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Ict Group Assignment

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Zarak Khan
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28 views3 pages

Ict Group Assignment

Uploaded by

Zarak Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Group Members; Muhammad Zarak khan (240921), Abdul Moiz (240939), Rania

Malik (240943), Harrum Nouman (240993)

Section; BSAF

Overview of the Five Generations of Computers

• Computer development has progressed through five generations, each with


substantial technological improvements. • Computers have become smaller,
cheaper, quicker, and more efficient, reducing storage requirements and
boosting portability.

• The evolution of computers has taken us from vacuum tube systems in the
1940s to cutting-edge artificial intelligence gadgets today.

• The primary technical definitions crucial to comprehending these generations


are described to help appreciate their differences and implications.

First Generation (1940-1956)

• Early computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, resulting in huge devices that took up entire rooms. These computers
were expensive to run, used a lot of electricity, produced a lot of heat, and were
prone to failure.

• They had a maximum internal storage capacity of 20,000 characters and worked
primarily in machine language, solving one problem at a time and taking days or
weeks to reprogram for new jobs.

• Input was controlled using punched cards and paper tape, while output was
shown on printouts. Key examples from this generation are the UNIVAC and
ENIAC computers.
Second Generation (1956-1963)

• In the second generation, vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors, allowing


computers to be smaller, cheaper, faster, and more reliable.

• Despite improved efficiency, second-generation computers still produced heat


and used punched cards for input and prints for output.

• These systems moved from binary to symbolic (assembly) languages, allowing


for more intuitive programming and the creation of high-level languages such as
COBOL and FORTRAN.

• For the first time, computers began to store instructions in memory,


transitioning from magnetic drums to magnetic core memory.

Third Generation (1964-1971)

• The third generation's defining feature was the creation of integrated circuits
(ICs), in which transistors were shrunk and placed on silicon chips, significantly
increasing speed and efficiency.

• Keyboards and monitors replaced punched cards with user-friendly interfaces


and multitasking operating systems. • Smaller size and lower cost made
computers more accessible to a wider audience. Notably, Jack Kilby and Robert
Noyce were pioneers in inventing the first integrated circuits in the 1950s.

Fourth Generation (1971-present)


• The invention of the microprocessor, which united hundreds of integrated circuits
on a single silicon chip, allowing for compact designs, defines fourth-generation
computers.

• The Intel 4004 chip in 1971 was a critical milestone, consolidating key computer
components into a single unit. • IBM's PC and Apple's Macintosh in 1981 and 1984,
respectively, introduced personal computers to households.
• This generation also witnessed the creation of graphical user interfaces (GUIs),
mice, and the foundation for networking, which ultimately led to the Internet.

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

• The fifth generation is distinguished by advances in artificial intelligence, which


are currently in development. This covers applications like as speech recognition,
which are already prevalent in modern technology.

• Parallel processing and superconductors are key innovations for advancing AI


technology and increasing computing efficiency.

• This generation is focused on tiny devices with huge storage capacities, with the
goal of creating computers that can understand plain language and demonstrate
self-organizing behavior.

• Future breakthroughs in fifth-generation computing could include quantum


processing, molecular computing, and nanotechnology.

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