 0 … … … (1)

    Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be a trial solution of (1) then

    𝑚4 − 𝑚3 − 9𝑚2 − 11𝑚 − 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚4 + 𝑚3 − 2𝑚3 − 2𝑚2 − 7𝑚2 − 7𝑚 − 4𝑚 − 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚3 𝑚 + 1 − 2𝑚2 𝑚 + 1 − 7𝑚 𝑚 + 1 − 4 𝑚 + 1 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 + 1 𝑚3 − 2𝑚2 − 7𝑚 − 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 + 1 𝑚3 + 𝑚2 − 3𝑚2 − 3𝑚 − 4𝑚 − 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 + 1 𝑚2 𝑚 + 1 − 3𝑚 𝑚 + 1 − 4 𝑚 + 1 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 + 1 𝑚 + 1 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 − 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 + 1 𝑚 + 1 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 𝑚 − 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚+1 𝑚+1 𝑚 𝑚−4 +1 𝑚−4 =0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 + 1 𝑚 + 1 (𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 4) = 0
    ∴ 𝑚 = −1, −1, −1, 4
    Hence the general solution is
    𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑥𝑐2 + 𝑥 2 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐4 𝑒 4𝑥
    Ex. Solve the differential equation 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟓𝑫 + 𝟔 𝒚 = 𝟎.
    Solution: Here,
    𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0 … … … (1)
    The auxiliary equation is
    𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 − 2𝑚 + 6 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 𝑚−3 −2 𝑚−3 =0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚−2 𝑚−3 =0
    ∴ 𝑚 = 2, 3
    The general solution is
    𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
    Ex. Solve the differential equation 𝒚′′ + 𝟓𝒚′ + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎.
    Solution: Here,
    𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 0 … … … (1)
    Ley 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of (1) then
    𝑦 ′ = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥
    𝑦 ′′ = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
    The auxiliary equation of (1) is
    𝑚2 + 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2𝑚 + 6 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 𝑚+3 +2 𝑚+3 =0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚+3 𝑚+2 =0
    ∴ 𝑚 = −2, −3
    continue
    Hence the general solution is
    𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥

    𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
    Ex. Solve the differential equation + 4 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0.
    𝑑𝑥 2
    Solution: Given that,
    𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
    +4 + 4𝑦 = 0 … … … (1)
    𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
    The auxiliary equation of (1) is
    𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 2𝑚 + 4 = 0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 𝑚+2 +2 𝑚+2 =0
    𝑜𝑟, 𝑚+2 𝑚+2 =0
    ∴ 𝑚 = −2, −2
    The general solution is
    𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑥𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥
    “None of you can be a true believer until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for
    himself.”
    -Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)

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